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The Britifli Empire

AMERICA'

Containing

The HISTORY of the Difcovery, Settle-
ment, Progrefs and prefent State of all the

B?iti{l^ Colonies,

O N T H E

Continent and Iflands o^ America.

^

In Two VOLUMES.

Being an Account of the Country, Soil, Cli- 1
mate, Produd and Trade of them, Vtz.

Vol. I. ( Carolina,

Newfoundland,
Nevj-S Gotland^
Ne-w- England,
NeW'T^orky
Ne-W'Jerfey,
Tenfylvania,
Maryland,
Virginia,

and

HudfonS'Bay.
Vol. II.

Barbados,
St. Lucia,
St. Vincents,
Dominica,

Montferrat,'

Nevis,

St. Chrifiofhrs,

Barbuda,

Anguilla,

Jamaica,

The Bahama,

and
Bermudas

_ ^ Antego, _,

With curious Maps of the fercral Places, done from
the neweft Surveys. By Herman Moll^ Geographer.

LONDON, Printed iox John Nichotfon at the King's Arms in

Lutle Britain, Benjamin Tooke at the MiddU-Temph-Gate,
FUetfireet, ^nd Richard Parker and Raipb Smith under the
nazza of the Royal Exchange. 1708.

s^

i5> \

; ni

T O

yOHN BROMLEY,

0 F

HORSET-HALL

1 N

Camhridgejhire^ Eiq;

S I R^

\ j^ \ Othing had been more prepofterous.

N

than to have addrefs'd the Hiftory
of the Brhijli M^efi-lndies to a Gentle-
man who has no Intereft there. Such
a one would have look'd upon this Defign with
^ that Contempt or Negled: which is ever the
I^Effea: of Ignorance and Prejudice.

Butyou^ Sir^ who are fo confiderable a Pro-
prietor, both in England and Barbados, are
the bell Judge how far this Treatife may bs

A z ufe-

The D EDICJTIC V.

ufeful and entertaining to the Engli^^ Readier
in this liland and that. Your Authority will be
fufficient to proted it, as well in Armrlca as in
'Europe. For none in England will imagine
I durft offer Falfities for Fad to you, who from
your own Knowledge could eafily deted them \
and none in the Plantations will be fevere in
their Cenfures upon a Work which comes forth
under the Patronage of one of their greateft
Names. Whatever Hardfliips our ^;;?mc<^w Co-
lonies, efpecially the Iflands, have met with ,
at home, nothing has ever been able to fliake
their Loyalty to the Crown of England ^ or their
AfFedion for the People. They have ever been
zealous for the Service of the Prince, and as
hearty for that of the Publick.

'Tis thefe Principles that procur'd you the
general Voice of the County where you refide^
to reprefent them in the Parliament of Grzat-
Britain, ^Tis thefe Principles that will always
render you ufeful to the Common-wealth, the
Glory of your Native Country, and the De-
light of ours.

Among the Scandal which the Enemies of
the Plantations maliciouily throw upon them,
one is. The vulgar Defcent of the Inhabitants^
which is as ridiculous as unjuft ,• for if by their
prudence and Induftry they have rais'd
Fortunes, that might ennoble them^ if they
have Senfe to acquire Eftates, and Souls to en-
joy them ^ is not that really true Nobility,
and that which is deriv'd from a long Roll of
Anceftry^ and enjoy'd without any other Rea-
fonand Merit, fal(e and chimerical ? I fay this
with the mOre Freedom to you. Sir, for that
with the Advantages of Fortune you have the
Happinefs to be defcended from one of thci
iTtoft ancient and honourable Families in £zig-
land^ which has furnilh'd the Law with fo

many

.The DEDIC ATION.

iuany Ornaments^ the Courts with fo many
Judges^ the Chancery with a Lord-Keeper^
which lately rcprefented two Counties in
• Parliament ; and was always full of He-
roes^ and Patriots. It cannot therefore be
thought^ that I have vindicated the Charaders
of the Gentlemen of the JVeft-Indiesy to make
my Court to you ^ but to do Juftice to that
Worthy which is always noble in the Eyes of
Men of Reafon and Modefty : And tho there is
no Herald-Office^ no Court of Arms in Bar-
bados^ it may be faid^ without Flattery or Va-
nity, there is no .Trading County in England
of that Extent, where there are fo many Gen-
tlemen of fo good Eftates, and fo good Fami-^
lies.

What other Prejudices have been rais'd by the
Enemies of the Plantations againft their Intere^
and Reputation, will/tis hop'd, in the Opinion
of the Impartial, be remov'd by the InrroducH-
on ^ but the Hiftorian would not here trou-
ble you with fuch an unreafonable Controverfy,
which rather deferves your Contempt than
Confideration.

SIR,

The Parliament, of which you were a Mem-
ber, have lately done feveral things for theirEafe
and Advantage -^ and if there were more Gen-
tlemen, concerned to promote their Welfare,
who would, vv^ith the fame publick Spirit, main-
tain it in that AiTemblyj there's no doubt, but
fo juft a Body would foon redrefs all their Grie-
vances, and they would again flourilh as before
they were cpprefs'd by the late Impofitions,
which have reduc'd them to their prefcnt lowE-
ftate.

AddrefTes of this Nature have fo long lain
under the Reproach of Infmcerity and Adula-

A % tion.

The DEDICATION.

tion^ that the Charader of a Man of Worth
and Honour fufFers by appearing in this Man-
ner 5 but there are certain Qualities fo confpi-
cuous in themfelvesj fo univerfally known and
admir'd^ and yet fo rarely to be met with^ that
when they are round j 'tis an Injuftice to Mankind
to paf> 'em by in Silence : For if the felfifti Spi-
rit that prevails in Court^ City^ and Country,
were without Exception, the Race of Men
would be the moft fordid and worthlefs of the
Cr caption. The rare and amiable Qualities
we are fpeaking of^ are fuch as your Love for
your Country^ your AfFedion for your Friends,
and your Humanity to all ^ your free ufe of the
Goods of Fortune^ which is worthy of the Gene-
rous Stock from whence you fprung ;; and what-
ever might be added to fuch a Charader as this,
would meet with Credit for the -fake of fuch
' Goodnefs ; but tho there may be much faid
of Yours without offending the Truth of Hi-
ftory^j yet I forbear, knowing it might be fuf-
peded in this Place. I therefore conclude with
defiring your Protedion for the following Hi-
ftory^ and Permiffion to fubfcribe my felf with
all due Refped,

SIK,

Tour moji Humble J and
mofi Obedient Servant^

J. Oldmixon.

vu

THE

PREFACE

THE Author is apprehen/t've that this Un-
dertaking will meet with many Ceri'*
furesy raisd by the Prejndice of fame
Readers y and the Ignorance of others :
The Candid and Impartial will^ ^tis hofdy find fuf
ficient Memoirs to entertain them with Plea/ure * and
fuch Faults as may have been committed through Mis"
informal ion y they will excufe^ when they confider what
a difficult Task the Hifiory of the Britifll Weft-*
Indies mufi^ be to an Hifiorian^ that never was in
America,

Whatever particular Account has been^ or might be
given of any one of our Colonies, V« impojfible^ un»
lefs Men of Interefi and Capacity would write it
en the Spot^ for an exaB Hifiory of all the Britifh
Empire in fi>eWeft-Indies to be framed by one Man
in America or Europe, but he mufi inevitably be
guilty of Errors y which will find Matter enough for
the Criticks to exercife their ill Nature upon. Jt will
therefore be faid^ fuch a Defign as this fijould be un^
dettaken in the Plantations ; and fince it is fo rea^
fonable and fo ufeful^ why has it not been done ?
There's none can tell better than the Writer of this
Hifiory y who mufi in Jitfiice to himfelf own^ that
tho he believes all who look over his IVork^ and know
any thing of the SubjeB of it^ will rather wonder
they meet with fo much^ than fo little in it ; yet he
has found his Indufiry to infor?n himfelf fully of ill

A 4 PaSs^

X The PREFACE.

Information from Capt, Congreve^, who has had a
Command in the Regular For us there fever al Years,

Mr, Dockwra and Dr, Cox were both fo kind
as to inform him fully of the Jerleys_, and Mr, Pen
did him the fame Favour for Penlylvania j thofc
three Gentlemen doing him the Honour to admit him
into tl>eir FriejtdJIjip,

It will he feen in the Hifiory of Maryland,, that
he kid not the fame Helps for that Province ^ but hit
Authorities are good^ as far as they go.

The Hifiory of Virginia is -written vnth a great
deal of Spirit and Judgment by a Gentleman of the
Province^ to whom this Hillorian confeJJ'es he is ve^
ry much indebted ^ but in jome Places he was forcd
to leave him^ to follow other Guides ^ and whoever
compares the one Hifiory with the other ^ will fee
enough Difference to give that which is now publifh^d
the Title o/New. Several old Writers and modern
Papers fell into this Author s Hands ^ which that
Qeiuleman never faw : However he had feen and
knew fo much^ that by his Afifiance^ thd Account of
Virginia is one of the mofi perfe^l of thefe Hifiories
fif-our Plantations,

For Carolina^ Mr. Archdale and Mr. Boone,
Gj ^fhom Mention is made in the Hifiory of that Co-
lony^ obliged him fo far^ as to communicate fever al
important Facis to him^ and let him into the Rifk
and Caufes of the Differences among the People of that
Province : They have alfo printed fome Tracls on the
fame Subje^^ which were very ufeful to himi

The Hifiory of Undforis Bay may be depended
Hpon^ for the Author took it from Original Paper s,
he having in his PdffeJJlon the- Journal of a Secrc^
Vary of the FaBory^ the Commiffions and Infirucliom
fff fome of the Governours^ and other Memoir s^ out
'of all which he could gather no more^ and does not
believe that even by the Company s Books much more
is to be gather d. The Reader will perceive he is not
about looking into a ffurious Performance^ nor that
■ ' ' he

The PREFACE. m

he will venture much in giving Credit to what he *

reads, fince there is no Diffute to he made of the
Goodnefs of fuch Information ^ from 7vhich the Hi-^
florian has deviated as feldom as was confifient with
Decency,

Thus with much Fains and Care he went over the
Britifli Empire on the Continent^ which is j^or
ijoo Miles in Lengthy from the Northern Bounds
of New-Scotland^ to the Southern of Carolina,
hefides the TraB known by the Name of Hudfon'f
Bay, and another bordering on the River MifTifippi,
to which the Kings of England pretend^ but there
is no Notice taken of it in this Work^ becaufe there
never was any Settlement there, tho it has been at-^
tempted.

This Country lies in Florida, Southward of Ca-
rolina, and was granted by King Charles I. to the
£. 0^ Arundel, which Grant fome Tears ago was af-
fignd to Dr, Daniel Cox, and he is the Proprieta-*
fy. He gave it the Name <?/^Carolana ^ and in King
William'j Kelgn fent two Ships thither, with 200
Veople, to make a Settlement, intending to profecute
that Enterprise, by difpatching away more Ships with
more People, over whom Sir William Waller was
to have been Governour ^ but the French dijturbing
the firft Adventurers y hinder d their fettling there^
and this Part of the Englifll Territories in America
is negle^ed ^ tho by the Situation it mufi be very
pie af ant, and by the Defcription that the Author had
given, of it, 'tis one of the mofi amiable Places in
the World,

This Account was too little to he incerted particu^
larly in the Hiftory, and bejides the Writer heard of
it too late ; as he did alfo of the Governments of
Connecticut ^»^ Rhode Ijland, the latter of which
it fecms is fill feparate from that of New-England; •

About the Tear 1630. King Charles I. made a

Grant to Robert Earl of Warwick, of that Part

»/ New-England, which lies and extends it felf

... from

xu The PREFACE.

*« front a River there, calFd Narragantfet^ for the
fpace of 40 Leagues, upon a ftrait Line near
the Sea-fhore, towards the South-Weft, and
by South or Weft, as the Coaft lies towards
Virginia^ accounting three EngUjh Miles to the
League ; and alfo all and fingular the Lands
and Hereditaments lying and being within the
Lands aforefaid. North and South, in Latitude
and Breadth, and in Length and Longitude of,
and within all the Breadth aforefaid, through-
out* the Main Lands there, from the Weftern
Ocean to the South-fea, and all Lands, &Cr
Which Grant the Earl of Warwick made over to
Willia;n Vlfcomt Say and Scale, Robert Lord
Brooks, Robert Lord Rich, Charles Fiennes,
Efq; Sir Nathaniel Rich, Sir Richard Saltpn-
ftal, Richard Knightly, Efq; John Pym^ Efq;
John Hampden, Ef^^j John Humphry, £/^^ and
Herbert Pelham, E/^; As af fears by a Copy of
theVattent^ hearing Date y Anno 1631, vjhich was
fievjn the Hifiorian fince this Hiftory of New-Eng-
land ivas printed • and he defires the Reader to add
it to that of Conne<5fcicut Colony in particular. He
mentions it here the rather , becauje it confirms what
has been reported by jtveral HiJhrianSy that Mr,
Pym, Mr, Hampden, Mr, Pelham, and other
'great Mm in the long Parliament ^ were about ta
remo've to NeW'England before the Alterations that
happen d at bome^ kept them here. This Colony of
Connecticut furrenderd their Charter in 1688. and
ha've holden no Courts fince.

That <?/ Rhode Ifiand^ where ftands the Town of
Warwick, is a Froprhtary or feparate Government
to this Day, To ^he Hiji/ory of New-England may
he further addedy that Air, Bradftreet mention d
in the following PageSy claimed the Country of Nar-
ragantfer, calFd ^J^'King's Province. But Wil-
liam Stoughton, Ef^; and Peter Bulkley, Efj^
Agents for .^M^tCcichuiQtSy difclaim^d it. The Sd,"

chem

The PREFACE. aiii

chem of that Country formally furrender'J it in 1 644,
find afterwards in 1664. to King Charles II. ivhich
entitled the Crovm of England to the Propriety, Ma»
jor Atherfton is faid to have pircbasd it^ but that
Purchaje wr,s dcclard 'void. The Magifirates of
Rhode Ijland were Jufiices of the Peace in Narra-
gantfet^ and there was a Settlement belonging to ity
caird Providence Plantation. For a Letter was
(hewn the Hiftorian/r(?w K, Charles, direSied^ To thg
Governour of Rhode lUdnd and Providence Planta-
tion.

Mount Hope^ which is often mentioned in the
jirticle of New-England_, was beggd by Mr.
John Crown, who is famous for two excellent Co-*
medies written by him^ called Sir Courtly Nice and
the City Politicks. When hts Petition was pre-
fented to King Charles II. his Majefiy knew no-
thing of the Country^ s being taken from the Sachem,
Philip, as he declares in the Letter ^ and wonders
he jhoitld have no better Information, This Mr,
Crown'i Father was a Proprietary of Part of New-
Scotland, and hebegg'd Mount Hope as a Satifa-
B ion for his L»Js there^ but he had never any Recom^
pence for ity and indeed 'tis no hard Matter to caU
culate what a Country fijould be valud at that was
never thought worth keeping or planting.

This Digreffion is to render the Account of thofe
Northern Parts of our American Continent as com- .
pleat as could be^ and if the Gentlemen of the feveral
Provinces will befojufl" to themfelves and this Defigny
as to communicate any farther Memoirs to the Author y
they Jhallbe inferted in their due Place y if thisTreatije
is printed againy and all the ErrTors the Hifiorian
has committed y be corrected. He hopes there zi^ill not
be many material OneSy and recommends to the AxnQ-
rican Readers y not to condemn him prefentlyy if they
meet with things out of their KnowledgCy but to
fufpeSl their own Judgment and Information y as well
as his ^ for he treats of the Plantations hifioricallyy

xiv The PREFACE.

and was therefore to relate Things faft as well as
frefenty and 'twill he unjufi for any one to conclude y ■.
they never jvere^ hecaufe they never heard of them,
0s too many will incline to do,
^ His Author for that part of the Hiftory which
way he call'd the Antiquities_, was Mr, Delaet,
v^hofe CharaBer for Judgment and Care is allowed
hy the Learned and Experienced, 'Tis true^ the Affi-
fiance he had from him was not very conjiderahle ^
nor was what he found in Hackluit, Purchafe, or
other CoUeHions of Voyages^ much more to the Vur^
fofe. Smith 0/ Virginia and New-England gives
a better Account of that Part of the Continent than
any older JVriter * andthofe of foreign Countries knew
fo little of our Colonies^ that there are not hlftorical
Events in them relating to thofe Farts 0/ America
fujpcient to fill a Sheet^ unlefs he enter d into
the Indian Stories y among which is much Fable and
much Impertinence,

There are feveral Pamphlets in our Tongue in the
Temple Library which be look'd over ^ as alfo 0^
thers which he procurd elfewhere^ and feveral Ac
' counts tranfmitted to the Royal Society^ that fur-
Ttijlo'd him with better Materials than any of the
Voyagers have publijh^d • for in Hackluit'/ Tims
little was known of our Provinces, What is in his
^ ColleBion is in thisy and the whole has been perfeBed
hy Inquiries of Perfons who have been on the Spot*
Some of them have been narndy and the refty tho they
were not Perfons of the fame Notey were of as
good Credits

The Author declares once for ally that there is no
fart of this Hiftory which has not been Jloewn to
Perfons who have livd in thofe Parts of the JVorldy
and been approvd of by them^ yet he is not fo vain
as to imagine there are not feveral Faults^ for it was
impojfible to perform fuch a Work without it : All he
hopes y isy there are fewer than will be expeciedy to-'
get her with much more Mattej\

The PREFACE. xv

'j^s to our J flan h : Barbados, the chief of them^
1$ales the chief Part of his Hi/lory^ and the Inhabit
':ants of that fruitful and fleafant IJland may take his
rson Word in mo ft Cafes ^ he having be en for above i o
fears converfant with their Affairs^ and heft a con-'
fiant Correfpondence with them. They willfte that he
fpeaks things of his own Knowledge : And as to the
Memoirs of Events which hap fend before his Time^
he had recourfe to the Papers of an eminent Merchant^
Sir John Bjwdon, his Vncle^ with whom he liv^d^
and might have made it much larger^ if it would not
have run nut the Hi ft or y of Barbados to a Siz,e very
\df proportionable to that of the other Hiftories, Li-
gon is old^ and his Geographical^ and even Natural
jicc>>unt of the Ifl.nd, differs very much from the
prefent. His Defcription of Ingenio^s^ of working
Sui^a^ of clothing Negroes^ and fever al other Things^
fet^ms ftrmge to an Inhabitant of the prefent Barba'
dos ; neither does his Account of their way of Li*
vi^g^ of the Product of the Ifland^ as the Trees,
Plants^ &c. agree better with the modern ones. All x
the Faci in his Hiftory will he found in this^ and every
thing which remains in the fame State as it was when
he wrote. All the refl is new^ and taken from Origi-
nal Manufcripts. The Hiftorian has been particular*
ly diligent in his Collections and Inquiries concerning
this Ifland^ for he takes it to be the moft benefici*
al of any of our Colonies to England, Jamaica per*
haps not exctpted. He has confulted fever al Perfons
vpho have liv'^d there^ and communicated what he has
done to them-, that the Gentlemen of Barbados, feme
of whonihave done him the Favour to place him in the
Number of their Friends^ may meet with nothing here
Tphic'o m ty in any wife injure his Reputation with them.
All miy not be pleas' d\ but if he has always been a
fever e Obferver of Truth ^ ht his free f peaking be eX"
cus'd •, for fometimes he could not befo without it. He
has not defignedly run into an Err or ^ nor told aFaU
fity^ to gain the good Will of any Aian, Such a

View

xvi The P R E F A C E.

PHew wou*d have been as vain as it was bafe ; for
where there are fo many to he diffleas^d for the flea^
fmg ofone^ the Man muft have hut afmaU Portion of
Stnfe^ as well as Integrity^ that would facrifice ths
Chara^er of a faithful Hifiorian to that of a wretched
Flatterer. He had many Opportunities to have/hewn
A vitious Complacency to other Mem Interefts^ as has
been already hinted, if he could have been guilty of fo
much Bafenefs \ an Jnftance of which he wiU relate, to
give the World an Idea of Mens Difpojitions in this
j^ffair. When he was once m Converfation with a
Gentleman, a Proprietary i« America, on the Sub'\
jeSt of his Country there, be fumm'd up all he had
to tell him in this Rapture : Our Seas flow with
Jimhergresfe ; our Rivers- are aim oft choak'd with
Gold; and the worft Mineral we have, which we
do not think worth taking up^is Copper ; for 'tis fo
near the Surface, that we may almoft[Iloop and
have it. This he introduced with a moji romantick Ac^ ^
count of the Situation of his Country, the Groves ofO* '
ranges^Forrefts of Cedar, the Fields cf Spices, thefpati*
tus Plains, noble Harbours, and Jo many other AdvoH" j
tages, that one could hardly believe he fpoke true^ !
^en the Writer ask'd him, how many Inhabitants j
there were, and he ayifwer^d. None ? Some Gentle*
mm have not only recommended the Praife of their
Province, but even of their part of it, which wasgenc^
rally done with fo much Warmth, that they were im»
mediately fufpc^ed, and nothing of that Nature re--
forted, which was not confirmed by Perfons of Inge*
nuity and Di/intereft.

jis for the Leward Iflands and Jamaica, the Hi-
Jforian is not altogether unacquainted with their Con"
cerns, and has hadfeveral Manujcript Papers to refer
to, Bermudas he has faid little of-, but as much of
Providence as the Subje& would bear, having been
very much afflfied in it by Col, Trot, who was once
Covernour there.

To

The PREFACE. xvii

To thefe jiuthorities he may add^ Pere du
Tertre'i Hiflory of the Charibbec - //7<j«^j, Da-
vis'j of Kidwelly, ti'c. hut there was little to
his Purpofe^ exceft their Defcriftion of the Ani^
mals.

The Mafs are newly engraved ; and tho fome of
the Surveys are older than the Defer iftion given by
the Hiftorian, yet thtre has been due Care taken
in that Performance^ and the newefi Surveys that
could be procured were made ufe of Some Court'
ties and Parifhes may have been added in fcveral
Places^ which are not mentioned in the Maps^
though they are in the Book^ which was occa/ion^d
by the Nicenefs of the Engraver^ not to add any
thing by a verbal Defcription^ for which he had
not a regular Survey to authoriz^e his Corrections,
^Twas for this Reafon the Six New Counties in
Virginia are omitted 9 for though his known
where about they lye^ yet unlefs they were furvey'd^
to have incerted them^ would have made the re(b
of the Map imperfi{f, As the Hifloriaa de fires
the Gentlemen of the Weft-Indies to do for the
Memoirs, the Geoj;rapher does the fame for the
Maps ; and if they will tranfmit any Ohfer"
vationSy Amendments , or Additions to be made
to thtm^ and will let him under [t and how he
may fafely do it^ he will be careful to give them
SatisfaCii^n,

Tlie Author having thus far given the Reader a
Fiew of his Work, recommends it to his Candour^
and de fires him to weigh well the Difficulties of this
Vndertahingy before he gives h'vs Judgment. There
is no Hiflory of any Part of the Weft- Indies
in any Language fo full and fo particular ; and
there's no Miftake, which he knows to be fuch^ and
has not already provided againft it^ either in the
Body of the Book^ or the Preface4

. a Before

xviii The P R E F A C E.

Before he enters upon theHiftoryJoe thtnks himfclfob^
li£d to remove fome general ObjeBions to our Colonies i
for while they are left of any Weight in the Minds of
Men^ the y^uthor cannot expeB that thivs Work
tviU be received with the Favour he might hope for^
after the Fains he ha6 takm to inform and pleafe his
Readers.

T H E

XIX

THE

INTRODUCTION.

The common Arguments againfl our Plan»
tations in America, anjiver^d ; and the
Advantages of them to England, af»

jerted,

TH E main Objecftion made by the E-
nemies of our ColGmes againlt them_,
is. That by draining England of her
People, they weaken us at Home,
and confequently are more hurtful than benefi-
cial to the Kingdom. On this Argument are
founded all their Reafons to excufe the ill Ufage
the Plantations have met with ; of which parti-
cular Mention is made in the particular Hifto-
jies of the Provinces ; we fliall therefore in this
Place keep to the General Intereft, and fee how
far the Objedion will hold good.

'Tis faid. People are the Wealth of a Nati-
on, and to take away their People is to impo-
yerifli them ; thofe that fay it, mean only labo-
rious and induftrious People, and not fuch as
tave no Employ, or, which is worfe, are em-

a 2 ploy'd

XX INTRO DVCTI ON.

ploy'd only in difturbing and robbing fuch as
have any. If this is granted, as it always has
been in this Controverfy, thofe who improve
their Tallents to moft Advantage, are of moft
Value to a Nation. A Man^ whofe Skill a-
mounts to no more than to earn ; e^. a Day by
his continual Labour,, cannot add to the Wealth
cf fuch a Kingdom as England, becaufe it will
not fupply his neceffary Confumption : How-
ever even fuch a one is lefs a Burthen to it,
than one totally idle. He who earns 6 i. a Day,
and confumes jufl fo much, is neither burthen-
fome nor advantagious : But he who by his In-
duftry and Labour, not only mahitains himfelf
and Family, but enriches them, is, to the Pro-
portion of his Wealth, fo much Addition to the
National Stock of the Kingdom. On the con-
trary, he who labours not at all, or fo much as
not to encreafe the National Stock of his Coun-
try, is, to ufe an eminent Merchant's own
sir Dalby Words, j^//" good for nothmg : He adds. To
Thomas i l^^^ve this Truth ^Uin beyond Diffute^ I heg
f h rT ^^^ Doubter but to covfidtr, that if all the laborious
Cf? Growth ^^^P^^ of the Kingdom left -working, and were to live
of the W. on the Natural 'Produce of it, to be difiributed by
India Co- them in e^ual Froportions^ by way of Charity, as
Tarijh-Poor and Beggars are now Jupported, how
long it would be before the Nation became necejfitous^
naked and fiarving, and confe^ue?2tly the Land and
Hottfes worth nothing.

Many Reafons may be urg'd to prove, that
the Increafe of People, wilfully or accidentally
idle, is fo far from being National Riches, that
it is the fureft and fpeedieft way to inevitable
Poverty, and muft decay the Value of the Real
and Imaginary Wealth of a Nation, proporti-
onably to the Decay of Induftry : But this will
bcfo readily confented to, it would be im-
pertinent

INTRODVCTION. xxi

pertinent to enlarge upon it here. Who then
will deny^ That thofe Men who ;^dd moft^ by
their Labour^ to th'e intrinfick Wealth of the
Nation, either Real or Imaginary, ^nd eon-
fume leaft, are beft employ 'd ? On the contra-
ry, that thofe who confume moft, and add leaft,
are the word employed ? 'Tis true, all who are
not mifchievoufly employ'd,or totally idle,are of
fome Benefit to the Common Wealth/and fhould
find due Encouragement ; and thofe ought to
be^mofl: proteded, and leaft difcourag'd by the
Laws, who are moft ufefully bufy'd for the in-
creafmg the Value of the Real and Imaginary
Wealth of the Nation. By Real Wealth is ge-
nerally underilood Money, Lands, Floufes, &c.
by Imaginary, the Art and Labour of the
People.

Now as we in EnHand are Inhabitants of an
Ifland, we have no ways ot conveying our Pro-
dud and Manufactures abroad, but by Naviga-
tion, the beft and eafieft of all ways ,• we have
no ways of making our felves confiderable in
the World, but by ,our Fleets ; and of fupport-
ing them, but by our Trade, which breeds Sea-
men, and brings in Wealth to maintain them ,•
fuch Hands therefore as are employ'd for any
of thefe ufeful Ends, whether it be the Mer-
chant, the Mariner or the Planter, are moft to
be encourag'd ; for on them depends our
Strength, and on that our Safety. If we had
none, or but little foreign Traftick, coukl we
long equip thofe mighty Fleets, that render the
Engliflj Name formidable to the utmoft Bounds
of the Earth ? Would one Man's confuming
what another rais'd, and handing Commodides
from one to t' other, do our Bufmefs, without
the Addition of foreign Wr.;p.lch ? No Commo -
dity is truly an Increafe of the National Stock,

. a ; • but

INTRODVCTIO N.

but that which is exported^ and all other Trades
receive their Vigour and Life from the Mer-
chant;, Commodities rifmg in Efteem or Value
as they are rightly diftributed from Place to
Place. By him the Mariner is fubfifted, the
Planter fupply'd^ and they all mutually aflift
each othei', in promoting the Advantage of all
other Tradefmen in particular^ and of Trade
in general. By Planter in the We^-Indks^ we
mean the Country Gentleman^ who minds
wholly the cultivating the Growths of the Place,
and exporting them to England ; from whence
he yearly draws fo many Manufactures, as main-
tain feveral Families in that Kingdom. 'Tis not
eafy to decide how much more fuch a Man is
ufeful than an Englljh meer Country Gentle-
man ; when a Labourer in our American Colo-
nies is by the before-cited Author faid to be of
ware Advantage to England, tho out of it^ than any
j;o (fthe like kind can he in it. His Explanation
of this Affertion refers in the firft Place to the
Sugar Plantations ^ and the Reader ftiall have it
abllraded from him, to judge of it as he thinks
fit. .

" I. The greateft Confumption of Sugar
is made by the rich and opulent People of
the Nation. 2. The Quantity yearly pro-
duct is not lefs than ajooo Tuns. ;. The
Moiety of this is conium'd in England^ and
^^ amounts to about 800000 / in Value. The
^^ other Moiety is exported, and after it has em-
ploy'd Seamen, is fold for as much, and con-
fequently brings back to the Nation in Mo-
ney, or ufeful Goods, 800000 /. Add to
thii;, That before Sugars were produc'd
in our Colonies, it bore four times the Price
it does now j and by the fame Confumption

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" at

INTRO DVCTION. xxiii

'^ at the fame Price^ except we made it our

felves, we fliould be forc'd to give in Money

or Mony's worthy as Native Commodities

and Labour J 2400000 /. for the Sugar we

fpend.

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'Tis certain we bought as much Sugar of P^r-
tugal as amounted to 400000 /. yearly^ which
is fav'd by our making it. To continue Sir
DaWys Explanation :

We muft confider too the Spirits arifingfrom
Melaffesy which is fent from the Sugar Colonies
to the other Coionies^and to England; which if

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^ all were fold inE»g/^w^^and turn'd intoSpirits^
^^ it would amount annually to above 900000 /.
^^ at half the Price the like Quantity of Brandy
^^ from France would coft. The Indigo coming
^^ from thence amounts to foooo /. yearly.
^^ Logwood^ for which we formerly paid the
^^ Spaniards 100 /. a Tun^ now comes un-
^^ d^r If /. and amounts to looo Tuns a Year.
^^ Ginger amounts to 400 Tuns a Ycar^ and is
*^^ not the 6th part of the Price of what the
^^ Nation paid formerly for that Commodity j
^^ not to fpeak of Drugs^ Woods, Cocoa, Pie-
f^ .mentOy Spices, Gold and Silver from diQ Spa-
^^ mfj IVefl-- Indies, for our Negroes and Manu-
,^f . fadures : By all which the Nation faves and
^^ gains by the People employed in thofe Colo-
'^ nies 4000000 /. per Ann, Now if it be confi-
^^ der'd again, that in all thofe Sugar Colonies
^^ there is not 60000 White Men, Women,
^^ and Children, it neceffarily mull follow, that
^^ one with another, above what they confume,
^^ each of them earns for the Publick above 60 /.
^^ per Annum. The Rents of Houfes and Lands
I in England, by Sir William Fenjs Computa-

a 4 [[ tioHj

ic

xxiv INTRODVCTION.

^^ tion^ amount to looooooo /. the Confump-
^^ tion to^ooooooo/. then by reducing Labour j
^^ and Confumption to a proper Ballance with j
^^ the Produce of Rents^ and fuppofing the I
" imaginary Wealth of the whole Kingdom
^^ to increale in time of Peace the tenth part
^^ annually^ that^will be but four Millions,
^^ which does not amount to 12 j. a Head clear
*^ Increafe of Wealthy one with another^ above
^^ neceflary and conftant Expences ; from which
*^ it follows^ beyond Controverfy, that Hands
^^ employ'd in the Sugar Plantations are^ one
with another^ of 130 times more Value
to the Common Wealth than thofe that ftay
^^ at home. To this fome may objed:. That
^^ thofe there confume nothing of Native Com- '
^ moditiesj which if they did, asthefedo who
^^ ftay at home, their Confumption would a-
'^ mountto ; 5*0000 /.annually^at 6/. lo/.aHead,
^^ the Allowance made by Sir fVilL Petty, and
**" others, and would confequently encreafe the
^^ Rents at leaft a fourth Part of that. But, as
" has been faid, whatever is confum^d by idle
'^ Men, can never encreafe either the Real or
^^ Imaginary Wealth of the Nation, and no-
^^ thing but the Overplus can be reckon d ad-
^^ ditional, which, according to a reafonable
^^ Computation, cannot be above 2 j. a Head ,•
^^ fo that if we would grant, that thofe in the
^^ Colonies did confume nothing of our home
^^ Produce, the Lcfs by the want of them here
^^ could amount only to 1200000 s, annually^,
" or 6cooo /.

Thus far we have taken from the Knight,
and have only to objed: againft his Number of
Souls in the Sugar Colonics, which, at the time •
he wrote that Trad:, was as many more as he

men-^

INTRODVCTION. xxv

mentions^ there being then 40 or 5-0000 Whiter ^
Men^ Women^ and Children at Barbados on-
ly. However^ fuppofing that we fliould con-
lume not above 800000 /. in Sugar^ did we
make none, a third Part of what he propofes,
and that there was not above 2poooo /; gained
and fav'd by 120000 Men, Women, and Chil-
dren, double the Number he makes it, every
Soul then earns for the Publick near 20 /. and
confequently every Hand employed in the Su-
gar Plantations is fourty times as good as one
that ftays at home, which is all the Alteration
that feems neceflary in his Argument.

- As to what he lays, may be objec^ied. That
they confume nothing of Native Commodities •
That Objection is beft anfwer'd by the Bills of
Entry at the Cuftom-houfe. A Man muft be
fo ignorant of Trade, that one may defpair of
convincing him, who does not know that the
Planters in our Sugar-Iflands have for them-
felves. Servants and Slaves, all manner of Ne-
ceffaries, for the Houfe or the Field, for Cloath-
ing or Food, from England. Sir Dalby allows
fiz/e Blacks at leafi for one White in the Sugar Co-
lonies, but we cannot agree with him ,• for
when there were 5-0000 W hires. Men, Wo-
men and Children, in Barbados ^ as there were
when he wrote, can anyonefuppofe there were
250000' Blacks ^ There might be then 80000,
and nevermore, which with 5*0000 IVhites, m^dQ
i;oooo Souls in all; and allowing but as
many more for the other Illands, who can ima-
gine that 260000 Souls can fublift there, v^here
nothing is to be had but Sugar, Cotton, Ginger^
and the Commodities before-mention'd, with-
out confuming prodigious Quantities of all forts

of Goods from E^jgland^ belides the Provifions

they have from the Northern Colonies.

In

xxd INTRO DVCT 10 N.

In treating of the Trade of each Colony,
this Matter will be more particularly handled_,
with Reference to their particular Exports and
Imports 5 but Barbados being the Chief of our
Sugar Illands^ comes firft naturally to be men-
tioned on all Occafions. If the Plantations take
away one Man to maintain about three at home :
If they take up almoft half of our foreign Com-
merce^ and are a perpetual Nurfcry of able
Seamen : If they yearly en^reafe the National
Stock 800000 /. only^ as by the following Hi-
ftory will appear, they are of as much Advan-
tage to this Nation in Trade, as near half of all
their People elfewhere,- for the annual Encreafe
of the National Stock, according to Dr. Da^e-^
nanty is not above 2000000 /.

How they encreafe it, is by our Exports ;
and ieaft the Reader may not have a clear Idea
of it, let him fee what Judge Littleton of Bar^
hados wrote on this Head :

Gro2n\ of ^^ There is one main Advantage by the Plan-
the Plan- ^^ tations, which has not been fuflficiently ex-
mms. ^^ plain'd,and that is, that the Englijh have now
jfeveral good Commodities of their own_,
which before they had not, which does very
much conduce to the enriching them ,• for
It is agreed by all who pretend to underftand
Trade, that a Country does then grow rich,
and then only, when the Commodities ex-.
ported out of it are of more Value than thofe
that are imported into it. This Proportion
between the Importation and Exportation, is
caird the Ballance of Trade ,• and there is no
way in the World for 3 Country to grow rich
by Trade, but by fetting this Ballance right,
^ and in fending out more than it takes in.
Some otherTricks and Shifts there are, which

" ^^ make

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' I NTRO UVCTION. xxvii

*^ makea fliew of doing great Matters^ but they
prore idle and frivolous^ and fignify nothing.
A Country is^ in this Refpecft, in the fame
Condition with a private Man^ that lives
^^ upon his Land : If this Man fells more than
-^ he buys^ he lays up Money ; if he buys more
^ than he fells, he muft run in Debt, or at
^ leaft fpend out of the quick Stock\; and
^ where the Bought and the Sold are e-
^ qual, he has barely brought both Ends toge-
'^ ther.

This Gentleman was a Man of excellent
Scnfe, and this Treatife of his hits the Cafe of
the Plantations better than any. He reprefents
their Grievances in the moft lively Colours^
fpeaks like a Man, who felt what he wrote^
and who complain'd with no diflembled Sor-
row.

After he has touched on our Argument of the
Increafe of the National Stock by Barbados ^ and
it will hold for the other Sugar Iflands, he goes
on :

^^ Why fliould England grudge at the Profpe-
'^ rity and Wealth of the Plantations, fmce all
'^ that is ours flie may account hor own, not
^ only becaufe we are a part of England ^ (what-
" ever we may be accounted) as it is taken
^^ largely, but alfo becaufe all comes to this
^^ Kingdom of, Englatid^ properly fo call'd,
^^ thefe two and fifty Shires. By a kind of
" Magnetick Force, England draws to it all
^^ that is good in the Plantations. It is the
" Centre, to which all things tend : Nothing
^^ but England can we relifh or fancy : Our

Hearts are here where-ever our Bodies be :
^^ If we get a little Money, we remit it to

xxviii INTRODVCTION.

^^ England, They that arc able, breed up their
" Children in England, When we are a little ^

^^ eafy^ wc defire to live and fpend what we
^^ have in England^ and all that we can rap
*^ and rend is brought to £«^/^w^.

It may be pretended, thot the other Colo-
nies, where there is no fuch Confumption of
English Commodities, as there i^ not in the Pro-
vinces on the Continenty have no: that Pretence
to be an Advantage to England. But fure this
will not be faid of Virginia and Maryland^ of
which Colonies, their Trade and Profit to
Engla?tdy we have fpoken in the Hiftories of
* thofe Provinces. To which we fhall add what
Sir Dalbj Thomas wrote on this Subjed, in the-,
before-mention'd Treatife.

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The Price of every Pound Weight of To-
bacco imported into the Nation before we
planted it, was from about 4/. to 16/. a
^^ Pound ; and now the beft Virginia is not a-
bove 17 ^- to the Merchant, of which the
King has 9 d. Two Thirds of the Tobacco
brought from thefe Colonies, is expor-
ted to foreign Markets^ which at about
% Pound a Hogfliead (the leaft the Nation
gets by it) amounts to above 200000 Pound,
befides the great Quantity of Shipping it
employs. It is not fo little as a Million
.the Kingdom faves yearly by our planting
Tobacco ^ fo that reckoning the White Peo-
ple in our Tobacco Colonies to be 1 00000
Men, Women, and Children^ they, one with
another, are each of them 12 /. a Year Profit
^" to the Natipn. There are in thofe Colo-
'^ nies, by a probable Computation, 600000
5^ Negroes and Indians, Men, W^omen, and

" Chil-

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INTRO DV CT 10 N. xxix

^^ Children^ and would be more,, could they
*^ readily get Negroes from Guinea^ every one
^^ of which confumes yearly two Hilling-Hoes,
*^ two Weeding-Hoes^ two Grubbine-Hoes,
^^ befides Axes^ Saws, Wimbles, Nails, and
^^ other Iron-Tools and Materials, confum'd
'^ in Building and other Ufes, to the Value of
^^ at leaft 1 20000 /. in only Iron-Work. Jhe
'^ Clothes, Guns, Cordage, Anchors, Sails,
^" and Materials for Shipping, befides Beds and
*^ other Houfliold-Goodb, confum'd and us'd
^^ by them, are infinite : Nor is the Benefit of
^*^ them to the Kingdom fufficiently to be ex-
^^ plain'd, therefore let it fuffice, in one Word^
to fay, that the Produce and Confumption,
^' with the Shipping they give Employment
^^ to, is of an infinite deal more Benefit to the
^^ Wealth, Honour, and Strength of the Nation,
^^ than four times the fame Number of Hands,
^^ the beft employ':! at home that can be.

To this we can only objed. That the Num-
ber, of /W/^?^x and Negroes, Men, Women, and
Children, is not above one half as many as he
makes them,- but that of the Whites exad,
which Miilake does not prejudice the Argu-
ment much, for the Indians make the leaft
Confumption of our Goods, and there lies
moft his Error.

As for the other Colonies, Venfylvania is now
falling into the Tlj^-^cco-Trade, Carolina into xhQ
Silk and Rice J New-England into that of Naval-
Stores : And indeed fince we can fo eafily, fo
cheaply, and fo fafely be furnifh'd with thefe
"Commodities from thence, it is a Refledion on
our Politicks, that we will be oblig'd to the
Northern Nations, and fend for our Stores to-
the BalticL Niw-Tork has the fame Advantages

of

XXX INTRODVCTION.

oi Naval Stores^ and fo have all the other Colo- \
nies in a lefs degree. But if New-England^ Nevo* i
Torky the Jerfejs^ Fenjjlvania ^nd Carolina^ fur^i
nifti the Sugar Iflands with Provifions and Cat- j
tle^ and they could not fubfift without them, |
as they can tell by woful Experience^ 'tis e-]
nough that they are of fuch Advantage to E«g*j
land; for not to fay any thing of the great Ex- 1
portration of our Commodities tothofe Provin-j
ces^ allowing that there are in all ; f oooo Whites^
Men^ Women and Children^ in our American \\
Colonies,, which is the largeft Computation^ i
and they encreafe annually, the National i
Stock 800000/. and the whole Encreafe is but'
2000000 /.yearly, there is but 1200000 Encreafe, J
for the reft of the Subjects of the Brltip Empire, j
computed at 8000000, which is little more than l
half of the whole Encreafe. Thus it appears, \
that one Hand in the Plantations is as good as \
. twenty employed at home, as has been prov'd i
already, by another way of working it. i

Let us turther confider the many Mouths that |
are fed at home by this Trade, the many Fami- !
lies that are enrich'd, the vaft Sums it brings I
into the Exchequer, to which Barbados only |
l^ays J 0000 /. yearly, tho not twice as big as ]
Rutland^ and is after the rate of 10 j. for every 1
cultivated Acre in the Ifland.

Thus we fee that the Colonies are far from
being a Difadvantage to us by the Men who
live there. But then 'tis faid, they are certainv
ly fo by the Men who die, that they have been
Graves for feveral Years, and kill more Sea-
men than they breed : Were this true in Fad,
as it is falfe, it ftiould never be objeded to them 1
by an European,

From whence did that fatal Sicknefs come
which infeded Barbados and the other Iflands ?

Was

INTRO DVCTION. xxxi

Was it not from Europe, brought by the Soldi-
ers fent in an ill time for their Defence^ being
lunder the leading of Captains that not only be-
tray'd thofe they brought with them, but thofe
who joined them. We may fee how it was
with them before the unhappy Arrival of thofe
fickly Soldiers and Seamen.

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^^ We employ ({^ysJnds^Q Littleton) feren or
eight hundred Ships in a fafe and healthy
Navigation. They find lefs Danger in a
Voyage to our Parts, than in a Voyage to
Nevpcafile ^ and as the Ships come fafe, fo the
Men come found. Whereas of thofe that go
to the Eajl- Indies^ half the Ships Company
(take one Ship with another) perifli in the
Voyage.

Befides the great Increafe of Wealth by our

rolonies, added to the National Stock, theTrea-

fure fav'd has been proy'd to be of almoft as great

jA-dvantage. Nations enough would immedi-

itely fall into the Sugar and Tobacco Trades^ and

'upply us at their own Rates for our Money.

[We mould foon mifs our Plantations if we had

lone, and their Enemies then would have their

)bjedionsanfwer'd in a Stile which they might

remble to hear, for Envy has made them too

xee of their Refledions, efpccially confider-

ng they have fo little Appearance of Reafon on

heir fide.

Is not the Situation of the Iflands for annoy-

>Jing the Spaniards or French in America^ a fuffici-

■■'"'nt Argument for us to be as careful of their

defence, as if they were our Frontiers ? And

lis relates^ more particularly to Barbados,

hould we in England be fo negligent of our

felves and them, as to expofe them to a French

Con-

xxxii INTRODVCTION.

Cbnqueft, of which they have been in Danger
more than ' once. What would be the Confe-
quence ? All the Leeward IJlands muft inevitably
follow ^ nor could Jamaica hold out long. The
Fi-encb being to Windward^ can fend their Men
down to Petit Guaves with a fmall Charge, and
would force the Inhabitants of "Jamaica to fur--
render in a few Months. The Lofs of the 5«-
gar Illands would foon afFe(5): the Northern Co-
lonies^ who are of great Ufe to England^ for
their Tobacco, Mafts, Timber, breeding of
Seamen, and Navigation. All which, except
Virginia 2ind Maryhnd^ have their chief Depen-
dance on the Leeward IJlands and Jamaicay for
their Lumber and Fifliery. The Colonies of
New-Englandy New-Tork^ the Jerfeys^ Penfylva-
niay and Carolina ^ have very little Ufe for any.
Navigation diredly for England^ but have a
great Trade with the Stigar-Jflands^ which is
very much for the Intereft of England ,• and if
thefs Trades were loft, one third at leaft of the
Navigation of this Kingdom would follow it.
What Effed this would have on the Merchants,
Manufacturers, Mechanicks and Mariners, let
every reafonable Man judge.

'Tis certain, our '-fmerican Plantations take
off more of the Manufadures of England than
any other foreign Trade whacfoever,- and is not
this Confideration enough to filence all the.
Clamours of the unthinking Vc'^ihitry ^ for fure
no Man who has conversed in the World, and
been tolerably educated, can give into fuch an |»
Error, or imagine 'tis not well worth our while
to fpare Hands for the Culture of our Land in
America,

Should we negled our Iflands, what Port
wou'd be left us to enter the Spanijh fVefi-Indies ?
What Damage might we not do the French and l^^

Sfanj*

INTRODVCTION. xxxiii

Spaniards from Jamaica ? Is not that Ifland a
JCey that lets us into HijpanioU and thQContinent ?
^Twill foon be anfwer'd. What have we got by
it in this War ? Which Queftion let others re-
ply to ; I take the Liberty to alTert, that th/sre
is nothing fo plainly to be made out, as that we
might have got, and ftillmaygetby it. Per-
liaps too, whether it has turn'd much to our
immediate Profit or not, the French and Spam- '
J&ds could give a very good Account for us of
their Lofles by it, and the Expencc it has puc
them to. As little as we have made of the
Advantage of its Situation, had we had no Ports ,
fo fituated, the Plate-Fleets from Spain would not
have come home withfo much Uncertainty and
fo many Delays. Jamaica is an Awe upon
them, and has had a Share of their. Silver.
Why it was not greater, let the Concern'd tell
us ^ for it might have been, we all know. The
French have not quite fo much Reafon as we,
to be zealous for the promoting Navigation;
yet they know their Intereft fo well, that 'tis a
long while ago that they began to put in for a
Share of the American Continent,^nd Iflands ,* and
whatever they have got, they are careful to de-
fend. They have always a great regular Force
at Canada^ for the Prciervation of that cold!,
barren Province, and their Care for the Defence
6f their richer Plantations is anfwerable. The
French King fets fuch a Value upon his Planta-
iionty and is fo far from thinking his People loft
^ho go to them, that he pays a good part of
' ^he Freight of all fuch as go thither to fettle,
nd gives them other Encouragements : There's
lo Man will doubt his underftanding his Inte-
eft. And if thofe People weakened or impove-
ifli'd him by tranfporting themfelves to Ameri-
> he would fooner fend them to the Gallies.

b The

xxxiv INTRODVCTION.

The Dutchy we know, have Colonies in the
Eafi-Indksy do thefe exhauft and depopulate
Holland; or are they, at leaft, a Burthen and In-
convenience ? The Hollanders are fo far from
thiiiking fo, that they juftly efteem them the
chief Foundation of their Wealth and Traffick :
Their Eafi-India Trade depends on their Eafi--
India Colonies, and the Greatnefs and Glory
* of their State depend on their Eafi-India Trade.
Tho their Colonies drain and deftroy their Men
as fail as ours ; as their Trade and Wealth en-.
creafe, their People encreafe alfo ,• and 'tis or
'twill be the fame with us, when the Planta*'
tions are fo far eas'd of their Burthens, that-
they may fiourifh,. and pour in Treafure upon
us, which in fuch Cafe they would again do as
they have formerly done. As to the Dutch Wefi*
India Colonies ,* how do they cherifli Surinam,
tho one of the bafeft Countries in the World ?
Are they not as follicitous for the Prefervation
of Curajjoy (as 'tis commonly pronounc d,) and I
' the Settlement of Tobago ? Did they not fpare
their Admiral De Rujter with a Fleet, in their
War with France above ; o Years ago, to fall upoii'
the French Sugar Iflands ; and u^ould they have
done it, had they not thought them highly vaj
luable ?

What a Figure have the Tonugmfe made m
Europey fmce the Dutch drove them in a great
Meafure out of their Eafi-India Trade, in comn
parifon to their Strength and Riches, while thejfr
were in Poffeflion of it ? The Vortuguefe have \6 ^^
true a Notion of the Advantage of fuch Colo*)
jiies, that to encourage them, they admit th$
Citizens of Goa to fend Deputies to fit in the
<^ ^ Affembly of the Cortez, : And if it were askU
Why our Colonies have not their Reprefenta^
tives ? who could prefently give a fatisfadorj

An-

'

I.'

INTRODVCTION. xxxv

Anfwer ? There are fome Perfons who pretend
the Spaniards have ruin'd themfclves, by ex»
haufting their Country^ for the fake of their
American Acquifitions. To which may be an-
fwer d^ their banifhing the Convert-Moors,
the Jewsy and the fetting up of the Inquifition,
with the Tyranny of their Government, have
more exhaufted Sp.ain than all their Settlements
in the JVeft-Indies, Had moderate Counfels
prevailed, there would have been no Scarcity of
Men in that Kingdom, and their Pride and
Sloth have impoverifh'd them much more than
their Want of Hands. Befides, grant that eve-
ry Nation beft underftand their true Intereft^
do not the Spaniards Politicks even now juftify
our Affertion, That the Wefi-India Colonies
are highly advantagious to their Mother Coun-
tries ? What do they fight for at this time ?
Why do they fufFer themfelves to be torn to
Pieces on all fides ? What is this Difpute for ?
^ould they give up the iVeft Indies to the right
Owner, K. Charles III. Matters would foon be
accommodated,* and without doing it, this War
can never be well ended.

We hope the Reader is by this time fatisfy'd,
that our American Plantations are an Advantage,
and a very great one, to this Kingdom j and
the Arguments brought from Antiquity will be
of no ufe to the Enemies of Colonies.

'Tis faid, Arifiotk fpeaking of the Won-
ders of the World, writes, ^"^ That certain
' Carthaginian Pilots having difcovejr'd a vaft
^^ Illand, very fruitful, beyond Hercules Pillarj :
[Which muft be America^ {or Britain was
Known to them, fo were Africa ^nd the Eaftl^
'' feveral Families of that Republick left
their Country, to tranfport themfelves thi"
J! ther, and fettle there i but the Magiftrates
^ ' bz !"of

xxxvi PNTRODVCTION.

^* of Carthage forbad any^ on fevere Peuialtiesi
**■ to make that Voyage.

By which means 'twas fo negleded, that the
Counrry became^ unknown again, till 'twas .dif-
cover'd by Columbus lyoo Years] afterwards.
This is told us by fome Inquirers into the Hi-
ftory of Atnerka ^ of which more will be faid,
when this Author treats of thpfe Parts of it thac
belong to the Spaniards ^ Fortuguefe^ Dutch ^ Danes
and French y as he intends to do, according as
this Treatife is encourag'd. Tho the Cartha-
ginians might have had fuch an ill Opinion of
Colonies, that is no Argument of their being,
hurtful ^ for the Judgment of greater Nations,
and the Succefs of it make againft them. Did
the Athenians and Other Greeks lofe by the Co-
lonies they fent into Apa ? Or rather, was not
Ionia the Barrier of Greece^ which defended it i
againft the Perfian Ufurpation ? Did thefe Co- '
lonies dilpeople Greece ? Is there any Com-
plaint of it in all the Greek Story ? No cer-
tainly ! On the contrary, the Grecian States j
thriv'd after it- their Navigation encreas'd,
and by their Navigation they became Mafters j
of Afia ; for had they not deltroy'd the Naval !
Power of the Terfians^ they could not have I
injur'd their Dominion by Land. But after
they were entirely Mafters at Sea, they never
ceas'd till they were fo at Land alfo. Was it
ever pretended that the Roman Colonies dif-
peopVd Rorni ? Whenever that wife and re-'
nown d State thought it convenient to fend
forth a Colony, Thcufands of People werc^.
fent away at a time, at the publick Charge, and |
' that as far as the Tygrts on the one hand, and !
the Tvjeed on the other. Thefe Colonies v/ere
the Security of their Conquefts i and the
ereateft Politicians have been of Opinion,

'' 3'hat

>iitit^

INTRODVCTION. xxxvi!

'^ That as the Roman Empire was the grcateft
*' that ever the World faw^ fo ir chie% ow'd
*' its Grandeur to its free Emiffion or Colo-'
^^ nies.

It would not be very difficult to prove, that
in the prefgnt Circumftances of Affairs^ the
Britijh Colonies are, or may be much more
advantagious to the Britains than the Bjjman
Colonies, of which they were fo free, were
to [the Romans y by how much more the Safety
of a Nation is of greater Confequence than its
Extent of Empire ^ but that would draw this
Trad out to too great a Length. If we have
not been too tedious already, 'tis well ; and
we Khali leave the Decifion of this Argument
now to the Reader^ having faid as much for
it as we could^ and as we believe is neceffary to
convince the Impartial and Difmterefted,
That our Colonies in America are fo far from
being a Lofs to us, that there are no Hands
in the Brltljli Empire more ufefuUy employed
for the Profit and Glory of the Common-
Wealth.

Of all our American Commerce that of Sugar
is rtioft vQ.laable, becaufe moft neceffary. Sir
Jopah Chddy in his Difcourfe of Trade, fpeak-
ingofthis, fays,

^^ Itis in his Majefty's Power, and the Parlia-
^^ ment's^ if they pieafe, by taking off all Char-
** ges from Sugar^ to make it more entirely
** an Englifh Commodity, than White Herrings
*^ are a Dutch Commodity ^ and to draw more
" Profit to the Kingdom thereby, than the
*^ Dutch do by that And that in Confequence
*' thereof all Plantations of other Nations,
[^ muft in a few Years fink to little or nothing.

This

xxxvai

INTRODVCTION.

This Authority will confirm all that has been
faid before, and it might be made out, whicti
way fo great Good may be done to the Publick ;
but that would be to enter into the Mail of'
the Hardfliips the Colonies have lain under for
many Years, the Means of eafing them, and
other Articles, fome of which are treated of in
the particular Hiftories of the Plantations ,- and
others that remain, we muft forbear mention-
ing till a more convenient Time and Place of-
fer ,• for we have already kept the Reader too
long from the Story.

.•

T*

Advcr-

Advertifement

'A ^^ Gentlemen^ Merchants , or others ^ who
jfv ^''^^ ^^ <?«r American Colonies ^ and will
vomwunicate any thing to the Author^ to be added or
amended in the next Edition of this Hifiory^ are de-
fir d to direB it to either of the Bookfellers whofi
Names are in the Title-fage of this Book, and Care
luallbe taken to have it inferted.

There

There are fome kw ERR ATA's of the
PRE^^Si as,.

VOL. I. Page 403. 1. 6, del. him, xt^& Raddijon* p.
544. 1. I. xtzJdi'hy theKi7ig, p. ^49. 1.- ip- del. Go-
cernour of P toy idencQ* Vol. z, ^,110. Baronets created the-
fame Day Ihould be only Sir John CoUiton and Sir James
Modiford. p. 112. for iSoooo, read igoooo, in the Num-
ber of Souls. The reft are moflly Lilterals, and the Rea-
der will eafily corieft them.

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(I ) t

HISxbRY

OF

NETFFOUNDLAND.

Containing

An Account of its Difcovery^
Settlement^ Encreafe^ Vre^
fent State ^ Inhabitants^ CU-
matey Soily Produ^, Trade^
&c.

THIS large Ifland wasdifcover'd by Sehafiian ^^ £)^
Cabot y who was fent to the Wefi-Indies 14^7*
h^ Henry VII, in the Year 14P7. to make ^^-vv-*
Difcoveries. *Tis of a Triangular Figure, The Figure
as big as Ireland^ about 300 Leagues in Circumfe-af the 1*
rence-, feparated from North Canada on the Conti-yZ^vi.
nent to the North, and New-5rorto^ to the South',
about as far as the neareft part of England is from
France : Tis no more than 606 Leagues diftant front
the Lands End '^ and the Cireat Bank is hardly half
way to Firginia : It lies between 45- and ^i Degrees /^^ jt^z/L
of North Lat. and has many commodious Bayes along md^,
the Coaft •, fome of them running into the Land to
\vards one another more than 20 Leagues.

B But

2 The Hifiory of Newfoundland.

But before we enter upon a further Defcription of
the Country, we fhall proceed with the Hiflory of it
from its Difcovery to its Settlement by x\iQ EngllJIj. .,
Idfcovcrj. In the Reign of Henry VIII, Mr. Thorn and Mr,
Elliot^ two Englifh Adventurers, made a Voyage
thither-, and one Mr. HorCj another Adventurer of
our Nation, attempted a Settlement, but was reduc'd
to fuch Streights^ that many of his Company were
kiird and eatda By their Fellows: Thofe who
furviv'd, were fo changed, that Sir William ButtSy a
Norfolk Knight, did not know his Son at his Return,,
and cou'd not be convinc*d *twas the fame Perlbn, till!
heibew'd him ^ Mark in his Hody which his Father
rem<imbred. The Englifh after this neok^ingthe;
Place, the Frerjch and Portuguefe reforted to it, and'
carry'd on a very profitable Trade in Fifh and other

^179* Commodities. In the year 157P. Captain Rlchard<
Whitburn of Exmouth in Devon/hire^ was employ'd by,
MtXotten^ a Merchant of Southampton^ to fifh at th&
threat Bank *, but his Companions not being able to
endure the Cold, he put into Tr//;//'j/-Harbour, where
they kiirdftore of Fifh, Deer, Bears, Beavers, Seals,
Otters, Sea-Fowl, &c. and having made a tollerable

1583. Voyage, returned to England. In 1583. Mr. Crook^
a Merchant of the fame Port, fitted him out for the
lame \^oyage ^ and while he was at Newfoundland^
Sir Humphry Gilbert ^ a Pevcnfljire Knight, and a fa-
mous Adventurer, related to Sir Walter Rawleigh^
came thither wath two ftout Ships and a Pinnace, and
brought with him a CommilTion from Queen Eliz^a^
beth to take pofTeflion of the Place in her Name,
which he did in St. Johns Harbour, Mr. Whitburn
my Author being prefent. Sir Humphry failing thence
towards Virginia^ loil his biggeft Ship :, and he him-
felf going aboard the Pinnace, was caft away in hi:
Return to England : His other Ship, Captain Hay.
Commander, arriv'd and brought the News of thai
worthy Gentleman's hard Fortune.

1 585. Two Years afterwards. Sir Bernard Drake of De
von., was fent thither with a Squadron of Men o
War, and took feveral Portuguefe Ships laden wit}
FiiTi and Oil, \vhich he brought into England as Pri-
zes: For tho the French and Portuguefe w^nt thithei
to fiili, the Ea^^flifh look'd on themfelves as the tru«

Lord:

The Hiftory of Newfoundland. j

Lords and Proprietors of the Country, as appears by Ha?c Tnfa-
(everal Grants from the Crown before the Frencn la ab An-
feated themfelves there, and the Confc^flion of Fo-^''^' ^^'^
feigners themfelves: tho 'tis pretended John f^e-^^?^'^^^f
razjLon^ a Florentine, fent by Francis I. the French P''^""^
King, pofTefs'd himfelf of the IHind in the Name of ^^/^""'
that Prince, calling it Tcrre Neuve^ or Newfound^
littid^ yet that does not lefTen the Right of theEnglifh
to this Country ; for it was done feveral years after Se-
baftian Cabot had neen there a fecond time *, and brought
thence 5 of the Natives, whom he prefented to Henry
Vlll. as a Token of his having taken pofTeflion of the
Place in his Name: And Sir Humphry Gilbert when he
was there, forbad all other Nations to iifh on the Coaft.
Tis true, the Englifh were not for a long time
very fond of fettling on fuch an unfriendly Shoar,
where there were few or no Convenienries for Life,
but Intereft at lafl prevail'd '^ and in the Year r<op.
Mr. John Guy a Merchant, and afterwards Mayor
of Brifiolj who wrote a Treatife to encourage Per-
ibns to undertake a Settlement, by writing and
foiliciting the Bufmefs fucceeded fo well, that in the
following Year King James made a Grant, dated
j^prtl the lothy i^io. of all that part of the I (land j)^^ firfl
from Cape Bonavifi in the North, to Cape St. Marys in New-
the South, to the Earl of Northampton Lord Keeper, foundland
Sir Lawrence Tanfield Lord Chief Baron, Sir John Com^arjjf,
Dodder idge King's Sergeant, Sir Francis Bacon Solli-
citor General, Sir Daniel Donn^ Sir Walter Cope, Sir
Piercival Willoughby, Sir John Confiable^ John Weld
Efquire, Mr. Ellis Crifpy Mr. Richard Bowdler^ Mr.
j4nthony Haviland, Mr. William Lewis^ Mr. Humphry
Hook^ Mr. John Guy^ Mr. Phillip Gzty^ Mr. William
Meredith-, Mr. John Doughtie and others *, who fent
over a Colony thither under the Direftion of Mr.
John Guy. This Gentleman arriv'd there in 20 days, 1610,
landed at Conception-H2.xho\xr *, and he and his Com-
panions built Houfes, or rather Hutts, for their Ha-
Ditations, during their ftay. Mr. Guy behav'd himfelf
fo courteoully to the Natives, that he entirely gain'd
their Friendfhip, and the Englifh were not at alldi-
fturb'd by them in carrying on their Settlement, as
they were in other Places. In thp next Year k^ii. kju;
Captaia Whitbwn went thither again, and the Arch

B 2 Pii'ate

4 The Hiftory of NcwfoutldlanA

Pirate Peter Eajlon came here with i o Sail of flout rich
Ships', he defir'd Niv. Whitburn to mocnxQ a Pardon
for him, and would have returned to England : In
expe^ation of it, he waited on the Coaft oiBarbary j
but the Court tiring out his patience, he entered the
Streights with his Treafures, and the Duke of Savoy
took him into his Service. There was very little
Froft this Year in Newfoundland all Winter long^

i6i2, which, if true, is next to a Miracle. In the Year en-
fuing, the Englifh found fome of the Indian Habita-.
tions, which were Huttsmade of Poles fet round, and
meeting on the Top, about lo Foot broad, covered
with Deer Skins, and the Fire in the middle. In the

1513. next Year, 54 Men, 6 Women, and 2 Children win-
ter'd there, and tiiQ Seafon prov'd moderate. The
Englifh fow'd Wheat and Rie, and planted Turnips
and Coleworts, which 'tis faid grew as w^ell as in £»-
gland ^ and this is the more rare, becaufe Wheat and
other Grain cannot now be brought to thrive there.
The new Planters got plenty of Fowl and Fiih.for.
Food •, and Bears and Otters for Skins : But we hav«
reafon to believe that things did not an Twer their Exr:
pec^ation, for *tis certain that Mr. Gvy and his Colony
returned to England. The Difeafe tha^: troubled tfiefti
moft, was the Scurvy, w^hich they cur'd wath theic

i6i\. Turnips. In the Year i <^i 4. Sir Hemy Manwaring was
fent thither with a Squadron of 5 Men of War to fecure
the Filhery. /And in the following Year Captain Whit"
burn made another Voyage, carrying with him a Com-

161^. miflion from the Admiralty, to Jmpannel Juries^ and
make Inquiry upon Oath^ of diiers Ahifes and Diforders
committed amongji El (her men yearly on that Coaji.

Dr. W. Vaughan of Carmnrthenflnre^ purchased a
Grant from the Pattentees for part of- the Country,
to make a Settlement, which however he never

\6\^, effefted. In \6i6. Captain Whitburn was taken
in his way from Newfoundland to Lisbon with a

i6\\* Cargo of Fifh ^ and in the Year \6i^, he went thithec
as Dr. Vaughan\ Deputy ^ tho whom he was to go-
vern, we don't find any where mentioned by himfelf
or other Writers, or that there was any Settlement of
Englifh till 2 or 3 years afterwards, wlien Sir George.
Calvert^ Principal Secretary of State to King Jamesj
got <a Grant of the befi; part of the ifland. This Gen-
tleman

The fiiftory of Newfoundland. 5

Hemin being of the Romifh Religion, was uneafyat i<?2o.
home, and had the fame Reafon to leave the King-
<iom, asthofe Gentlemen had who went to New-Efjg-
land^ to enjoy the Liberty of his Confcience : He
therefore refolv'd to retire to America^ and finding
the Newfoundland Company made no ufe of their
Grant, he thought of tnis Place for his Retreat *, to
which end he procur'd a Patent for that part of the
Ifland that lies bet\veen the Bay of Bulls in the Eafl,
and Cape St. Marys in the South, which was ere<Sled
into a Province, and call'd Avalon^ the Name it goes
by to this Day.

How this Grant cou'd be made without the Con-i^riB^l-
fent of the former Proprietors, we cannot compre- timore'i
hend \ for he feated hinifelf within the Limits o^Seukmcnu
their Territories : And he either agreed with them
for it, or King James invaded the Company's Proper-
ty. Sir George^ afterwards Lord Baltimore^ fent over
Perfons to plant and prepare things for his Reception j
and in i6it. Capt. Edward Wynn went thither with 1^21.
t fmall Colony at Sir George's Charge, who feated
himfelf at Ferryland^ built Houfes, planted a little
Garden, and fet up a Salt- Work in 1622, and the 1522.
fame Year, Himfelf, C^pt. Powelj 21 Men, 7 Wo-
men, and 2 Boys Winter'd there. In the follow-
ing Year the Lord Faulkland^ Deputy oi' Ire land j 1^25.
fent a Colony thither under Sir Fraacii Tanfil^ who
returned without making a Settlement.

When Capt. Wynn had giv'n Sir George a fatisfaiffco-
ry Account of his Proceedings, he remov'd thither
with his Family, built a Fine Houfe and ftrong Fort
at Ferryland^ Northward of Cape de Raz^ and dwelt
there k)me time ^ but having a better Settlement
in view in yirgmla^ he returned to England to
get the Grant of the Country which is fmce
caird Maryland: However he ftill retain'd the Pro-
priety of Avalon'xTi Newfoundland^ and governed the
Uttle Colony at Ferryland by Deputies till his Death.
His Son C^cilius Lord Baltimore did the fame, till the
dirtradlions in England during the Civil War,rendcr'(I
his PolTefllon precarious ;> and about the Year 1^54- ^^^51.
' ^ir David Kirk, a Gentleman whofe Fortune oblig'd sir Da\'u\
him to change the Climate more than his Confritu-Kirk^ Jer-
tioH^ went thither, and by Warrant of the Govern-^'^'''^^''-

B ^ nient

6 The Hifiory of Newfoundland.

nient then in being, pofTefs^d himfelf of the Lord Bal-
tirfwre's Plantation, which he afterwards treated
with that Lord to purchafe •, but the Family of C^/-
, ^'frf , wou'd never formally give up their Pretences,
notwithftanding which Sir David liv'd there all his
time, gave his Nanie to 2i Sound on the Weftern Shoarj
?ind his Children and Grand Children dwelt there
after him, the latter being reduced to the mean Con-
dition of the Ordinary Inhabitants. Sir -D^^'/^ un-
dertook an Expedition againft the French at Canada^
and deftroy'd their Settlements, which the French
not only recover'd in the Reign of Charles II. but
they were fuffer'd in his time firft to fettle on the
Southern Shoar o^ Newfoundland^ to fortify themfelves
at Placentia, St. Peter s^ and other Places. Thus they
who arelntrudersjby their Induftry, and the Conveni-
ence of their Neighbourhood with Canada^ the Glo-
ry, iuch as it is, of the French Dominions in jime"
rica^ have got the better Part of this Ifland, and
have a more numerous Colony and better Fortifica-
tions than the Englifh, who have all along contented
themfelves with fome fcatter'd Settlements on the
Coafts, which they do not call by the Name of Towns^
but by that of Harbours. Before we go on further
with our Hifiory of the Country, we fhall give an Ac-
- count of the Places where the Enplifh have lettled, the
number of Families, by the lateft Surveys taken from
a Merchant who liv'd fome time in the Ifland, in
what way they live, for their Conflitution does not
defer ve to be call'd a Government, Of the Indians,
the Climate, the Soil, Animals, Trade, and othei?
things worthy the Reader's Knowledge.
\e IJles, Under the Name of Newfoundland thofe Ifles are
comprehended which lie on the Weft Side of it in the
Gulph of St. Lawrence^ and the Paver of Canada or
New France to the North and Weft. Thefe Ifles are 1 5
in number, of which the moft confiderable are, the
Ifles of the Sand or Bank of Cape Breton^ St, John's-
Ifle about 30 Leagues long, 1 6- over, and i>o ,in Cir-
cuit-, ^tis properly nothing elfe but a great Fo-'
reft of Fir-trees, and is furrounded with fteep Rocks.
j^e- Cape Breton Ifle in the South of the Gulph of StXaHo-
■^Ir rence^ is. d-o Leagues long, 10 or 12 broad, and 140
in Circuit 3 -tis almoft cut in two Parts by that Gulph;
^ ■ Thq

The Hiflory of Newfoundland. j

The Ifle of Ajfumption is alfo call'd AnticoHi^ 'tis a-
bout the bignels of Cape Breton Ifland, fitaated at
l^Q Mouth of the Great River of Canada ♦, Bears
Tort is the beft Haven in it. Between Anticofii and the
flatldand, the old Writers tell us was the beft Cod
Fifhing, and that 'twas common to take loo in an
Hour there. 'Tis certain fo many have been caught
in an hour *, but 'tis as far from being a common
thing, as that Place from being the beft on the Coaft
for Fiftiing, neither the Englifhnor French ever fifh-
ing between thofe Illands.

The Englifh had Settlements formerly as far as Cape ^^^gl'Jl>
St.Mary\ on the Southern Shoar *, but now they begin ^'^'^"'tf-
at Ferryland Head, and are fcatter*d along the Coaft at ^^^"'
8 or I o Miles diftance from one Harbour to another, as
far as Greenpond : And pafting Cape de Raz^ the rjioft
Eafterly Point of Land in the Ifland, we come to

FerryLmd^ where are about 3 o Houfes and Families.
Cape Brolly • • • • 12
Bay of Bullsy • • • • 20
Brigas Bay, .... ^

Bell Inn^ 3

Toads Cove^ * ' , ' 1
Mummahles Bay, • . . t»
Tetty Harbour^ • • • 5
St, John's Town, . • • <?o

The latter is call'd a Town, and is fituated within jf. John**
the Neck of the Harbour in the Bay, form'd by aToww,
River that falls into the Sea there •, the Mouth of that
Harbour is about half a Mile over : On the North Side
of it at the Entrance is a Battery, and another on the
South-Eaft, where there's a cover'd Fortification, and
3 or 10 Guns, which with the oppofite Battery com-
mand the Harbour, and render it almoft impoilible
for an Enemy to come at Si.Johui, Town, there being
befides this a Chain of 15 Tunn weight, which they
can let downa-crofs it from one Fortification to ano-
ther. There was a Church before the late Invafion of
the French. The Houfes were built on the Northern
Shoar, and every Family had a fort of a Wharfe
before their Houfes to dry their Fifh on. The Church
then ftood aboiU the Middle of the Town, but (ince

B 4 for

S I The Hifiory of Newfoundland.

for the better Security of the Settlement, the Eng-
lifh have removed their Dwellings. The Fort there
is mounted with about 50 Guns, including the Out-
works added by Col. Richards^ when he commanded
there,A Garifon confifting of an independant Company
of Foot, whofe Captain at prefent is Major Tho-
rndi Uoyd^ always do Duty there, and in the late
Troubles were of great Service to the Country.
Within the Fort on the Right Hand and on the Left-
are Barracks for the Soldiers, and oppofite to the
Gate the Captain's Houfe, built a la Modern^ with
Safh Windows, and is a very fair Edifice. Next to
St, Johns Town is,

i

Kittavitty^ • •

20

Houfes and Families.

Jorbay^ • • *

4

Families.

Holyroodj • • "

)

Salmon Cove^ ' * ,

>i^

Families.

1

Havre de Grace ^ .

s

Carboneer^ ' '

30

Families.

Bay Virds^ ' *

10

Families.

Old Parlikin^ • •

6

Families.

New Parlikin deferted

.

Silly Cove,

■

Trinity Harbour^

12

Families.

Bonavifty ' ' •

25

Families.

(jreenpond Ifland,

3

Families,

In all 2^7 Faniilies, fonie of which are very large'*,
and all together, before the French deftroy'd the
Settlements from Cape de Raz. to St. Johns Town, con-
tain'd 4000 Englifh Inhabitants, Men, Women and
Children^ tho in the year i5i?8, there were but
1500 Souls, the Number encreafing after the rate
of about 500 every Year, till they came to be up-
wards of 4000. Moft of the People fled to St, John's
Town,and were fafe there ^ but fuch as cou'd not crowd
into tl^e Fort were abandoned to the Mercy of the
Enemy, who burnt all the Houfes in the Weft
End of the Town ^ and the few they left, were,
as they faid, only fpar*d that they might be a Recep-
tacle for themfelves when they came there again,
which they threatned to do, but have not yet been
as good as their Words, They llaid in the Town

5 Weeksy

The Hifiory of Newfoundland. 9

5 Weeks, and continually harraft the Soldiers in tKe
Fort by Falfe Allarms : At laft^ they were tir*d with
attacking, before the Englifh were with defending
tlie place, and left it, carrying away with themfome
hundreds of the Inhabitants.

The Englifh had no Settlement for many Years far-
ther than Bonavifi ^ but i o Years ago they fat down at
Creenpond Ifland, and thus take up the N.E. and E. Part
of the Country, as the French do the S. and S. W. the
Natives living in the North. There are feveral fine
,Bays within the limits of the Englifh Territory, as,
Bonavlfty Trinity^ Conception^ wJiich flretch them-
felves towards the South Weft •, Torhay and Capdin
Bay, St. Johns Harbour, the Bay of B^lls^ Frejh Wa-
t£r Bay, and others : For there's no Shore in the World
fo well accommodated with Excellent Harbours. On
the French fide are the Bays Trepafey^ St. Mary\ Bor-
rell and Placemia^ which extend their Arms towards
the North. The Great Bay of St. Peter lies on the
South Wefl fid<j of the Ifland 20 Leagues diftant from
the River of G»W^. The Bottom of all the Biys meet
within the Compafs of a fmall Circuit, by which
means the Communication from Bay to Bay is eafy.
There are abundance of other Bays round about the
Weftern Shore, as far as the Great Bay^ and many
more between that and Trinity Bay, which lies in
about 4p Deg. N. L. and is very commodioufly fitu-
ated to receive Shipping in bad Weather. It has
3 Arms or Rivers, long and large enough for many
hundred Sail of Ships to moar fait at Anchor, above a
Mile from the Harbours Mouth. The Bay of Flow-
ers near Greenpond is Dangerous for fhelves. The
Bay of Trepafey^ which is the prefent Bounds oi the
Englifh, Southward, lies in about 4<5' Deg. N. L. is a
bold and fafe Coaft, and convenient for Ships in di-
ftrefs to touch at, palling to or from Firgir^a^ New
England or the Bermudas Ifles.

The Climate is very hot in Summer and Cold in Win- V:s Clir
ter ^ the Snow lies on the Ground + or 5 Months *, and mne.
the Englilh in the Northern Parts are forc'd to remove
from die Harbours into the Woods, during that Seafon,
for the convenience of Firing. There they build them-
felvesCabbins, and burn up all that Part of the Woods Wjiy of LP
where they fit down. The nextWinter they do the lame vifig.

by

xo The Hipry of IJcVirfbmdknd. *

by another, and fo clear 'em as they go. The Peo-
ple at 5^ John^s Town who do not remove, are put to
great Streights for want of Firing. Wood, 'tis true,
is very plentiful, but the Difficulty is to come at it,
the Accefs to the Forefts for Rocks and Snow being
very troublefome, and fometimes impalTable *, and
*tis no fmall part of the Profits of the Under-Offi-
cers of the Garifon to let out their Men to fetch
Wood. There's hardly any ftirring out of the Houfe
for 5 Months in the Year. The Inhabitants have no
Corn nor any other fort of Provifion or NecefTaries,
(except Wild Fowl, Filh, and Venifon) but what is
fent them from Europe, The I flan d is full of Moun-
tains and impraEiicahle Forefts *, its Meadows are like
Heaths, and are covered with a fort of Mofs inftead
IheSoiU of Grafs. The Soil is good for nothing, being a
Mixture of Gravel, Sand and Stones. Thus fays the
La Hon- Baron La Hontan^ and feveral Gentlemen, whom I
tfiii, have confulted upon the matter, particularly Capt,
Franci^j a Man of Worth and Honour, who com-
manded there in the Year 1702. And yet Mr. 6'wy, .
^n Capt. Whitburn *, and from them Mr. Delaet fet it

f^onufua ^"^ ^5 ^ Paradife, as fruitful as the Banks of the Nile.
Ion niudo ^^^^out the Labour of Mens Hands ^ fays Capt Whit-
L&tifft' hurn^ the Earth produces great Plenty of Green P/^fSj
mn gra- Fitches and Hawnes^ and great Store of Hay may ht
viina fed made mth little Labour. Strawberries, Rafpberries,-
^ varias Bilberries, Pears, Cherries, Filberds, &c, are there
fniges in abundance \ as alio Flowers : And for Corn^ the
pogenc' Ground is as apt to bear as the Englifij Soil, I thought
ret, De- j^- niight not be improper to fhew thQ difference
^^: that there is in the account of the Soil giv'n by dif-
burn fc^^"t Perfons. Mr. Guy and Capt. Whitburn were, as
p. 47. ^^^ ^^''^'^y P^i-'ceive, willing the Ifland fhould be in-^
• habited by the fair Defcription they gave of it, where-'

as 'tis in truth one of the moft uncomfortable Places
in the Univerfe for 5" Months in the Year, and not
one of the niofl delightful for the other 6, We may
fee by this, that even Men of the beft Judgment,
as Delaet is thought to be, ili.iy err when they treat
of things which they mufl take upon truft, and that
we fhou'd be cautious how we give Credit to thofe
Authors who write of Plantations wherein they are
themielves concerned. As this Place is fcarce tolerable

to

ThelRiJlory of Newfoundland. ii

to theEnglifh for the Seafons, fo 'tis no lefs wretched
in its Government, which is altogether as barbarous as
that of their Fellow-Inhabitants the Indians.

They have no fettled Governour : But in time of 7i^ Go-
Peace the firft Mafter of a Ship that arrives there, vsmment,
tho he commands a Bark but of 3 o or 40 Tuns, is
Chief Governour for that Fifhing Seaibn, by the Stile
of, Lord of the Harbour. In time of War the Go-
vernment is more noble, for then *tis lodg'd in the
Commadore, or Commander of the Squadron who is
fent thither to defend the Fifhery. If there come
but two or three iMen of War, the eldeft Captain is
Governour of the Country as well as Admiral at Sea •,
if but a fingle Ship, the Commander has that honoura-
ble Office, and in the Abfence of the Captains of the
Men of War, and the Lord of the Harbour, the
Captain of the Land Forces in the Fort of St. John's
Town, is Governour by his Place •, and both the one
and the other are Lord Chancellors, and decide ar^
bitrarily in all Cafes. There's no need of much Law,
for the Inhabitants have not much I^nd, and no Mo-
ney. They truck with one another for what they
want and have *, and Breaches of the Peace, or
taking away a Man's Goods without giving
TrucK, dealing of Nets or Fifhing-Tackle, are the
main Caufes that come before the Governour for the
time being, who fummons the Criminal before him,
and his Sentence is definitive. If *tis the Land-Officer,
he keeps 'em in awe by threatning 'em with a File
of Musketeers •, and as much as they are without Law
and Lawyers, the want of them, for what I can hear,
is one of their leaft Inconveniencies. If a Man com-
mits murder, he is fent in Chains to England., and un-
lefs Witnefles are fent with him, which is expenfive
and not always poiTible, lie takes his Trial at th<5
Old Bailyy is acquitted, and goes home again ^ as was
the Cafe of a Per (on who was accus'd of Sodomy
3 or 4 years ago. As fevere as the Climate is, it a- 'jf'

grees very well with Englifh Conftitutions, and our
Countrymen have generally been healthy there, except
when they brought Difeafes with them. -f

As for the Produd of the Country, Fir and Spruce Trees.
Trees are the moft remarkable, being reckon'd as fit for
Mafts, as thofe of iVc^mwy. Pmc and Birch-Trees are as

big

It The Hiftovy of Newfoundland.

big there as any where, and almoft all forts of Tim-
ber-Trees abound in the Ifland. As for Qiiadrupedes,
Dear, Hares, Foxes, Squirrels, Wolves, Bears, Bea-
vors and Otters, afford them Plenty of Food, Plea-
fure and Traffick •, and may we believe Capt. Whit^

ijls. hurn^ the wild Beads as well as the Natives, were lo
civil to the firft Difcoverers, that they never gave
'em the leaft moleftation, or put *em to much trou-
ble to catch 'em.

But fuch Stories as thefe, are of equal Credit with
that of the Mermaid he pretended to lee *, and we fhall
not endeavour to impofe either of 'em as Truth oil
cur Readers: What's certain, isj That the Sea onj
this Coaft is almoft full of Filh ♦, as Cod, the ftaplel

h Commodity of the Country, Salmon, Herrings^
Mackerel, Flounders, and an infinite Number or!
Trouts in the Rivers, which are not very broad or j
long, but there's plenty of them, and of Springs of j
good Water : Fowl for Food, and Game is to be met ^
' with every where of all forts, and is the greateft
Convenience in the Country^ the Trade of which
confifts in the Fifhery, one of the moft beneficial in
the World, and yet it has been miferably neglefted.
Does it not look fomething like a Paradox, that we
who are Mafters of the Sea, ihould not be Mafters of

tdc' Trade, and efpecially of that Trade which is by
Right our own *, and that the French, the meaneft
Nation in the World with refpeft to Commerce, con-
fidering their Advantages, fhou'd rival us in fo confi-?
derable a Branch of our Traffick ? 'Tis pity, we
who have driv'n 'em out of the B)ritijh and the Me-
diterranean Seas, fhould not clear the Atlantkk of
'em, and be entirely Mafters of our own Fiftiery,
which wou'd be fo advantagious to the Publick in gef
neral, and private Men in particular : For befides the
Encouragement it gives to Navigation, the Seamen^
that it breeds, and the Trades that itmaintains, it en-
creafes the National Stock wonderfully *, for let a Ship
of 150 Tuns, Mann'd with 20 Hands make the Voy-
age with nothing but Victuals and Fiftiing-Tackkj^
fhe ftiall bring 3000 /. worth of Fifh to Market in a-
V- good Year-, and that's a certain Gain to the King-
dom, as well as to private Men. The Englifh ah(i
Frejyh feldoni load lefs than joo Ships a ;year^ to
' .; ' ' France^

The Hijtory of Ntw(o\jitidhnd. i|

France^ Portugal^ Soairt and Italy/j with Cod and Poor* Vie Fijhery

John : And if the former did rightly confiderthe vaft

Advantages of this Trade, they would fpare no Coft

to eftablifh it on fo firm a Foundation, that all the Na*

tions of Europe cou'd not hurt them in it. They would

think no Expenfe too great in building Forts, and

fortifying the Harbours, io that they may command

die Filhery in them : They would gladly be at the

charge of a Squadron of Men of War to proteft our

own Fifhers, and hinder others from fifhing ^ and if

tkey always lay there, we might eafily in a few years

engrofs the Trade to our felves, drive the French out

of the Ifbnd, and the Neighbouring Continent;

which, tho it may feem to ba more eafily proiedled

than 'tis to be efFe^Ved, is a very feafible Defi^n, and

what I doubt not the Wifdom of the Nation will take

into Con fide ration. Whenever this is brought to

jafs, the Banks of Newfoundland will be more valua-

)le to the Englifh, than the Mmes of Mexico and Peru

to the Spaniards. Tho our Fiihers feldom fifh on the

Banks, but off their Harbours in Sloops, yet the

Great Bank and the others are fo much talk*d of,

that 'twill be expefted we ihould fay fomething of 'em.

All thefe Banks are vaft Heaps or Shoals of Sand, Tie BmUl
that lie along in the Ocean at feveral diftances from
the Shore : The Great Bank is about 20 Leagues from
Cape de Raz.^ the neareft Point of Land to it *, *tis 300
Miles long, and 75 broad ;> the Sea that runs over it is,
when 'tis Flood, feveral Fathom deep, and the largeft
Ships may venture upon it without fear of ftriking, ex-
cept at a place call'd the Virgins^ where 'tis thought
feveral Ships have been caft away, and the Men all
perifh'd *, for many palling that way have never been
heard of. The next Bank is /^frr-Bank, about 80
Miles long, and 40 over where 'tis broadeft : Then
Banquero-'^3in\i lying in the fhape of a Shoe, about
the bignefs of the other *, then the Shoals of Sand-
Illand, Whalehank •, the Shoals of Acadia^ Miz^ana-
Bank, and the Bank of the Iflandsin St. Veter\ Bay:
Off thefe Banks, now almoft wholly frequented by
the French, and on the Coalts, there have been 6 or
700 Sail of Ships fifhing at a time. Round the Great
Bank, which is cover'd when the Sea is high, and dry
in (bme places at Ebb, there are 200 Fathom Wa-
ter

li. The Hifiory of Newfoundland.

ter on all fides of it^ and about it lie feveralfmall
Iflands caird Los Buchaloos^ or the Ifles of Cod-fifh,
from the prodigious quantity of Cod there. The
Fifhing-f^2.fon is from Spring to September : The loth of '
Augufi fome years ago us'd to be the laft day of the Sea-
fon, and kept as a Holiday v but lately the Fifhers ftay
longer •, and whereas they us'd to fail before for Poftu*
g^ and thQ Strelghts in Septembery they now feldom fail
tiW OEhober *, they fifh always in the day-time, the .
Cod not biting by. Night: Train Oil is drawn off
the Livers of the Fifh, which are thrown up in Heaps
when the God is cur'd, and thence there drains off
^he Oil which conies from Newfomilland. The Sea
off thefe Banks are fometimes render'd unfafe by
floating Iflands of Ice, which have been often met
with hereabouts by Voyagers, particularly in May^
i5%6.2i Gentleman homeward bound from Virginia to
England^ wrote, that he fa w off of the Banks of iVfip-
foundlandy feveral prodigious floating Iflands of Ice ^
the Mvafter of the Ship, at the Gentleman's Requeft,
faird as near one of 'em as he durfl: fecurely, and 'twas
judg d to be a full League in length, higher above
Water than the Main-mafl: Top, and the Snow drov^
to and fro upon it, as on a large Plain ^ a great Flock
of fmall black Divers^ about the bignefs of a Feldyfare,
came about the Ship a little before, but all of 'em left
it, and betook themfelves to the Ifland *, this Gentle-
nun perceiv'd about 3 o of thefe Iflands of Ice -^ and to
the Northward they are larger and more numerous.
The Natives of this Ifland don't correfpond much
with the Englifli, but the French have had fome Deal-
ings with them from Canada, They fay they are a tra-
dable People *, and the Englifli who have dealt with
them fay the fame : They paint themfelves, and are
cloath'd with Stags-skins, all their Cloathing being
an Apron of it round their Waflies*, they are of fmall
Stature, broad Face and breafted, without Beards,
their Joints well knit, and their Limbs ftrong •, they
are crafty, great Pilferers, dextrous at making Ket-
tles and Canoes *, they believe in a God, which they
fay created all things, and Men and Women, by ta-
king a number of Arrows and flicking them in the
Ground, from whence they fprung up. One of theif
Segamores being askt what he thought of our Religion

and

The Hiftory of Newfoundland. 1 5

and the Trinity, anfwer'd, there was one God, one
Son, one Mother, and the Sun. which were four,
yet God was above all. Some or 'em converfe vifibly
wnth the Devil, if we may give credit to the Super-
ftition and Credulity of our Voyagers, and from the
Devil receive Advice concerning rheir Wars and other
Matters. Their young Women at Fifteen lie with as
many Lovers as they pleafe for 5 or ^ years, then
each of 'em choofes one for her Husband, and is after-
wards very conftant to him. They fet their Dead in
the Ground upright, with their Goods and Provifions
as for a long Journey. They are great Dancers and
Singers, and in their Dances the Women often throw
away xh^ little Cohering they have, and frisk about
ftark naked. We might enlarge our Difcourfe on the
Indians o^ Newfoundland^ but tney difftr fo little from
thole of the Continent, whom we Ihall frequently
fpeak of, that 'tis needlefs to (ay more of 'em here ^
befides, by converfing with Merchants and others
who have dwelt on the fpot, and confulting them a-
bout the Charafter of the Natives given by fuch as
have written before us, we find there is little to be
depended on in their Relations concerning them *, the
Indians are either quite different now from what
they were, when the firft Difcoverers came thi-
ther, or thofe Adventurers impos'd upon the belief
of their Readers in the Defcription they gave of
them.

We left the Englifh in PolTeflion of the Eaftern Wur he-
Shore of Newfoundland^ and carrying on their Trade tween the
of Filhery peacefully and profitably, which continu'd ^^g^^S^^ni
all King Charles and King James's Reigns, but the ^ ''^'^^•
French all that while grew upon them •, and when the
War broke out between England and France on the
Revolution, the Englifh and French in Newfoundla7id
began to commit ht\s of Hoftility againft one ano-
ther : Both Nations were difturb'd in their Fifhing,
and their Settlements alternatively deftroy'd, but the
French were more careful of preferving their own
than the Englifh, who were the greatefl: Sufferers, as
will be itcn in the following Pages. As to other E-
venrs in this Place from Sir David Kirk's coming
thither, to the Late War, there were none worth
reniembring *, and what can we expert of that nature

ia

1^ The Hifiory of Newfoundland'

in the Hiftory of a Place fo poor, and fo void of G(>
vernment ?

After the Revolution, and the breaking out of the
War, the Englifti and French fell upon each other,
as often as they had any opportunity of doing it with
advantage. The Englifh oegan firft, and with 5 Meri
of War, the St. Albans a Third Rate Frigat, carry-
ing 66 Guns, being Commadore, attack'd Tlacentia^
but were oblig d to retreat, the French having made
better Preparations for their Reception than they ex-
pedled \ but the latter were more fuccefsful in theit
16^6. Attempts on the Englifh, for in September^ 169^*
they came down upon our Harbours with 6 Men of
War ^ the Pelican^ Diamond^ taken from the Englifh,
Count de Tholovfe^ Harcourt^ Philips Vendunge^ and
fome Fire-fhips and Galleys : Off Cape Spear^ they
came up with the 5^?p/7;r^-Friggat, Captain Cleasby
Comm^der, to whom they gave Chafe, but he got
into the Bay of Bulls^ where he did all he could to
fortify the Place in the little time he had to do it \
the Englifh who liv*d in that Harbour came to his
Affiftance, but on the approach of the French they all
ran away. On tht nth of September^ the whole
French Squadron came down upon the Saphlre, and
fir'd with, the utmofl: Fury *, Captain Cleasby made a
brave Defence for 2 hours, and hall'd mofl of the
Ship's Guns on her fide next the Enemy ^ the French
at the fame time made a Defcent, and having driven
the Men that were afhore into the Woods, attack'd
the Sciphire on all fides *, the Captain finding 'twas
Impofiible to maintain the Ship any longer, fet her on
fire, and retir'd with his Officers and 35 Men to the
Woods. When the Saphire was on fire, 40 French
Men came aboard, endeavouring to extinguifh it,
but they were all blown up into the Air afToon as the
Fire reach'd the Powder Room *, 1 00 more of the Sa*
phire's Crew getting afhore, made the beft of their
way towards Ferrylandj but were intercepted andi
taken by the Enemy *, Captain Cleasby and his Compa*
ny reach'd that Harbour, where he did his utmofl to
defend the Settlement againfl the French, who camtf
and attack'd it. The 2 \ft of the fame Month they lan-
ded ^00 Men, who approach'd within Musket-fhot very
refolutely, and the Englifh firing upon them with e*

qual

The Hiftory of Newfoundland* 17

qual Refolution oblig'd them to halt^ the French re-
turned their Fire, and fent a Trumpet to fummon
them to furrender. Captain Cleasby feeing 'twas im-
poflible for him to repel fo many Men with fo few,
came to a Treaty, and deliver'd up the Place, which
was not tenable: Himfelf, his Lieutenant, and his 35
Men^ were made Prifoners of War, and fent co
France-^ from whence they return'd to England by
Exchange *, and the French deftroy'd that and all the
Dther En glifh Settlements, Qxcei^t Su John\ Bonavlfij
md Carboneer Harbours. King William being in-
formed what Damage they had done to the Englifh
a-fhore, and how they interrupted their Fi(hery upon
the Coaft, order'd a Squadron of Men of War to be .j^.^*^*
Equip'd and Commanded by Admiral Nevil^ and ^^^^f' .
1500 Men were put aboard under the Command <^^5'/V Tq}^
5ir John Gibfon^ at prefent Deputy Governour of qj^^C^jj^
Port/mouth . Admiral Nevil fail'd in the following ff,crs.
5fear, and arriving at Newfoundland^ the French im-
mediately abandoned all the Places they had taken
■rom the Englifh, on the South fide of the Idand,
Monfieur Pointy was at the fame time on the Coaft
with a Squadron of French Men of War. and Admi-
al Nevil fell in with Him, but loft him in a
Fog. After this Sir John Gibfon held a Council of
War, and the Sea -Officers aitifting at it, *twas de-
bated whither they fhou'd perfue Pointy : The latter
ivere for it •, but the Land-Officers againft it. Pointy
having more Ships tlidin Nevil \ and if the Englifh
hou'd have had the worft of it, it had endangered the
ofs of their Part of the Ifland. The Marquefs de
?V(?/wW and Monfieur Pointy appeared off St, John's
iiarbour with 1 5 Men of War, a few days afterwards,
md Adhiiral Nevil had but 1 2 Ships of lefs Force in
:he Bay. He immediately fent notice to Capt. Dr^^^,
Commander of the Sea-Horfe^ in Scahereen Har-
Dour, that the French were on the Coafls, and bad
lim be upon his Guard ^ but the Enemy did not think
it to attack ev'n that fingle Frigot, for fear of daring
iie Englifh to a Combat. Sir John Gibfon s Men be-
ng very fickly, hinder'd his doing any thing confi- ^
lerahle by Land. He built a regular Fort at St.John's ^^^^ ^'^^
Harbour, which he call'd Y ort William^ ^"^ ^?^^ dafide (7o-
Zq\. Handafidcy the prefent Governour of Jamaica y^rnmr.

G Com-

1 8 The Hijiorj of Newfoundland.

Commander there, with 80 Men-, after which he ^

return 'd to England.

\^:9* In the following year, Captain Norris arriv'd at

'^■^^ St. John's Harbour with a Squadron of Men of War y

and had a CommifTion to be Governour at land alfo.

, Colonel Handafide going for England foon after, Cap-

Caxpxin tain William Lllhurn fucceeded him in the Command

LilburiT ^^^^ Garrifon in Eon William •, but there being Peace

Covcmr. '^^^^ France^ few Events worthy the Curiofity of the

Reader happen'd in this Country^ where the Fifhery

not being diflurb'd, new Inhabitants came every year ^:

infomuch that the People doubled in 3 years time.

1 700. In the following year, Sir Andrew Lake arriv'd with
a Squadron of Men ^ King William^ notwithftandin^
it was a peaceable time, thinking the Newfoundland
Trade ot fo much Importance, that 'twas worth

Capsiin ^^ while to be at the yearly charge of a Squadron to
Humphry <iefend it. This year Captain Lilburn refign'd hisJ
Haven Command of the Garrifon of Fort William to Captain
Governor, Humphry Haven '^ who did not enjoy it long *, for iH)

1 701. the enfuing year, Captain John Powel was made Go-;
Captain vernor of the Fort : He was fucceeded the next year
John by Colonel Michael Richards, This Gentleman being-
1 owel ^^ excellent Ingineer, made feveral Improvements at
governor, ^j^^ p^^.^^ ^^^^^ ^^^^^^ Works, and fo ftrengthen'd it,
r^J^'i' that 'tis a very regular Fortification, and one of the
Michael itrongelt m America.

Richards -^"^ "^^^ ^^^ Englifh and French began to commit
Govtrmr. new Afts of Hoflility on each other. Sir John Lake

1703. arriving with a Squadron of Men of War, deflroy'd
Cayuin 3 French Men of War, and 30 Merchant-men, in the
Th. Lloyd Bay of 5f. Pff^r, where the Englifh landed, attacked.
Governor, took, and raz'd the Fort. Colonel Richards returning to

1 70+. Englandy Captain Tljomas Lloyd was made Governour
Captaifj of Fort Williajn in the following year : and Captain
Joh.Moo-y^^^ jl^ocdy had the f^me command in the next^
fly Cover- Q^ptain, now Major Llcydj being then in England. .
'^^' In the enfuing year he return 'd to Newfoundland \ and

clmbi ^^'^ Government there : A fatal year was this to the.
Iho. E"^\li^ '-) the French invaded and deflroy'd all their;
Lloyd Settlements, burnt 5r. Jo/w's Town, and befieg'd the
Uovemor. Fort with a toco Men ^ but the Garriion defended
themfelves with the utmoll: bravery for 5 Weeks to-
gi^ther -^ during which tjime, the French held them iri

conti-

The Hiftory of Newfoundland. i^

continual play night and day, with Attacks and A-
larnis, and at laft weary'd out with the vigorous
Refiftance they made, retir'd, carrying off half
of the Englifh Prifoners with thern^ the reft faving
themlelves, and the beft of their Efl[e<fbs in the Fort :
The French wanted Stores themfelves ^ and if the
Sloop they expe£led with Supplies had arriv'd, they
intended to have attackt the Redoubt again, and have
ftorm'd the Fort \ boafting, if they had St. Johfs
Towm, they would keep all the Fifhery to themfelves.
They threaten ftill a new Invafion, expefting Ships
and more Troops at Queheck from France for that
purpofe. They deftroy^all the Fifhing-craft, and.lefc
none of the Englifh Youth they could light on there
when they went away, fome they fent to Fr^wcf, who
came to England by Exchange : Others, for want of
being exchang'd, efiter'd into the French Service *, and
fbme are Slaves at Quehtck, They have now at Vls^
centia^ aGovernour, a Lieu ten ant-Go vernour, a Ma-
jor, 3 Captains, and Subalterns anfwerable, 3 Com- ,
panies of Soldiers, i Gunner, i Bombardier, 3 Sar- ^^^^^ '
geapts, loMafons, and other Artificers, 500 Fighting- ^^^^^^^*
Men, befides 300 Indians and Canadians \ and do
their utmoft to fortify themfelves, fo that they may
fecure their own Fifhery, and deftroy ours *, which,
if effefted, would be a Lofs to the Nation of dooooo /.
I year ', for fo much it has clear'd by this Trade on-
ly. To defend themfelves till Supplies come from Eng-
land^ the Inhabitants at St. 7^^«'s Town have now built
:heir Houfes round the Fort, under the Command of
ie Cannon, for fear of any new Infult from theEne-
ny : Within the Palifadoes drawn round this new
Town, they have alfo built a Church, whofe Minifter
s the Reverend Mr. John Jackfon : Tis not fo big as
hat which was deftroy'd by the French ^ who have
lot fince made any further attempts on the Englifh ^
ind thofe that left their Harbours, are fince return'd
:o them.

C 2 THE

20

THE

HISTORY

O F

NEW-SCOTLAND,

From its Discovery to the
prefent Times.

Its Difcth T^ 'T Ova Scotia is part of the Terra Canadenfis
very, 1^^ I ^^i^ ^o be firft difcover'd by fome Breton,

I ^|k| in the Reign of Lewis Xll. but that was
JL ^ only e?i paffant, Francis I. the French

King^ fent John VeraTjLan^ whom we mention'd in the
Hifiory of Newfound land y to take pofleffionofit in his
Name. F^r^;^:;^^?/ landed in North Canada^ andpof-'
Msd himfelf of the Country that lies beyond the Ri-;
ver of St, Lawrence^ which is now the French Canada ;
' But of that part to the Southward of the River, he
made little or no Difcoveries j for (oon after he land-^
ed in Acadia^ or New-Scotland , the Savages (ur-
pri'z'd and murder'd, and fome fay, eat him up. The
Englifi dlvrxys took Acadia to be part of North Virgi"-
nia y and indeed the firft f^/r^/w^- Company thought '
all was their own, which fhou'd be difcover'd North-
ward, and was not planted by any other European
Nation. Sebajlian Cabot's having been there before the
Bretons^ or f^crazj^an^ by the ufual way of adjudging
Right to the IVefi-IndleSj feem'd to give them the
bell Title to it. The Princes of Europe thought they
might difpofe of the Dominions of the ^^rW/W/i :^ anS \
made no fcruple of turning them out of their Dwen ^

lings,

The Hijlory of New-Scotland. 2 1

lings, if their Subje£Vs wou'd go fo far to take their
places. All thofe Countries that had no Inhabitants,
were free to the firft Comers: and the firil: that fet-
tled here were the Englifh.

The Bounds of this Province are the Atlantick O- Bounds^
cean to the Nonhy Breton-\{\2irxd and the Bay of 5t.
Lawrence to thQ Eaft j Canada to the Weft^ and Mew-
England to the South : It runs fioni 4.3 to 5 1 Degrees
N. L. and from the River of5r. Cm.vin Norembegua^
to the great River of Cw^^^ ^ has almoft 200 Leagues
of Coilt ^ but was never much inhabited by thi Indi-
ans themfelves.

When Sir Ferdlnando Gorges was Prefident of the
New-England Company, confidering the Extent of
the Limits of their Charter, he proposed to Sir fl^//i- P^o^''/Vwr.
am Alexander^ one of the SecretaHes of State for Scot-
land^ and afterwards Earl of Sterling^ to procure a
particular Patent for the Land to the Northward of
New-England^ which Sir William^ who was in fivour
with King James^ eafily obtain'd ^ and a Pattent for
this Country was granted him, bearing date Septem-
ber the joth^ 1621. The next year, Sir William and
fome others, whom he got to be concern'd with
him, fent a Ship, with a Company aboard , to fettle
there, and plant: Thefe Adventurers fetting out too
late, were forc'd to winter at Newfoundland. In
\62^. They fet fail, and made Cape Breton^ a Pro- ^^^3-
montory, on the Northern Shore of Breton-l{[dindi :
They coafted it along, till they came to Von-A'fouton^
near Cape Sable m Acadia-. Here they found three
pleafant Harbours^ and went afhorein one of them, li^^ frfl
which they call'd Luke's Bay : They fail'd up a great Voyage
way in a large River, that had 8 Fathom Water at thither.
Ebb: On each fide of it they beheld flowry Meadows,
and a charming Profpeft of green Hills, and fhady
Groves *, or rather high Mountains, and thick For-
refts : The Fields we're deckt with Rofes red and
white, and Lillies of a fragrant fmell : They faw no
body here ^ and their Curiofity being fatisfy'd, they
coafted along to the next Harbour, two Leagues oif ^
Here they met with a broader and deeper River, and
a more lovely Profpefl than before : They perceiv'd
the Situation was commodious for a Settlement, the
Soil rich, ftor'd with Fruit and Grain, and fo natural- ik Soil

22 The Hifiorj of New-Scotland.

ly diipos*d for ftrength,that it might eafily be fortifyj,
Producl. Goofeberries, Strawberries, Hurtleberries, grew there
in abundance ^ as alfo Rye, Barley, and Wheat : But
our Authors do not tell us who fow'd or planted them.
From thence they faiPd to the next Harbour 12
Leagues off, and found the Country ftill the fame,
fruitful and beautiful : The Rivers were ftor'd with
Cod, and other Fifti, great and fmall : There was
alfo plenty of Fowl at land, as Wild-Geefe, Blacks
Ducks, Woodcocks, Herons, Pigeons, and many
forts of Birds^ the like to which they had never feen be-
Trees, fore. The Timber Trees were Oak, Firr, Spruce,
Birch, and other Wood, for which they knew no
Name : yet all thefe Temptations did not prevail
with them to ftay *, They returned to England
the fame year, and vifited the Place no more.

Thus the Plantation never came to any thing : and
tho feveral Ships went thither to fifh, and load Lum-
1662, h^xhom England^ and feveral Parts of America^ yet
neither the Englilh nor the Scots ever perfected a Set
Seiid by tlement *, which gave the French an opportunity to
theFremh. feizethe Country, and fortify themfelves there dit Port
Royal^ on the North fide ofFunda Bay, in 45 Deg.N.L.
The Englifh had fo little an opinion of this Ter-
ritory, that they abandon 'd it to the French by the
1667. Treaty o( Breda^ 1667, and made no attempt to
difpolfefs thofe Intruders, till the late War •, at which
we the more wonder, becaufe their Settlement was
fonear New-England^ that in all cafes of a Rupture, it
lay convenient to incommode them : And befides, if
■ the Defer iption we have given of the Province fromi
Monfieur our own Authors, and what the French fay of it be
Deny'5 true, ^twas very well worth our while to put in our
defcription claim to it, and not give up our Right out of Com-
Gcogra- placency to the French : But *twas done in a Reign
phique & ^j^^^ ^r^^ more favourable to France^ than we or our

que des ^^^^^^^^^5 ^ ^°P^5 ^^^^ ^^^^ ^"^ another.
Coftes^de '^^^ People o^ New-England had fuch fentiments of
r Ame- ^^^ Neighbourhood of the French in New-Scotlandj
rique Sep- that they refolv'd to drive 'em out at their own
tentiio- charge : They had built a ftrong Fort at Port-Royal j
nale, where Monfieur Meneval prefided as Governour :
They had alfo feveral Plantations alone the Coaft \
16 9P, and drove a confiderable Trade in Lumber, Fiihing,

an4

.The Hifiory of New-Scotland. %i

And Furrs *, being encreas'd to ^or 7000 Souls ^ who,
in conjuriiflion with their /?7^/^«-Al lies, weretrouble-
fom to the En^lifh about Cafco Bay^ and Wellsj in
JSfevD'England \ To rid themfelves of this Enemy, xh^
Government o^ Ncvo-England Tent Sir William Phips sh VV.
with 700 Men, and a convenient number of Ships, toPhips
diflodge them : Sir William fail'd from Nantafcot on ^^i'^^s a-
the Q,Zth o{ April^ 16 90. and on the wth of May^t-^^^ ^^
riv'd before Tort Royal: Monfieur Mcnevalth^Go-^^^^'
vernour, furrender'd the PHace after two or three days
refiftance *, and Sir William Phips took poffeiiion of it
in the Name of King William and Qiieen Mary^ de-
molifh'd the Fort, fent away the French Garrifon, and
took an Oath of Allegiance to the King cind Queen of
England^ of the French that ftay'd there ^ over whom
he placed a Governour. Sir William in his return
deftroy'd another French Settlement at St. John's Ri-
ver, on the South fide ofFunda Bay. The Englifh for
fome time carry*d on a beneficial Traffick with the
Natives for Furrs ^ and Baron La Hontan complains La Hon-
they under-fold the French, and took fuch meafures, tan.
as he fear'd wou'd in time drive the latter quite out of
the Trade : But the French have fince recover'd Von They rg-
Royal^ and their other places in Nova Scotia^ which turn.
they call Acady *, and the EngUfii now content
themfelves with their old Title to the Country, with-
but any Endeavours to regain it.

Twill be expefted we ihould fay fomething of the
Natives of New-Scotland^ as well as of other Provin-
ces of America : Thofe that dwell about Port Royal^
were call'd the Souriquois^ and were of a midling Sta- Delaet.
ture, well-limb'd, tawny, black-hair'd,beardleis, all, of rk at^-
except their Rulers and Principal Men, the reft being tives^
oblig'd to pluck up their Beards by the roots •, they
were drefs'd like other Indians, wearing only a Cove-
ring over their Nudities : In Summer they liv'd upon
Fifh, and upon Indian Corn in Winter, but did not
know how to make it into Bread, till they were
taught by the Europeans : They had no Form nor
Notion of Religion *, their Conjurors whom they
caird Autmoinsy were their Priefts^and Doftors:
They confulted the Devil's Oracles, and receiv'd am-
biguous Anfwers, like the Greeks at Delphos : They
J]ad certain Tahgia^ or Feftivals, at which they us'd

C ^ to

24 7)^^ Hifiory of New-Scotland.

to fing and dance incefTan'^y: We have met with
fome of their Mufick and Poetry, which we believe
the Curious will be pleas'd to lee :

lamqa alk luya Tameja douvem Hau Hau He He^

The two laft Notes He //e, were repeated by all the
Company prefent, like a Grand Chorus : And the Au-
thor which Mr. Delaettook this from, affirms he often
heard the word jdlle-Lnyay a part of the facred Canti-
cles, in their Songs, averring it to be genuine.

T H

24

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2$

THE

HISTORY

O F

NEW-ENGLAND

C H A P. I,

Containing an Account of its Difcovery^ Set-
tlement^ \Vars with the Indians and French^
And all Events to the frejent Times.

THIS Province being part of the Continent i jSj.
which was difcover'd by Sir Walter Raw j^^ ^.r
leigh's Servants, Barlow and Amidas \ and ,^ ■''^^
by QucQnElizjibeth cali'd Firginia *, we refer
the Reader to the Hiftory of that Country for a further ^^^
Account of its Diicovery. The firft Man who landed
here of our Nation, was Sir Francis Drakcy returning
from the Wefi-hdies^ in the year i^B6, He ftay'd 1585.
two or three days on the Coaft, and traded with the
People for what he wanted. One of the Indian Kings
fubmitted to Queen Ellz,aheth *, a Submiflion which
fignify'd no more than a Courtiers Compliment.
Captain Barlow, and fuch as fail'd to Viri\inia after
him, generally went to South Carolina^ and thole
parrs on the Continent to the Southward of the Bay
of Chefeapeak which were all call'd South Flrginiay as
thofe to the Northward were NorthVirgma^ for feve-
ralYear^,

Cap-

26 The Hijlory of New-England.

Capu Gof- Captain Bartholomew Gofnold^ of whom we have
noldV had occafion to fpeak in the fame Hiftory that we have
VojAge. niention*d above, was the firft Englifhman who ma3e:
any confiderable ftay in this Country : He was very
well treated by the Savages ; and traded in the
Latitude of 43. where he mmQ l^n^ n^diV Tifcatawa^
River ^ but not liking the Weather he met with there,
he flood more to the Southward : He fail'd all Nigrl^
1^02, 2ind next Morning found himfelf imbay'd within a
mighty Head of Land, which Promontory he calPd
Cape Cod^ from the vaft quantity of Cod-filh he took
there ^ 'tis the Northern Point of Plymouth County :
He alio gave the name of Martha's Vineyard, and
Eliz^ahethA^^ndy to two Iflands lying to the South-
ward of the Cape, where fome of his Crew made an
Experiment how Englifti Corn would grow*, andl
before they went, they faw what they had fown comei
up very kindly.

The Reputation of this place, by the Chara£ler Cap-
tain Gofnold had given it, put fome Gentlemen upon
begging a Grant of it, (and this is the Charter we
have mentioned in the above-cited Hiflory to b6
Firfi Pre granted to Thomas Hanham^ Rawleigh Gilbert^ Willi'
frietors, am Parker^ George Popham^ Efquires ^ and others
of the Town of Plimoutn, &c. to plant where theyfiall
think fit and convenient^ hetrp^cn 3 8 and 45 Degrees of
Northern Latitude!) The Lord Chief Juflice Pophamy
Sir Ferdinando Gorges Governour oiPlimouth^ and fe-
veral other Weft-Country Gentlemen and Merchants,
were concerned in this Company ^ who, in Augufiy^
tsos, 1^05. fet out a Ship for a Voyage to North Virginia :
There were about 30 Men aboard ^ and the direftion
Mr, Chal- of the Affair was given to Mr. Henry Challons : who
\oTis fet faird as far as the Spanifh Ifles ^ and falling in with a
ortt hj fleet of Spaniards, was taken, and fent Prifbner ta
tkm, spainj together with all his Companions *, where he
and they were barbaroufly treated. Tho the Adven^
turers were very much difcourag'd by this ill Succefs,,
yet the Lord Chief Juftice Popham quickly after fent
Captain out another Ship, commanded by Captain Hanhamy
Hanham. one of the Pattentees *, who made fuch Difcoveries, a^
Cm. Pop- ^^^^^ ^^^ ^^^^ off before, refolv'd now to adventure a*
ham' And g^i^ 7 ^"cl accordingly Captain Popham^ and Captain.
Capuin G liberty two others of the Pattentees, wei;^ difpatch'd
Gilbert. avyay

The Hijlory of New-England. 27

away with Two ships, 100 Men, Cvdnance, Stores,
and Provifions, for a Plantation. Thefe Gentlemen
arriv'd there in the year i<fo8. and feated themfelves 1^08.
about the River of Sagadahoc km Noremhegua-^ At the
Mouth of which River, they built St, George's Fort :
Bat Captain Popham dying, and Captain Gilbert be-
ing ohlig'd to return to England^ to take poffeflion of
an Eftate which was fall'n to him by the Death of his
Elder Brother Sir John Gilbert^ at that time Prefident
of the North Virginia Company, the new Plantation
was broken up, and the Planters re-imbark'd for Eng-
land, Things lay thus till the year i5ii. and then itfii,
fome of the Adventurers, who had more Courage than
the reft, and was loth to lofe the Country, fitted out
two Ships, commanded by Captain Hobfon, and Cap- Captain
tain Herlyiy and accommodated with Men, Arms, Am- Hobfon
munition, and Provifions, for a new Settlement : Euf^^^^P'
one Hind an Interloper, fet the Savages againft them \^^^ ^^^
upon their Arrival ^ and the Indians alTaulting them, ^'
wounded many, tho they kill'd none. Captain Hob-
fon perceiving 'twas to no purpofe for him to ftay
there, and coming thither to trade, and not to war,
laird home again to England : However, notwith-
ftanding all thefe Difcouragements, the Trade was (b
beneficial by the Furrs, and other Commodities, that
were brought thence, that four Gentlemen, Captain
Raw den J Captain Langham^ Mr. Bully ^ and Mr. Skelton^
fet out two good Ships at their own charge, to make
i Peace with the Indians, and renew the Traffick : The
I Command of the Ships, and the Management of the
j Adventure, was given to Captain John Smithy who had Captain
I been Prefident of the Colony at South Flrginia^ and John ^
I was famous for his Exploits there : The Captain being Smith'i
come to the Coafts, fifh*dforCod, traded yNith the ^dven-
Inhabitants *, and having only 8 Men in his Compa-^^f^.
ny, landed, rang'd up and down, and furvey^d the
Country. He made a very good Voyage ^ and put
1500/. in his Pocket : The Gentlemen on whofe ac- 1^15,
count he went, were alfo fully re-imburs'd their
Charges by the Produce of their Otter and Beaver
Skins, Salt Fifh, Train Oil, and other Commodi-
ties. He prelented the Court of Managers of the CaB*d
North Virginia Company, with a Draught of the New-En-*
Country *, and got it call'd by the Name ofNerv-Eng- gland,

land

161S.

28 The Hipry of New-England.

land in the year *i<^j4.. The Society upon this Sue

cefs, immedi^-tely difpatch*d away 4 Ships, manning?

them with the fame Men that had been with Captain

Smithy who did not go this Voyage, and filling up

their Compliment with others : Thefe Ships made;

i<^ij. their Voyage in fix Months, as the laft had done, and

returned with a profitable Lading. The fame year.

Captain Smith fail'd with two Ships for JSlevp-England ^

and ill Weather breaking hisMafts, he was forc'dto

return to Plimouth: Whence, fo eager was he for the

Voyage, he put to Sea only with a Bark, and pro-

CaptAtn ceeding towards New-England^ was taken by the

Smith tn- French, and fent Priibner into France : One of the

hen by the Ships that was to have gone with him, arrived there j

French, and came back with a good Cargo.

The next year, there went 8 Ships from London
and Plimouth^ which were loaden with Fifh and Train
Oil-, and fold their Commodities at good Rates in
Spain y and the Canary Iflands. The year after, the
Company fent no Ships thither^ but in the following
year two flout Ships fail'd from Plimouth *, and made
a profperous and profitable \^oyagc in 5 Months. In
the year enfuing, another Ship was fent to New-Eng"
land J and the Adventurers fucceeded fo well, thate-
very private Seaman had, clear of all Charges, 1 7/. to
his fhare,in 6 Months time •, as much as 50 /. now i and
as good as 5 /. a Month, a Matter's Pay. Thus the
Trade to this Country went forward, but the Settle-
ment was little thought of-, till Mr. John Robinfon and
theoccifi-* Mr. William Brewfier (the former an Independant
on of the Minifter, who was driven out of England in xhQ Reign
firfl Settk' of King James I. for his Principles, and liv'd at Ley den)
mem By reviv'd the Enterprize : Mr. Brewfier^ and feveral Eng-
^- J^^" lifh Families follow'd Mr. Robinfon to Holland ^ where,
Kobinlon . jjjQ ^j^gy ^^^^ ^j^g Liberty of their Confciences, yet

they found a great many Hardfhips and Inconveniences ^
and thought by removing to America^ they might
not only have the fame Liberty of Confcience, but
more Opportunities of providing for their Families.
King Jamesy by Sir Robert Nanton^ the Secretary of
State's Mediation, confented to their tranfporting
themfelves thither. Sir Robert ask'd the King, That
fuch a People might enjoy their Liberty of Confcience^ t/n-
der his Gracious Prote^loni m America *, xohtre they

Tpou'd

l6lS»

The Hifiory of New-England. 29

i»ou^d endeavour the Advancement of his Majefly^s Do'
mmo?2Sy and promote the Go/pel. The King reply*d,
'Twas a good and honefi Propofal. Mr. Brewfter (for
Mr. Rohinfon did not live to go in Per(on) made an A-
greement with the Company for a large Tra6l of Land
in the South- Weft parts o^ New-England. He and his
Companions embark'd at Delft^ and faiVd to Southamp-
ton -, where they met another Ship, that went with
them, having feveral DifTenters aboard, who, quite
tir*d out with the Perfecutions they met with, on ac-
count of their Non-conformity, were refolv'd to ac-
company them. They fet fail the ^th o^Augj^fi^ i ^20. i ^20.
iand after a dangerous Voyage, fell in with Cape Cod
'the 9th of November : They defign'd to have fat down
upon Hudfon River ^ but their Dutch Pilot had been
brib'd by the Hollanders to carry them more to the
Northward *, the Dutch intending themfelves to take
PofTellion of that part of the Continent, which they The firfl
did afterwards j and were lately difpoflefs'd by the Cplonj or-
Englifh, who call the Country NewTorh Being ^'v<r.
come upon the Coaft they intended to polTefs, they re-
folv'd on a Form of Government before they landed,
and fign'd an Inftrument as the Foundation ofit^
Declaring themfelves SuhieBs of the Crown of England,
joining in a Body Politick^ andfolemnly engaging Suh-
miffion and Obedience to the Laws^ &c. that fl)ou*d
from time to time be made for the Good of the Colony.
This was done on the i \th of November *, after which
they chofe Mr. John Carver to be their Governour : M.r, John
who fent 1 6 Men afhore to make Difcoveries, and Carver
look out a convenient Seat for their Settlement : They Governor.
landed over againft Rhode Ifjand, in the Kingdom of
Patuxet'^ which Indian Nation had lately been de-
ftroy'd by a Peftilence. The Savages, as they advanc'd
higher up within Land, fled from them •, However,
they found fome Indian Corn that was bury'd in the
Snow. They fent another Party of 30 Men, and a
third of 20, who had the fame Succefs : The laft were
furrounded by fome Indians, who let fly a fhower of
Arrows at them ^ but upon the Englifh firing their
Pieces, they fled into the Woods, as the others had
Idone. They then took Boat, and fail'd, till they
came to a place which feem'd to be for their purpole :
The Land was high, and accomodated with pleafant
^ Fields

JO "The Hifiory of New-Englanc!,

Fields and Brooks^ The Harbour was a Bay larger
than Cape Cod'^ and two fine Ijflands, -^Wf Ifland,!
and EUzjiheth Ifland, in it. This Place was aUbfoi
near Cape Codj that it might be feen from an adja-i
cent Hill.

Here thefe Adventurers refblv'd to feat themfelves v
and accordingly began to build a Town on Chrifimas-i
day •, which in 4 Months fpace they effefted in fomei
Plimouth meafure, and called it Plimoutk They had yet no
Otlmj. Authority from England to confirm them in their
PofTellions *, the Place being too far to the North-
ward of that which they had treated for : and till they
were impower'd to proceed legally by Charter from
the King, they agreed among themfelves to chufe Ru-
lers, who were, as near as pcffible, to govern them i
by the Laws of England, They law no Indians all the |
Winter *, but were feverely afflifted by Sicknefs, |
which leflen'd their number from 150, to 50 Men.
Early in the Spring, one of the Lords of the Moratig-
gon Indians, who dwelt 5 days Journey from them,
enter'd their Town alone, and bad them Welcome in '
Englifh *, for he had learnt a little of the Language by
his converfing with thofe Traders that had been there
before from England : Him they treated highly, and
engag'din their Interefts^ as they did Majjajfoit^ the
greateft King in all thole parts, by the means of one
Squanto an Indian, who had been in England : and tho
he had no great caule to love them for the occafion of
his being there, yet he was fo well us'd, that he ever
after had a friendlhip for the Englifh: He had been
fpirited away by Hunt the Interloper, with Twenty
Indians ^ whom that Traitor Ibid to the Spaniards for
Slaves : Squanto afterwards made his efcape into Eng-
land ^ and was a Servant to one Mr. Slany *, from
whom, tho he had no reafon but his love of Liberty to
leave him, he got away to his own Country •, and did
very fignal Services to our Nation : For he fatisfy*d the
Indians, who in revenge, had till thenrefolv'd to mur-
der all the Englifh who fell into their hands, that this
Hunt was generally cry 'd out againfi: as a Villain, for
M Amhaf' ^"^^^^ ^^ ^^tl done. Squanto was more than ordinarily
fy to the ^i"^^ ^^ ^he New Colony, ferv'd them as an Interpre-
hidkn ter, and as fuch accompany'd Mr. Win/low in his Am-
Ki>jg Maf- bally to Majfajfoit^ to confirm the Peace that King had
falToit. come

The Hifiory of New-England. ji

cpme on purpole to conclude at Pllmouth Town : Mr. x ^ 21,
Win/low had the honour to be lodged on the Royal Bed
b^ Majjajfoit and his Queen ^ the King doine the fame
honour to two or three of his Grandees *, wnich crou-
ded the AmbalTador fo, that he did not at all like his
Lodgings befides, A^ajfaffoit's Court was (b ill provi-
ded with Food, that Mr. Win/low was almoft flarv'd :
However, this Friendfhip was the more defir'd, be-
caufe the Narragantfets^ a powerful Nation, had de-
clar'd War with the Colony, and fent them aa
AmbafTade of Defiance ^ which Mr. Carver return'd
boldly, and fomewhat check'd the Infolence of the
Barbarians. The Governour dying in the firft year of «,-,,.
lis Government, William Bradford Efq:, was chofen g^ i*/"^
;o fupply his place : He was a Torkfhire Gentleman, ^rL/^
ind one of thofe who came from Holland ^ from whence Governor*
iiore Families arrived, as alfo others from England, be-
fore the end of the Summer : And now the People began
:o plant in the Fields about the Town,' to clear
the Woods, to enlarge their Bounds, and built a
brt of Fort at Plimouth, to prevent any furprize from
:he Narragantfets, They were in great aiftreft for
want of Corn, till their own was fit to be gather*d ^
ind that had like to have been fpoird by a fever e
Drought, but there fell afterwards fuch refrefhing
>howers, asrecover'd it*, and the Settlement flourilh'd
md encreas'd daily. In the mean while, they had no
^attent from England : To get which, they employed a
^erfon, who took it out in his own Name, ana wou*d
lave betray'd the Colony *, but at laft, after feveral un-
liccefsful Attempts to go thither, he refign'd it : And
Vlr. Win/low y the New-England Agent in England, pro-
:ur'd one *, which he took out in the name of the Go-
/ernour, William Bradford, his Heirs, Ajfoclates, and
Affigns: But when the Number of Freemen increas'd,
:he General Court defir'd him to fur render it into their
lands ', which he generoufiy did. And thus the Pro-
/ince became a kind of Republick, by Pattent from
■Cing James I. that Pattent (referving the Sovereignty to
he Crown of England) enabled the People to choofe a
lovernour. Council, and General Court, in manner of a
Parliament', who J})ould have full Power of Adminllira-
ion. Execution, &c. As will appear by the Laws, to
•vhich I refer the Reader. For want of a regular Chro-
nology

^2 The Hifiory of New-Engkndl.-

nology in this Hiftory, we are forc'd to ante-date
fome Events, andpoftpone others*, but we have beea
as exaft as poflible ^ and fometimes fhall do thus, on
pnrpofe to avoid breaking the thread of the Difcourfe.
The People .at Plimouth extended their Trade on all
fides : And Mr. Bradford put to Sea in Perfon, to find
outaPafi^ageto the Majfachufets Wiihmxho, Shoals of
Cape Cod :, but he did not fucceed in it j However,
he went thither by Land to trade with them. He
found the Nation in a fickly Condition, and in an ill j
Humour with the Englilh, on account of lome LofTes
they had fuffer'd from a Colony that had planted them-
felves among theni, under the Direftion of Mr. We^
flon J who deferted that at Plimouth^ and feated ano-
Wey- ther fmall oae at Weymouth^ in Spffolk County in Maf
fj^f f^hvfet's Pay. This Mr. Wejion, and his Followers,
difienting from the Church of New-England^ fet up a
Cot. Mat. Form of Worfiiip in imitation of the Anglican Church *,
and 'twere to be wilh'd, that they had taken care by
their Lives to adorn the Doftrine they profefi:. On
the contrary, They abus'd the Friendfhip of the Colo-
ny at Plimouth^ and robb'd the Savages j and what |
was worfi of all, they had entered into a {ort of Part- j
nerfhip in fome points of Trade with the Plimouth Co- j
lony, which feem^d to make them concern'd in their
Robberies *, and that render'd them fiifpefted to the
Indians. Mr. Weftons Men fpoil'd the Indian Trade,
by the great Prices they gave for Furrs and Corn.
The Governour from this Nation return'd to Nanfet^
at the Bottom of Cape Cod^ thence to Mattachiefty Nor
tnasketj and Manomet •, where he got good fl:ore of
Corn. The King of the laft Nation, acknowleg'd the
Sovereignty of King James, Mr.Bradford by thefe tar-
ding Voyages plentifully fupply'd his Friends, who had
not Corn enough of their own Growth, to anfwer the
confuJuprion of the Colony. The next Perfon who wa§
fent aboard on the like account, was Captain Mile^
StandiJJjj who commanded the Militia of the Settle-
ment , which by this time amounted to 4. or 500 Men
effeRive : He went to Mattachiefiy but was not a!
well us'das the Governour, for the Savages pilfered hij
Baggage as they faw opportunity to do it : While he
was at Manomet^ another Indian Town, one WitU' ^i
wa?net a Majfachufet Indian, came to the King as ar C(

Am

TheHiftory of New-England. ' jj

AmbafTador from that Nation, to defire him to enter
into a League with them for the extirpating the EngUlh
as well at Plimouth as at Weymouth. C^ptStandifi^SihQr
this Man had had his Audience, perceiv'd his Ufage
was worfe than before ^ fo he got his Corn aboard
his Sloop as fafl as he could, and haften'd back to
Plimouthy having twice efcap'd the Deligns of a Tray-
terous Indian, imploy'd by the Sachem^ or King of
Aianomet^ to murder him. About this time MaffciQoit^
the Colony's Ally, fell fick*, and a Compliment of Con-
doleance being in fuch Cafes expefted by the Kings of
the Savages,Mr.W^z>^oip was again fent to him to pay it.
This Gentleman not only performed the Office of an
Ambaflador, but of a Phyncian •, and as bad as the
Monarch was, fome Engliih Cordials reftor'd him to
his former Health. In return of which Kindnef?, Maf- J^ ^"-^
//#^;> told him, the Confpiracy that iht Maffachufetsy'.'^i ^^^
had form'd againft the Englifh, and advised him to fall ^"^'^^^*
upon them before they could execute it. The Englifh
at Weymouth were fo infulted by them, that their
Lives were precarious, the Savages taking the Provi-
fions out of their very Fort, and threatning to cut
the Throat of ar^ Man that durft call . them to ac-
count for it. Thefe things being reprefented by
MxWw/loro and Wefl:on\ Men to the Plimouth Colony,
they took it into Confideration how to proceed in the
Matter *, and in the mean time theGovernour order'd
Capt. StandiJI) to go to Weymouth^ and defend the
Engliih there againffc the Savages, notwithftanding
they had by their Diforders brought this Danger upon
themfelves , and all their Countrymen. Wnen
Mr. Standi)}) came among them, he found the Indians
as it were Mafters of that fmall Colony, and they
us'd him as ill as they did the Inhabitants oiWeymouth,
He had but 8 Men under him •, with whom however C)['^y?/iV,
he fell upon the Indians, kill'd fome of the Chief of
'em, and drove the refk to the Woods.

Among thefe Indians was Wituwamet before-menti-
jOnM, a Bullying Barbarian, and an Enemy to the En-
jglifh ^ and one Peckfiwt^ a Fellow of Gygantick Sta-
ture. With thefe two, Cd.ipt, Standi fi and another
jEnglifhman fought,and kill'd them on the Spot in fair
Combate. He Challeng'd th^ Sachem oHhs Alajjachu-
fets to decide the Controverfyj the fame way which

D the

J 4 The Hifiory of New-England.

the Barbarian refused to do : And Mr. StmdifJ) having
put new Life into^F^y?o«*s Men,.by his Example and
Alliftance, they fell upon the Indian?, who fled from
'em with Terror and Precipitation at the noife of
their Guns. Thefe Indians were fuch as liv'd near-
eft Weymouth Settlement, and they giving the Allarm
to the reft, the whole Nation was immediately up in
Arms. At the approach of the Englifti they difpers'd *,
fo C2i^\., Standi/]} return'd in Triumph to Plimouth^ car-
rying with him the Head of Witimamet^ which an
Indian in that Town feeing, was fo deje^ed, That be-
ing queftion'd upon it, he confeft the A^affachufetSy and
the other IndianNations in Ally^nce with them, defigns
againft the Englifh. This Savage they releas'd, and
fent to the Sachem to let him know, That they
were provided to receive him *, and if he attempted
any thing againft the Peace of the King of England's
Subje^^s at Weymouth^ they wou*d feverely revenge
it. Upon which the King fubmitted, and beg'd Par-^
iky fub' don. The Indians were not long after moft of them |
^^^' deftroy'd by a Plague, which made room for the En-

gli(h,whonow inhabit the Country they then PofTefs'd.
Both the Settlements were quiet^ and fo continued
for lo years, profpering under the wife Government
of Mr. Bradford^ a Gentleman of equal Piety and
Learn in 2, and as zealous for the good of the Colony,
as if he had been their Common Father. The Wey-
mouth Settlement leiTen'd by degrees, as the Plimouth
encreas'd^ and at la ft the People were forc'd to leave
it, and remove either to the other at Plimouth^ or
return to Old England.

Tis time we ftiou'd take (ome notice of Mr, Brew
fler^ who was the next Founder of this Settlemeut to
Mr. Rohinfon^ and may indeed be reckon'd the firft;
becaufe he came over, and liv'd and dy'd here. Tho
he was a Lay-Man^ yet, according to the Terms of
their Relii];ion, as a Ruling Elder he might teach and!
perform all the other Offices of the Miniftry, except^
difpt^nfing the Sacraments, which he was not qualify'd
by Ordination to do. So thefe New-England Menj
^ continu'd without a Pc.ftor till the Year 1629 ^ whertl
Pli'mcnfth ^^** ^^^'P'^^ Smith arriv'd from England^ and took upon)|
C(urch ^'^^^'^ ^^^ Government of the Church at Plimouth,'
j'ourjitL With him came the firft Black Cattle thither, which

have

The Hijlory of New-England. J5

have fb multiply'd, that for many years this Colony
has fupply'd the Sugar- Ida nds with Provifions as
niuch as any, or all the reft, or Old England it felf.
Mr. Smith prov'd to be a Man of very ill Morals •, and
for that, and his writing Home againit the People of
NeW'Englandy which the Governour diicover'd by
intercepted Letters, He was expell'd the Planta-
tion.

While the Colony at Plimouth by their Planting,
Fifhing, and Traffick, were growing rich and nu-
merous, feveral Worthy Penbns, encouraged by
the Pro pert of Advantage, and others animated by
JZeal for the Propagation of Religion, relolv'd
to make Settlements in other Parts of the Coun-
try. The chief of thefe was Mr. White Minifter of
Dorchefier^ who having engag'd feveral Gentlemen in
the Delign, they fent Mx.Roger Conant with Ibme Men
and Nc^ceflaries, to fettle about Cape Ann^ the Nor-
thern Promontory of Majfachufets Bay. l^r.Comnt
was foon weary of his Poft and about to re l urn,
when he receiv'd encouraging Letters from MrWhite^
afTuring hmi, That he wouM procure a Patent for him
md his Companions, and feafonable Supplies of ali
things: Upon which he ftay'd and look'd out for a
more commodious Place to build a Town upon.
Mr.lVhite^^shQ had promis'd,by folliciting the Matter
(Irenuoufly did it io effeftually, nat feveral of his
Friends purchased of the A^rf^ Virginia Company ^ calPdy
The Council of Plimouth, that Part of New England
Nhich lies between the River Merimack and Charles-
[liver in the bottom of Majfachifets Bay. The chief
)f thefe were , Sir Henry Rofwelly Sir John Tovng^
Tir Richard Saltonfiall^ Ifaac Johnfon^ Efq', Matthew
7radockj Efq^ Theophilus Eaton^ Merchant, Thomas
huthcot^ Eiq-, and Mr. John P^en, They bought all
he Company*s Right and Intereft, and obtain'd
. Grant of the King, bearing Date in the Year
■^28. To hold their Lands in Common Socc age as of the i6i%»
Manner of Eaft-Greenwich, and an AfTurance of Pro- MalTdchu-
eftioa in their Liberty of Confcience, and for all iuch Tec Colony,
s fhould remove thither. Several of them accord-
ngly went over with their Families, and carry'd with Q^^d^Q^
-m as many as they cou'd engage to accompany them, ^r .^ q^^ *
)f thefe Matthew Craddocky Elq j was appointed Go- »jJj]Qur,

D 2 vernour.

J 6 The Hipry of New-England.

nour, who feated himfelf at a Pkce call'd Nahem-^
keik by the Indians, to which thefe Non-conformifts

gave thQ Name of Salem^ about 8 Miles Northward of „
Tohn En- Bofion in the County o^EJJ'ex. To them came Mr.Hlg' '
dicor Efj^S^^f^^^ ^ Lejierfljlre iMinifter,^ and Mr. Skelton a Mini-

Deputy iter of LhicolnJIji/Cj filenc'd for their not Conforming i
Goveryjor. to the indifferent things impos'd on them by their \
Ecclefiaflical Governours. And thefe drew fo many
Puritans after them, that Salem Colony in a little
while began to Rival her Elder Sifter PUmouth.
Mr. Higgirjfon was Chofen Minifter of the Church at i
Salenjy and Mr* Skelton his AfTociate. The former
dy'd in about a Year, and his Son Mr. John Higginfort
fudcceded him very young in the Miniftry, and is
Minifter of Salem at this Day.

The Company of Adventurers in England finding
their Majfachufet Colony thriv'd, and was likely to
turn to a good Account, refolv'd to give it due En-
couragement y and confidering Mr. Craddock was
grown old, and his Deputy John Endkoty Efq^ not
K) fit for t\\Q Poft as a Man of greater Quality and In-<
tereft wou'd be *, By Virtue ot their Charter, which
impower'd them to eleft their own Governour^ De-
Puty-Goveirnour and Magiftrates, they i\u&q Job

thro £?"— ''^'"^^^^■^'^^^''' ^^ ^^^^^^ in Suffolky Governour, anc

Governor ^^^^^^ ^^^^O'y E-^H"? ^f Northampton^ Deputy Go

Thomas * '^^^^^"f <^f ^^^ New Colony. To w^hom they fent

Dudley, ^'^^^ ^^^^^ Gentlenlen large Supplies of Neceflarie%

Efq-^ jjepii- and about i ooo Perfons tranfported themfelves thitheri

ty Govir- at this Time. Among whom were Sir Richard Salr'

^or, rtnjialy Theophilus Eaton^ John Venn^f^-y Ifaac Johnfon^

Efq^ and his Wife, the Lady Arrahella Johnfon, They

arriv'd m New-England in the following Year 16^30,

Mr. W'mthrop entring upon the Exercife of his Office.

gain'd the Affeifbion and Efteem of every Body ^ ana

the eafinefs of his Government, the Succefs of his

Councils, and the Piety of his Life, invited many

more Families to retreat thither from the rage of

their Perfecutors, who are an etern^^.l Shame to the

Purity of our Holy Religion, and the Chriftian Tenin

per of a true Church of England-Sipii'it. The Head

of thefe Furious Zealots, was the Head of the Church

at that time, Archbiftiop Lrfw^. To whom A^<?n?-£;/-

gland was as much oblig'd, as Old England was difo-

bhV'd

The Hiftory of New-England. 37

blig*d by him *, for his obftinate Severity drove fo
many thoufands out of England thither, for Liberty
/ Confcience, that he was hinifelf forc'd to complain
)f it to the King, and defire fome reftraint might
be put upon their abfenting the Kingdom. Since
his Spiritual Sword cou'd not reach 'em in America^
le refolv'd to hold them within the length of his Arm,
IS will be feen hereafter.

Todifturbthe Peace of this Gentleman, Mr. Win-
\thropy and his Colony, He fummon'd one Mr. Cleaves
^before the King^ in hopes to get fome Accvfation from T?^'
Vim againft the Country. Mr. Cleaves gave fiwh an ^"''"*
\Accojmt of the Covernour's latidahle Carriage in all
^efpeBsy that his Majefiy expreft himfelf highly pleas' d
mth him.

The Majfachtifet Settlement had now built feve-
ral Towns , as Charles-Town^ on Charles River in
Middlefex County, where there was a Church ereft-
;d, and Mr. WilJ on an outed Minifter of Sudbury in
Sufolk^ chofen Paftor of it, Dorchefter in Suffolk
County, and Bofion, which rofe out of the Ruins, if we
nay ufe the Expreliion, of Charles-Tov^n. That Town
>eing not thought fo Commodious for Trade as 5p-
^ony many of the Inhabitants remov'd thither, as did
the Minifter Mr. Wilfon. This Place flourifti'd fo
much, that in a little Time it became the Capital
if Ma^achufet Colony, and of all NewEngland. Af-
ter Bofion^ Roxhury in Suffolk County was built, and
then Lyn m Effex County, I^^^rer-Town in Middlefex
County, all thefe were finifh'd and fettled in lels
than two years, and the Plantation went on fo profpe-
roufly by the Multitudes of People who-came over,
that fome of them were forc'd to remove to other
Parts of the Country.

The firft who broke up from Afaffachvfet Colony, ry

w^s Mr. Thoinas Hooker., M\m{kQX o{ Cambridge., ^"^'^^ ai't-^;!^
feated himfelf at a Place on G??7^;e^/V7^f River, where r^^^^j •'^
[ie built the Town of //^rr/<7r^ in the County, from-'' * ' -
thence call'd Hartford-County. From Dorchefler le-
veral Families remov'd to the Place now call'd Windfor^
in the fame County of Hartford. From Water- Yo\sii\
everal went and fettled on the place where Weathers^
Field now ftands, as they did from Roxbury to Spring-
Field. This New Settlement had a forf of Ccmmiflir

D 3 ^^

jg The Hifiory of New-England.'

1535. on for what thw^y did from that of Majfachufet'^ but
finding they had extended their Difcoveries far be-
yond the Limits of that Colony, they fet up an inde-
pendant Government of their own, founding it on a
League or Agreement among them felves, bsicame a
Body Politick, made necellary Laws and Orders,,
cho.e proper Officers to execute them, and Edward^
Edward Hophns Efquire to be their Govern our. This Gen-
Hopkins tleman returned afterwards to England^ was made
Ejc\ Go- Warden of the Fleet, one of the Commiftiotiers of
vsrmr, ^^^ Admiralty, and chofen a N'ember of Parliament
during the Proteftorate ofCro^nvel. But many years
before he left New-England^ he was every other
year chofen Governour of ConneElkut Colony. The
Man who had always the Alternate with him, bein^;
J. Haynes y^/7;^ Haynes ^{^qmxQ^ This Settlemeut was fcarce
vim ur' ^^^^ ^^ "^ before George Femvick Efquire, wasfent to
nour, ^,fn7-£;?gte^^ on account of feveral Per fons of Quali-
ty, who had bought of the Lord Say^ and the Lord
Brook^ fome Lands on the River whicn ran thro' Con^
ne^lcut Colony. Mr. Fenwick feated himfelf at the
Mouth of the River ^ and built the Town call'd Say-
brook. The Lord Say and Brook's Title to that Terri-
tory, was by a Grant from the Earl of Warwick., to
whom the King had given it. John Wlnthrop Jun.
Elquire, afTifted him in this Undertaking*, and had
himlelf thoughts of planting there : To which end,
he got a Grant of thefe Lords for fome Lands*, but
being unwilling to hinder the new Colony, he made
no ufe of his Grant. In confideration of which, he
was chofen their Governour after the Reftoration.
The ConneUkut Colony thinking, that by purchafma
this Ground, their Right to the Land they had feiz'd
without any Grant wou'd be the flronger, bought it
of Mr. Fenwick by Confent of the Proprietors ^ that
Gentleman having but begun his Plantation, and not
finding fufRcient Encouragement to finifh it. With
this fhadow of a Conftitution they continu'd till after
thQ King's Reftoration^ and then they procur'd a
Charter from the Crown*, upon which they chofe
Jolon Winthrop Efquire, Son of Mr. Winthr op GovQt-
. nour of Maffachvfet^ to be their Governour.

Two years after the fettling the Colony at ConneBl-
^Vt^ Mr. Theofhilus EatQtij and Mr. Davenport a Mini?

fter,

The Hifiory of New-England. j 9

fter, hearing of another Bay to the South-weft of Cc;;-
neEtlcut^ and expeifling more Families to follow them
from EngUmd^ purchased of the Proprietors, all the
Land that lay between them and Hudforis River,
which divides the Southern parts of New-England
from New-Tork , and remov'd thither in the year
I ^3 7. where they feated themfelves in a pleafant Bay *, ^ <^3 7-
and built New-haven^ which gave name to the Colo- New Ha-
ny, Guildford^ M'dford^ Stamford^ and Bralnford. ven Colo-
Tho they had a Right to the Lands by purchafe, they w/.
had none to a particular Government ^ yet they form'd
themfelves, by mutual Agreement, into a Body Poli-
tick. Thefe Men who fettled here, were generally Lon-
doners and Merchants ^ and apply'd themfelves atfirft jj^^q j^j_
to Trade ^ choofing Mr. Eaton^ who had been bred a j^^ Eaton
Turkey Merchant, for their Governour : But they ^y^. ^^.
met with lb many Loffes, that they were difcourag'd verrjour.
in their Traffick, and were going to tranfport them-
felves to Maryland^ Jamaica^ or Ireland ^ where the
Parliament had offer'd *em the City of Galloway for
their Dwelling, with large Privileges : At laft turning
their Induftry to Husbandry, they thriv'd wonder*
fully, and thought no more of removing. Mr. Eaton 1 5*5 7J
dying in the year 16^7- was fucceeded by ^^^^^' ^^^lxios
cis Newman^ Efquire, and William Leety Efquire, j^jg^jp^j^
who was Governour of the Colony when Mr. IVin- j^j-^,^ g^,
throp procured a Charter from K. Charles IL for fettling vemour,
the Liberties of this Plantation on a folid Foundation, William
and annexing it to ConneElicut ^ which was done in the Leet Efc{\
year 1 66\, Upon this Union the Colonies cho(e John Governor,
Winthrop Jun, Efquire, to be their Governour, and Connedti-
Mr. Leet their Deputy Governour. ^^ '^^^

Thus we have given the Reader a fhortliiftory of ^^^^^^^J"^,
the Rife of the four Settlements that were made in ^V,^ ^^-^^y^^
New-England : We have divided them into their fe- jJhnVVia-
parate Governments *, and taken notice of their moft ihiop
remarkable Occurrences : We Ihall now proceed in Junior
our Hiftory more* generally •, and treat of thole Fa6ls Efquire
that related to all the Colonies, as they went under the Governor,
gene ral Denomination of New-England, Willia ni

The Pimouth Colony was ftili govern'd by Mr. L^etf/^;
Bradford'^ and carry'd on their Trade and Planting ^'^P-
with Succefs : The fame did Majfachyfet's Settlcipent,
under the Government of Mr. Winthrop the Elder.

D 4 The

40 The Hifiory of New-England.

The Indians were quiet, and nothing molefted them in
War with their Proceedings, till in the year 1 6^ 4.. the Savages fell
the Mi' upon Capt. Stone^ who was failing w^ConneEiicut River,
oHs, murder'd him, and 6 Men that were with him, and funk

the Bark they were in.They alfamurder'd a Ship*sCrew
who were thrown upon Lotig Ifland. Thefe Infolencies
occafion'd the Governour and Council of Maffachu-
fet Colony, to fend out 120 Men, commanded by
Captain Endicot^ Captain Vnderhill^ and Captain
Turner^ to demand the Murderers •, whom the Indians
refufing to furrender, the Englifh deftroy'd their
Country, and drove the Barbarians to the Woods.
The Pequots (a Nation inhabiting the ConneBicut Coun-
try) were very troublefome to the Settlement, kill'd
nine Men, and took two young Women, near Wea-
thers Field. Upon which Mr. John Mafon with 90
Men, Captain VnderhilL with the Garrifon of Say-
hrook, confining of 20 Men, and Captain Patrick
with 40 Men from Buflon, were difpatch'd away to
fubdue them, and clear the Colony of them. Cap-
tain Mcifon and Captain VnderhilL entring the Terri-
tories of the Narragantfets^ their King retired to a
Fort which he thought impregnable, with 5 or 609
Men, but the Engliih attackt it with great Refolu-
tion, and took it by ftorm the 2othof May is$7-
putting all the Savages to the Sword, except a Men
who made their efcape. WeywaJ}} an Indian Con-
vert, did the Englifh great lervice in this Expediti-
on, following them where-ever .they went in their
Wars. SaJfacHi^ the chief Prince of the Barbarians,
threaten'd to be feverely reveng'd on the Englifh for
this lofs, and accordingly made mighty Preparations
to invade them ^ but Captain Patrick^ and loon after
Captain Stoughton^ with a Reinforcement from Maffa-
chufet Colony, ai'riving, the Savage fhut himfelf up
in his Fort, and the Englifh made feveral hundreds
of the Indians Prifoners. They alfo put many hun-
dreds to the Sword, and forc'd Sajfacus to fly to
the Maquasy a Nation the mofl dreaded of any
of the Indians, being faid to be Man-Eaters ^ but
thefe Barbarians were unwiHing to bring the War into
their Country *, So they cut the King and all the Pequots
that accompany'd him in pieces. The Narraganfets
and the other Indian Nations, fubmitted on the Suc-^

ce6

The Hifiory of New-England. 41

ce(s of theEnglifh, who in this Expedition kill'd near
1000 Men, took almoft as many, and cutoffno lefs
than 1 3 of their Petty Kings. The Savages to gain
the favour of the Engliih, murder'd the Peqiwts where-
ever they met with them, and fent their Heads to the
Chriftians *, who having thus chaftis'd the Barbarians,
1 ftruck *em into fuch a Confternation, that they were
quiet for Forty years afterwards. Indeed the Power
I of the Engliih began to grow formidable. The Majfa-
I chufet Colony had a (Vrong Militia of near 2000 Men,
commanded by their Deputy Govern our Mr. Dudley^
with the Chara£ler oif Major General. Their
Civil Government was well regulated , and all
things going on happily among them felves, they were
not afraid of any Irruptions from the Barbarians. In
the year t 6^ 8. there was a terrible Earthquake felt
all over New-England^ and the Peace of the Colo-
ny had like to have been difturb'd by a Fa£lion
that grew to a great height among them. Thefe
Perfons favoured thofe whom the Presbyterians calFd
Seftaries*, by which, according to their modeft way
ofexprefling themfelves, is to be undedlood Men of
all Religions but their own. The Presbyterians i?iv//row
were for rigid Conformity to their Worfhip. Mr. «'« New-
Winthrop the Governour, oppofing this Faftion, they England,
oppos'd him 't and when the time of ele£ling a new
Governour came, fet up Mr. Tho. Dudley^ the Deputy
Governour, againft him, got him chofen *, And in the
following year, when Mr. Winthrop was reftor'd to his
Government, wou'd have prevented it. The Court
of Ele£lion, for fear of a Tumult, was remov'd from
Bojkon to Cambridge : The Se£laries intended to con-
found the Choice, by defiring the General Court to
take a Petition they had prefented tliem into Confide-
ration that day ^ which if it had b^en granted, the
time for choofing a new Governour had elaps'd, and the
Faftion had kept their own Governour in a year longer.
Mr. Winthrop's Friends did not prefently fee into the
Deceit of their Opponents, and were going toconfi-
der the Merits of their Petition ^ but Mr. Winthrop
ftrenuoufly oppofing that Irregularity, procured
the Eleftion to be carry'd on according to the cu-
ftom of the Court *, and notwithflanding the violent
Oppofition oftheFa^ioHjhe was chofen Governour

by

45t The Hifiory of New-EngUnd.

by a great Majority of Voices \ yet fo Powerful was
the Party, and they fo aw*cl the Officers, whofe Duty
'twas to wait upon the Goveraour, that they refus'd
to attend him^and laid down their Halberts : Mr Win-
thropy inftead of punifhing the Serjeants for thdr Inlb-
lence, order'd his own Servants to take them up, and
wou'd not fufFer the Magiftrates to punifli the Offen-
ders. ThQAntinomian and Familifiical Fa£lions were the
moft Rampant, and thefe he was very Inftrumental
in fuppreiling, by getting an Order paft for banifhing
the Chief of them ; Himfelf pronounced the Sentence
of Banifhment, and their Friends, who cou*d not call
him to account as Governour, did it as he was a
Member of the Church, and oblig'd him to vindicate
himfelfbefore the Congregation, which he condefcend-
ed to do, and was juftify'd by them. Thefe Heats had
like to have fpread as hr a.s PUmouthj and hive crea-
ted a difference between the two Colonies ^ but
Mr. Winthrop*s Moderation triumphed over all Diffi-
culties, and preferv'd the Peace of the Settlements.

The Troubles of the Diffenters continuing at home.
Sir Matthew Boynton^ Sir William Confiable^ Sir Ar-
thur Haflerig.^ John Hampden^^^Oliver CromwelljECq-^
Namesj:oo well known in the Hillories of England^diVid
people bh' feveral 'other Gentlemen, were preparing to remove to
ifj 0 ^^^'^^i^^^^^^'-i at which both the Church and State
N^ew-En- ^^^^ allarm'd j and on the sothof Aprilj a Procla-
gland. niation was iffu'd forth, to refirain the dijorderly tran*
[porting his Afajefly's SubjeBs to the Plantations^ without
J 6$ 7, a Licence from his Majeflys Commiffioncrs : And an Or-
der was made in Council, That the Lord Treasurer of
England, fljould take fpeedy and effe^ual Courfe to fiop
eight Ships in the River of Th:\.mds^ bound for New-En-
gland, and cominand that all the Vaffengers and Proviji-^
cnsfhould be landed. All Unconformable Minifters were
alfo to be flopped *, which proceeding, fays a Do£lor
of our Church, increased the Murmurs and Complaints
of the People thus refirain d^ and raised the Cries of a
double Perfecution *, to be vex*d at home^ and not fuffer^d i
tofeek Peace or Refuge abroad. *Tis true, the valt Num-r
bers of People that tranfported themfelves to Amerir
ca^ if it did not make the Government jealous that
they might throw off their Dependance on the Crown,
as well as oa the Church, yet it cou'd not but give

an.

The Hifiory of New-England. 45

an ill Idea of that Clemency to which it pretended,
and which is the diftin^uifhing Charafter of Chrifti-
an Rulers. Sir Henry Fane ^ jun, with near twenty ^fr Henry
Sail of Ships in his Company, vifited New- England Vane.jMn:
about this time, and was Chofen Governour of Maffa- Governor,
chufets Colony. He went over by the King's Confent,
and his Majefty commanded Old Sir Henry^ who
was againfl: the Voyage, to give his. The young
Gentleman defign'd to refide in ConneElicut Colony ^
but the Compliment paft upon him by that of Maff'a-
chnfet^ altered his Rcfolution. He became here a
more rigid Non-con for mift than he was before *, and
when he returned to England^ was fo aftive againlt
the Royal Family, that it coil him his Head, in the
Year 1662. The Plantation of New-England en-
creas*d fo in a few Years, ThM Anno 16 i^o. There
were 4000 Men there, befides Women and Children.
They had out-ftripp'd all the other En^liih Settle^'
ments in America^ and probably wou'd nave grown
ftill more numerous, had not the Civil War in En-
gland broke out, and put a flop to Peoples removing
in fuch Multitudes till after the Reftoration. The
Colonies were often mifreprefented by their Enemies,
who had driven them out of England^ as a Faftious,
Schifmatical Company of Perfons, who wou'd in time
endanger the State. Tho thofe were diftant and Chi-
merical Views, yet they had like to have ruin'd the
Plantations in New-England in King Charles the Firft*s
Opinion, had not Mr. Win/low of Tlimouth Colony
undertaken their Defence : And accordingly he went
to England^ vindicated them at the Council-Board,
and wip'd off thofe ill Impredions, which the Go-
vernment had received of them from their implacable
Adverfaries. For which Service, when he return'd,
the Colony of Plimouth chofe him their Gover-
nour ^ whofe Prefence being again neceffary in En-
gland^ Mr, Bradford was reftor'd to his Government,
and Mr. Win flow went again to Court, where he was
employed by the Powers then in bsing, and never re-
turn'd to New-England •, but he did them all the good
Offices he cou'd by foUiciting their Affairs. Tho thefe
Settlements were feparate Jurifdiftions, yet they were
like xhQVnited Trovinces^conkdQizXQ^ into one League
for the Common Good of them all : which Confede-
racy

'44 7he Hiftory ^/New-England.

racy after feveral fruitlefs Eflays to bring it about,
UeCoh' wasefFefted in the Year 1(^45 . and they became in
Mk5mited,Y2.€t as well as Name thQ/UmtedColomeSj theyForm'd
and Sign'd an Tnftrument, declaring, Tljat they all
came rnto thofe Tarts of America with the fame End
and Aim^ to advance the Chriflian Religion^ and enjoy the
Liberty of their Confciences with Purity and Peace, It
was firmly agreed between the four Settlements, that
there Ihou'd yearly be chofen two Commiflioners out
of each,who ftiou'd meet at fit Places appointed on pur-
pofejWith full Powers from the General Courts in each
Colony, to concert and conclude Matters of General
Concernment : As Peace or War,or any thing relating
to the Welfare of the Confederacy. Thus they fettled
their Polity or Civil Government, and by Synods of
their Clergy , they did the fame by their Ecclefiaftical
declaring, 7hat the Church ought to be governed by Pref-
hytersy Elder Sj &c. as will elfewhere be fhown more
largely. They began very early to Found a Col-
ledge at Cambridge J before cail'd New-Town^ where
they eftablifh'd a Univerfity : Which was begun
about the Year 1 6^0, when Mr. John Harvard Mini^
M T h ^^^ ^^ Charles-Town near Bofton^ dying, left almoft
Harva^rd" ^°° ^' ^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^^ ^^ carrying on the Defign, and
Founds he is look'd upon as the Founder of the Firft College,
Harvard- which from him was call'd //^ri/^r^-College. The
College. Foundation was incorporated by the General Court jAn.
1 5-40, and the Univerfity has fince flourifh^d fo much,
that there is now another College built, and 2 or
300 Students. We iball treat further of t\iQ New
England Accademy in the following Chapters,

The People of this Province applying themfelves
moft by Husbandry, Tillage and Pafture ^ their
Trade confided chiefly in Corn and Beef, which they
exported to the Sugar-Iflands'*, In Fifh, which ;■ they
fent thither and to the Streights *, In Oil and Lumber,
which they Shipp'd to all the Places where they had
iany Commerce. Their Lumber is Timber, Boards,
Mafts, Pipe-ftaves, Hoops, all good Commodities ini
the Weji'Indies, They alfo fell to building of Sliips,
which Trade has fo encreas'd, that it has been a Com-
mon Thing for the Merchants of London to have Ships
built at Bofion^md other Parts of New-England^fov the
Wefi'Jndia-TndQ •, and there have been more Ships buiit

in

The Hijlory of New-Englaad. y 45

jtnNeW'Erjglartdythdin in all the other Provinces oi Ame-
rica^ fubjedl to the Crown of England. The Colony
of Majfachyfet thriv'd more than the other three, and
therefore we fhall be the more particular in its Hiftory.

In the Year 1545. Mr. Dvdley was again chofen * \
Governour^and MxWinthrop was his Deputy. At which
time there happened a fort of Tumult in the Town of
Hingham in Su^olk County, whither Mr. Winthrop
went to appeafe the Mutiny, by interpofmg his Au-
thority : Upon which the Seditious petitioned thQ Ge-
neral Court againft him, as invading their Liberties, 7^^ -Z?^/^r>
and he was forc'd to leave the Bench,and ftand forth as Governor
an accused Perfon, to defend himfelf ^ which, waving ^^r f" ^
his Prerogative, he did, and was acquitted by the '^'^'^
Courts but his Profecutors were feverely fin'd.
John Endlcotj Efq', was now Major General of the
Forces, and William Burgis^ Efq-, Secretary, Mr. Win^
throp in the following Year re-alTum'd the Place of
Chief Governour, and fo continued till his Death.
Mr. Bradford governed the FUmouth Colony alfo thirty
feven Years except three Y^ears, in which Mr. Win-
flowj and two Y'ears in which Thomas Prince^ Efq*, at
the Choice of the People, took a Turn with him.

The Conne^icut Colony loft their Governour Connefti-
Mr. Hopkins^ whofe Brother was Warden of the Fleet cut'Cohny^
in England^ and dying, left his Eftate to him, which
oblig'd him to go thither •, where, befides his
Brother's Poft, which was given him, he was
made a Commidioner of the Admiralty and Navy-
Office, and ferv'd as a Burgefs in CromweVs Con-
ventions. His Place in New-England was fupply'd J. Haines^
by John Haines^ Efq, George Willis^ Efq^ Thomas Ef({\ Go- ^
Wells^ Efq^ JohnWebfler^ Efq^ who were all Gover- '^^'^or-
nours of Connecticut Settlement, alternatively *, and ^* ^*^^^^»
contributed, by their prudent Adminiftation, to the J--^^^^*
fiouriihing State of that Colony. ^^^ ^j^r

Mr. Eaton held the Government of New-Haven aQylJ^f]
tillhedy'd, and there hapning nothing reniwarkable in
either of thefe Colonies, feperate from the Concerns
of the Confederacy, we fhall not detain the Reader
longer about their Hiftory. The Province of
Aiaffavhufet fent out feveral Families, who inclin'd
to the Fifhing, and Beaver-Trade, to fettle to the
North of Pajlaroway River, where thefe New Inha-
bitants

46 The Hiftory of New-England.

bitants built feveral Towns, and thofe Parts are nov^
Eaft- the Counties of Eafl- Hampflnre and Pefcatoway^ which ,
Hamp- were added to the Majfachvfet Colony, and t.iken into \
dire Ce««- the Prote6Vion of their General Court, Martha's Vine-
tjfettld* y2ivdij Namuket and Elizabeth Ides were granted to
,T. May- Thomas Mayhew^ Efq^ who fettled there with his own
hew, lifq\ Family, and a few others. The Savages were all this
fettles on time quiet, and the Enplifh fear'd them fo little, that
the IJles. one Capt. Atherton with a fmall Company, being pro-
Cipt. vok*d at the Prevarications of the King ot the Narra-
Atherton gantJetSy went boldly to his very Town, enter'd his
jrifuUs an Wigvam or Pallace, took him by the Hair, held a
Inditin Pillol at his Breaft j and told him, trnlefs he deliver d
^^S' his HoftageSj and paid his Debts to the Colony^ he
wou'd kill him •, which the Barbarian promis'd to do,
and did accordingly, not one of his Attendants daring
to afiift him. There were feveral Rumours of Con-
fpiracies and intended MafTacres : But they all va-
iiilh'd, and while Old England was rent and torn to
pieces by inteftine Wars, New-England enjoy'd a
profound Peace. Mofl of the American Colonies on
the Revolutions, after the Death of the King, Pro-
claim'd King Charles IL and flood out againft the
Commonwealth, but iV^-TT-^w-gte^-, whofe Principles
were nearer the Conftitution of the Republick than
the other Settlements, willingly fubmitted to that
Government *, and feveral confiderable Gentlemen re-
mov'd to Old England^ to come in for a fhare, with
their Puritan Brethren,of the Spoils of their Enemies,
and the Benefit of Pofls and Offices, which now were
wholly difpos'd of by them. Many of th^NewEn-
gland Divines left thofe SanBify*d Regions, as they are
pleas'd to term them, and came to England : Among
^ the Gentlemen, were Mr. Win/low Governour of

Terfom r - -^^-^^'^"^^-^ Colony, who left his Government in A-
move to ' ^^^^ca^ for a Commiflioner of the Navy's Place
England. ^^ home *, Edward Hopkins^ Efq^ Governour of
Co?mc^iafty of whom mention has been made al-
ready : Mr. Geo, Downing^ afterwards Sir George^
Sir Henry Fane^ and others. Of their Minifters were
Mr. Williatn Hook^ who thought fit to leave his Flock
at New-Haven in New-England^ for the Mafterfhip of
the Savoy in Old England, Mr. Robert Pecky Mr.
Hi^'gh Petersy who left his Church at Salemy for a

Chaplain-

The Hiftory of New-England. 47

Chaplain-fhip to Cromwell^ Mr. Samuel Mather \
Mr. Blinman of Brlfiol^ Mr. Eaton of Cheflnre^ Mr.
I Knowles of London^ Mr. Flrmin of London^ and many
i more, who were filenc'd after the King's Reftorati-
,|on, but had either fuch good Congregations in pri-
! vate, or had heap'd up iuch fair Provifion in the Days
I of their Do'iiinarjon, that they did not care to crofs
[the Atlantick again, to lay their Bones among the
Brethren. We mull: not omit a PafTage in the Hi-
ftofy of New-England about this time, which relates
; to l^enner the Fifth Monarchift , who was one oi Hugh Vernier
I feter^ Congregation at Salem. This Fellow was by ^^^ ^'^^^.^
I Trade a Cooper, but very mutinous in Publick Mat- ^^''^^^ft
jtfrs: He would fain have perfwaded a Company of r^ijg^r
t| People to have abandoned the Settlement at Majfa- ^
Ichvjet Colony, and have remov'd to Providencey one
I of the Bahama Iflands.

;| They petition 'd the chief Magiftrates for leave to do
jif, and an AlTembly was held to confider the Bufi-
ncfs. The Magiftrates allifted by the Minifters, de-
clar'd, that for leveral Reafons by them alledg*d, they
could not admit of their Propofal: Upon which ten-
ner ftood up and faid, according to the Cant of the
'Place and Times, Nutwithftanding what had been of^
ferdj they were clear in their Call to remove. But his
Companions not being fo mad as himfelf, there were
no Attempts made to get off tumultuoufly, which Ve?i- ^
ner was ready to have done, if any one wou'd have ac-
company'd him. The Colony of Maffachufet^ on theMafla-
Death of John Winthrop Efquire, who died March 26 j chufeu
I ^4.9. chofe Thomas Dudley Efquire their Governour ^
and Mr. Dudley furviving Mr. Winthrop but three or Tho.Dud-
four years, the Inliabitants would have elected John ^^Y ^h\
Haynes Efquire to fupply his place, but that Gentle- ^°^^''"^^*
man removing to ConneBicut^ John EndicotEfq'-, was^^^^^*,
chofen Governour*, and £^ip^r^ G'/^^o;// Erq,fuccee--^^J''^^^^^^^
ded him as Major General of the Militia. Plimouth^ ^Governor
the Mother-colony of the three others, had the mil- piimouth
fortune 3 or + years afterwards, to be deprived of her Colony,
:lold Governour Mr. Bradford^ who died May the pf/;,
:ii557. In his room the Court of Eledlors chofe 16^7,
iploomas Prince Efquire, who had been twice their Go- Thomas
"vernour before, to fucceed him ^ and this Gentle- Prince
man continued many years in the Government. In Ej({uire

the Governor^

48 The Hifiory of NeW-England.

Newha- the fame year i6$7- Tljeophilus Eaton Efquire, Qt&
yen Colo* vernour of Nevohaven Colony, dying, Mr. Franci!
^y Newman their Secretary, was chofen Governour:

Fr.New- gy|. ^{^js Gentleman enjoy*d his honourable Oific«
ga" mi fcarce 4. years •, and dying at the end of that Term«
Wil Leet ^^^ fucceeded by William Leet Efquire ', who, be,
Bfq' Go- foJ^^ he came to New-England^ had been Regifter of a
verriour Bifhop*s Court in Old-England. But, fays a famoui
Cot.Mat. Writer of that Country, finding 'twas made a Crim$
^ijl, to hear Sermons abroad when there were none at home *, an^
that the Court he ferv'd^ made themfelves merry with
fuch 'Peccadillo'' s as Fornication and Adultery^ he took a
difguft againft them, refus'd Conformity, and went
to New-England'^ where the good People err'd as
much on the other hand, by hanging Men and Wo-
men for thofe Peccadillo's, and feverely punifhing
them for not attending their frequent Sermons, let 'err
be never fo tedious and dull.

On the Reftoration of King Charles II. the Colo-
nies oi New-England ^q\\ in chearfully with their Pre*
byterian Brethren in Old-England^ and congratulated
his Majefty on his Acceffion to the Throne of his An-
ceflors, fending Simon Bradflreet Efquire, Secretary
of Majfachvfet Colony, and Mr. John Norton Mini-
fter of Ipfwichj in Effex County, a Man whom Dr.
1661, Puller commends in his Church Hiflory^ for his Lear-
The Colo- ning and Modefty, to carry their Addrefs to his Ma-^
nies ad' jefty *, which contain'd chiefly a Petition for Liberty oj
drefs J(, Confcience, They fail'd in Febrnary 1661, and re-
Cha, II. turn'd in about a year, with Letters from the King,
fignifying, That the Exprejfions of their Loyalty and
j4fi^ion to him were very acceptable *, that he would
confirm their Privileges^ encourage andproteB them.

The Colony of ConneElicut having been all this
time without a firm Charter, with the confent ol
that of Newhaven^ prevailed with John Winthrop Jun,
Efquire, Son of the late Governour of Maffachufety to_
go to England^ to get them a Charter of Settlement
and Union, which he did. This Gentleman had beem
generoufly educated, and was a Philofopher, as wellT
as a Chriftian, and a Gentleman •, Infomuch, that
when the Royal Society was Eftablifh'd, he was ad-
mitted a Member of it, and he communicated feveral
curious things to them, as appears in the Colle^ion ot

their

The Hijiory of New-Englaod. 49

, their Tranfadlions. 'Tis fa id that he procu; 'd the
\ King's Favour, by prefenting him with a Ri.ig which ^

i King Charles I. hacl on foiiie occaHon or other ^iven .
; Mr. Winthrop's Grandfather. On his Arrival in Nerv-
I England^ the two United Colonies madsi aim their ^onnefti-
ilGovernour *, and Mr. John Webficr Governour of 91^ '^^^
ii ConneBicut Colony, and Mr. William jL<?ff Governour ygf^^Q,^
nof that of Newhaven^ refign'd their C'larges into his „,^', -y^,-^
|| hands ^ the New Colony choofing Mr. Leer to h^ td,
H their Deputy Governour. There were fomeMem-jhit
[bers of thefe two Colonies who opposM this Union, vvinthcop
but the major Part were for it, and they prevailed : Ef^\ Go-
And by the Moderation and Prudence of their Go- 'i^ernor.
vernour Mr. Winthropj they were foon all reconcil'd * ^^4«
to the Union.

While thefe things were tranfa^ling, Alexander j
jSon of Maffaffoit ^ foUicited the Narragantfets to
jrevolt *, Which Mr. Prince^ Governour of Pllmouth
ihearing, fent Jojias Win/low^ Efq-, who at that time
Commanded the Militia of the Settlement, to feize
glim ^ which he did at a Hunting-Houfe of his, and
brought him Prifoner to Pllmouth *, where he dy'd
of Grief and Rage. His Brother Philip fucceeded
him, and was a Plague to the Englifh, notwithftan-
ding he had renew'd the League with them, anci
fworn to the ftrift Obfervance of it. But he gave
them no difturbance till about nine Years after his
Brother Alexanders Death.

Twas now that the Province of New-England was
become a powerful Nation. The City of Bofiony the
Metropolis, being as big as moft: of our Epifcopal
Sees in England^ and containing no lefs than 12 or
14000 Souls. For after the fevere A£l, call'd the
Bartholomew- A^y which fome pretended Church of
England Men procur'd, to turn above three Thou-
fand as good Proteftant Minifters as any in the World
out of their Living?, many of them remov'd to A^^tt-
England •, and were foUow'd by fome hundreds of Fa-
milies, who fear'd the fame cruel Treatment from
Arch-Bifhop Sheldon^ who had been a Creature of
Dodlor Laud's^ as they had met with from that Pre-
late. The whole Number of Inhabitants in this Co-
lony were computed to be near one hundred Thou-
and *, and (bme of thofe who came over, bringing

E g'^'i

I

50 The Hifiory of Ncw-Engtand.

good Eftates with them, the Englifh filVd their
Towns, and extended their Limits. Such was the
1 66$. General State of the Colonies in the year 1 66$, when
Maffachu- that o^ Afaffachnfet mourn'd the Death of their Gover- 1
let Cobrty. nour Mr. Endlcot : In whofe Chair they plac'd Richard i
Richarcl BlUingham Efq^ a very old Man, who had been a Ma-
hain I'/a- S^^^^^^ ^^ Councellouf thirty Years before. He en- \
Governor J^Y*^ that honourable Office about Seven Years*, and
1^72.' ^^^^ <^yi"gi J^^'^ Leverett Efq-, was advanced fronv
John Le- the Poft of Major General of the Militia, to that of j
veretc Governour of the Colony. The next year 1573. Mr. j
JE/5; Go^ Prince^ Governour of PUmomh Colony, dy'd, andi
vermr^ was fucceeded by Jofioi Winpw Efq-, the firft Go-
Plimouth vc-rnour that was born in New England \ A Man
Colony, endow'd with fo many Chriflian and Heroick Ver-
Winilovv ^"'"'^' ^^^^ ^" fecms to have wanted a larger Sphere
Efq- Go- ^^ ^^ i"? that he might have fhewn himfelf more,
vsrvor, ^"^^ bave ferv'd the Commonwealth better, than in
thofe rude Corners of the World.

A year or two before he was chofen Governour,
rheril): of the War with the Indian King, P hilip Son of Afajjaf^
'hy-' i^^^ ^^^J^^out. He had a long time been contriving
Phni ^"^^ Confpiracy to invade and deftroy the Englifh*,
^* which he difcover'd the fooner, to revenge an Affront
he pretended to have receiv'd from the Plimouth Co-
lony, the Government having hang'd one Tobias a.
Councellorof his, and two other Indians, for murder-
ing 7^^??'5'^z/p;;z.w, an Indian Preaching Convert. They^
had a fair Trial, and were condemn'd by a Jury of half
Englifh and half Indians. However P/?///)?, who ha-
ted the Englifh, was refolv'd to take this occafion of
fhewing his ill Dirpofition towards them. He cour-
ted feveral other Indian Nations to joyn with him 5^
and Multitudes of them flock'd to him to fight againft
the Common Enemy, as they reckon'd the Chriftians.
The Governour of Plimouth fent MefTengers to de-
mand the reafon o{ Philip's arming, but his Envoys
were infulted ^ and foon after a Party of Savages made
an In-road into the Territories of that Colony. They
^'^. ^ Volley of fmall Shot on a Congregation of
Chriflians when they were at their Devotions, kill'd
three Men, and wounded another. They pillaged
the Plantations about Ad^owjt HopCy and began the
War between Sivanfey and Tamton in the County cif

Pll'T

The Hijlory of New-England* 51

FUmouth, This Settlement immediately knt lo the
other two for Succours :; and that of Mafftchufetj with
all po(fible diligence, diipatch'd away Captain Tho-
mas Prentice with a Troop of Horfe, and Captaia
Daniel Henchman with a Company of Foot, to aflifl
their Brethren of PUmouth, Thel'e were folio w'd by
a Company of Volunte<?rs, commanded hy Captain
Samuel Mofely^ and were join'd by the PUmouth For-
ces under Captain Cudworth at Swanfey. They fent
out 12 Men to difcover the Enemy, of whom the Sa-
vages from their Ambufhes kill'd one, but the reft u^ars with
drove them from behind the Bufhes, tho they were tbslndiam,
five times their number. The next day the little
Englifh Army march'd againft the Indians, who
durft not give them Battle, but abandoned their Coun-
try to their juft Revenge. The Enghfh in their
March found the mangl'd Carcases of fome of their
Countrymen, their Heads ftuck upon Poles, Bibles
torn in pieces, empty Wigwams or Cottages, and no
body to oppofe them. Philip himfelf fled with the
reft, and left his Kingdom to the Mercy of the Inva-
der. The Name of Philip's Nation was Wompanoags j
and thefe had drawn in the Narragantfets into the
League againft the Englifh. 'Tis true, the latter had
not appear'd in Arms*, however the Engliih knowing
how far they incourag'd the Rupture, march'd thra
the Country of the Wompanoags into that of the Nar-
ragantfets^ and forc'd them to renounce their Alliance
with Philip, Captain Cudworth proceeded into the
Dominions of the Sachem of PocaJJet^ where Captain
Fuller and Captain Churchy with two fmall Detach-
ments of Englifh, were over-power'd by an Army of
Barbarians, twenty times as many in number as they
were. Captain Fuller was driven by them into Rhode
Illand, and 200 of them furrounded Captain Church
and 1 5 Men in a Peafe-field : Notwithftanding the
Inequality of the Number, Captain Church fought
them with invincible Refolution till all his Ammuni-
tion was fpent, he then retir'd to the Shore, driving
all that opposed him before him*, and fome Sloops
coming off from Rhode liland, he retreated thither j
from whence, without lofs of time, he pafs'd over to
the Continent, got two or three Files of Mufqueteers
from the Majfachufet Forces, and engaged them again

E 2 ia

5 2 The Hiftory of New-England.

in Tocaffet. He flew in this A£lion 1 5, and in the for-
mer 3 o of the Savages,' and ftruck fuch a Terrour in-
to the reft, that they fled to the Woods from the
{mall Company he had with him, of which he lofl:not
a Man. Captain O/^irorr^ being join d by thQAfaJfa-
chufet Captaiii?, march'd from Taunton to a Swamp
1 8 Miles off, where the Savages from feveral Ambul-
cades kill'd fome of his Men, but the Englifli purfiiing '
them to their Wigwams, they found nolefs than 100
of them empty •, out of which the Indians were fled to a
neighbouring Thicket. The Officers thought the befl:
way to reduce them wou'd be by ftarving •, fo they
pofted two Hundred Men a.t all the Avenues 'of the
Thicket, and fentthe refl: to the Relief o^Mendham^
where the Nipmuck Indians, King Philip's Confede-
rates, committed terrible Spoil and Cruelty. Philip
himfelf was in the Thicket, and being driven to De-
fpair, he with his befl: fighting Men taking the ad-
vantage of a low Tide, in a River that ran through the .
Swamp, wafted over it on fmall Rafts, and efcap'd into
the Nipmuck Country -,100 of his Men were left behind
in the Thicket,who furrender*d themfelvesat difcretion.
The Englifh purfu'd Philip aflJ)on as they heard of his
Flight : And tho they could not come up with him, 0-
vertook fome of his Men ^ of whom they flew 5 o. The
Afi?«kgiw Indians join*d with the Engliih ^ andmofl:of
the Wefliern Nations were let againfl: them by Philip.

Thus the whole Province of Maffachufet became en-
gag'd in the War, the Flame of which rag'd more

It fd dd ^^^^ ^^ ^^^ ^^^^^ ^^ ^^^^ ^^ Plimoutk Captain Hut-
■''''**' ^' chinfon being lent to know the Reafon of the Savages
invading that Colony, was himfelf mortally wounded,
and eight of his Party kill'd *, the reft fled to Ouaboagj
a little Village where the Chriftian Inhabitants were
retir'd into one Houfe, and the Barbarians having de-
ftroy'd the reft, befet this alfo. They try'd all the
Devices they could think of to beat them put of it,
but the Englifti defended themfelves fo bravely, that
all their Attempts prov'd in vain •, at laft they re-
folv'd to fet it on fire •, and juft as they were preparing
to do it, Major Wilward^ who had heard of his Friends
Dillrefs at Quahoag^ arriv'd with 48 Men, attack'd
the Savages^ and forc'd them to raife the Siege of this
Hovel, for it delerv'd no better Name. The Major

de-

The Hiftory of New-England. 5 j *

detatch'd Captain Lathrop and Captain Beers with
more Forces to obferve them, for fear they fhould
march to Conne^icut River, and feduce the Indians
there. This Colony fent Major Treat to the Afli-
fiance of their Mother Maffachvfet -^ and the Goverr
nour, who heard that the Savages upon that River
within his Government were in motion, ftnt a Party
pf Soldiers, w^th an Officer, to demand of them Hofta-
ges for their peaceable Behaviour: Bat thefe Barbarians
were fo far from anfwering the demand, that they
kili'd their King, becaufe he wou'd not go with them,
and then fled to a Swamp :> from whence they fir'don the
;Enghfh, and flew 9 Men belonging to i? feveral Towns.

Thus this bloody War fpread over all NewEngland.
They defl:roy'd the Plantations about Deerficld^ a ve-
ry pleafant Country, and forc'd the Garrilon thereto
fhut themlelves up within the Fortification of a poor
Work which they had rais'd for their Defence, it be-
ing a Frontier Place 'm HampPnre. They flew 8 Men
in the Woods nt3.r Sqitak-heag. Upon which Captain
Beers was fent with 40 Men, to fetch off that and Tome
other fmall Garrifons. Thefe were intercepted by an
Arhiy of the Savages *, and Captain Beers with 20 of
his Men having fought to the lafl: with the utmoft
Refolution, was^over-power'd by Numbers and (\^^^y Captain
the refl; efcap'd to Htdley •, and a few days after Ma- Beers
jor Treat with more Soldiers perfbrm'd what he hady^^w,
undertaken. Captain Z^f/jrop marching with 80 Men
to bring off the Corn from Deerfield^ was alfo inter-
cepted by 800 Indians. The Captain thinking he
ihou'd fucceed better by fighting as the Savages did,
skulking behind Trees, and aiming at fingle Perfons,
expos'd his Soldiers to the Ruin that follow'd, 60 of
them being kili'd on the fpot. Captain Mcfely hear
ing the Noife of the Fire, haflren'd to relieve Lathrop^
but he came too late : He broke his way through the
Barbarians five or fix times •, and with a handful of
Men kiird almofl: 100 of the Enemy, loofing no
more than 2 of his own. In this Action fell Captain /IniCapt^
Lathrop^ and above 70 of his Men, the greatefl Slaugh- Lathrop,
ter that/ever happen 'd till that Day oT the NewErig-
land Chriftians.

The Indians encourag'd by this Succels, fell upon
Spr'mg-fidd , (the Hofl:ages they had given for their

E I pre-

< 54 *^^^ Hiftory of New-England.

preferving the Peace, flying before they came) they
Durnt 32 Houles, and. among the reft, the Minifter
]Vlr. Brewers^ together with his Library ^ and had
cut the Throats of all the Inhabitants, had not an ho-
neft Indian reveal'd their Defign to them time enough,
before 'twas executed, for them to retire to the for-
tify'd parts of the Town.

T\i^ General Court fitting KtBofion^ order'd all their
Forces to rendezvous abouciV^/-/?^>;?p((7;?, Hadley^ and
Hatfield^ for the Security of thbfe Places. Of which
Orders the Indians having no notice, and growing
bolder by Succefs, 800 or them broke in upon Hat-
field ^ but the Englifh being prepared to receive them,
the Enemy were foon beaten out of the Town, and the
Weftern Counties were for a long time free from their
Incurfions, except now and then fome Straglers com-
mitted a few Robberies. Thefe Indians fled to the
Narragamfets^ and were entertain 'd by them: Upon
which tiiQ Commiflioners of the United Colonies,
who were affembl'd on this Emergency, refolv'd 'twas
a Breach of the Peace j and underftanding that Na-
tion intended to begin a War in the Spring, were be-
fore-hand with them ^ and in the Winter fent Mr.
Win/low^ Governour of Flimouth Colony, with 1000
Men, to invade their Territories. General Win/low
being joyn'd by the ConneBicut Forces, marched up 1 8
Miles in tJie Enemies Country, attack'd the Savages
in a Fort they had rais'd in an Ifland, of about 5 or <$"
Acres, and taking it by Storm, put 700 Indians to
^^^^T^A ^^^ Sword, befides 300 which dy'd of their Wounds,
vforjtei. ^^^ ^ ^^^ number of Old Men, Women and Chil'
dren, who had crowded into the Fort, which was
thought impregnable. The General loft in this gal-
lant A<flion 85 Men and 6 Captains, Capt. Davenport^
Capt. Gardner^ Cipt. Johnfon^ Capt. Gallops Capt.
Sealy^ and Capt. Marfl:dl^ and about 15-0 Englifti
were wounded. This was the beft Fortification the
Barbarians ever had, being foftrengthen'd by Nature,
that they wanted net the Arts of Europeans to fortify
it. The Savages had never fuch a terrible Blow given
them, and they cou'd never recover the Lois they
futfer'd. After this the Englifh had fome llight Ad*
vantages more in the Winter, and then returned to
their Quarters. Mendham not being tenable, they de-

ferted

The Hijiory of New-England. 55

ferted it% and the Indians laid it in Afhes. The French
at Canada^ tho there was no War between England and
France^ fent them AfTiftance, and they fell upon La?!- Affiflei'
caflevj burnt feveral Houfes, kiH'd and carry'd away h '^<?
into Captivity above 40 Perfons, among whom was ^''^"'•^*
the Minifter Mr. Richardfon's Wife and Children.
He was then at Bojton folliciting Succours, and found
his Houfe and Library in Afhes when he return'd, and
heard the dreadful Tidings of his Family being led a-
way into Slavery by the Barbarians, who had been
forc'd to leave the place by Captain Wadfworth. They
did further Mifchief at >^^r/^oroz<g/7, Sudbury^ Chelmj-
ford\ and 200 of 'em (urpYis' d Me dfield^ burnt half
the Town, and kill'd 20 of the Inhabitants. The
like Damage they did to Wey?nouth'^ andenter'd the
Lines that were drawn up for the Defence of iVorr^-
ampton-jhut they were repuls'd by ^ajor 5^'z/^^^, af-
ter they had burnt 5 Houfes, and kill'd 5 Perfons.
The Enemy finding they had not Strength fufficient to
carry on a General War, return'd to the Province
that at firft was the Seat of it *, furpris'd part of
Pllmouthj and having murder'd two Families, retired:
Then they fell upon Warwick^ aud burnt it to the
ground. Captain Piirce with 50 EngUfh, and 20
Chriftian Indians, purfu'd the(e Incendiaries ^ who
laying an Ambufcadefor him, in which they were ve-
ry dextrous, and over powering him with Multitudes,
kiirdhim and all his Men, except i Englifhman, and Cupt.Vief
12 Indian Allies. Captain Pierce 2ind his Men fold ce hV/V.
their Lives dearly, there being 140 Indians Enemies
(lain in the Engagement.

The fame Day, another Party of Savages laid Marl-
borough in Afhes ^ flew feveral Chridians at Spring-
field'^ burnt* 40 Houfes at Rohobothj 30 at Provi-
dence-^ committed terrible Cruelties at Chelmsford
and Andover on the poor innocent Children •, and tho
' 40 Inhabitants of the Town of Sudhtiry fally Yl out up-
on them, and kill'd 30 out of 300 in v^tie Nighty
yet that Place was aflaulted by them, leveral Houfes
iurnt, and 1 2 Men coming from Concord to their
AfTiftance, cut in pieces. Captain Wadfworth hear-
'ing of thefe Murders and Burnings, march'd againll
the Savages with 70 Men*, of which they having no-
tice, furrounded hijn in the Woods with yoo Men,

E 4 ^^^ ■

5^ The Hifiory of New-England. ' ^

cut off the moft part of his Soldiers, took feveral Pri-
Ca^t. foners^ and what was a greater Lofs than all, fle\y
Woodf- himfelf and Captain Brattlebanh with the lofs of 120
r^^r R of the Enemy. The Prifoners they took, they put to
jjg^g^l^^^' Death with exquifite Tortures.
^^l„^ Thus they continu'd profperous for four or five

Months ^ and the firft blow that was given them
fince General Win/low'% Victory, was by Captairi
Vennifcn of Conn ed:lcut Colony^ at the head of 60 Vo-
lunteers, and 100 Indian Confederates. Thefe fet
upon a Body of the Savages, flew 70 of them, a-
mongft whom were fome of their chief Princes : And
'the Maquas breaking in upon thofe Indians that were
in War with the Englifh, and DifTention arifmg a-
niong the Barbarians, gave the Chriftians the more
Opportunities of defeating them. Another Party of
Come^lciit: Englifh routed another of Indians, and
flew 44, without any lofs. They took fome Prifo-
ners, among whom was Quanenchet^ the mighty Sa-
chem o^ Narr^gantfet^ w^hom the Englifli wifely gave
totheir Indian Auxiliaries to cut off his Head, know-
ing that wou'd make the Breach between thofe Indi^
ans and the Enemy irreparable. However, the Sa-
vages did further Mifchiefs at Pllmouth^ Taunton,
Chelmsford^ Concord^ Haverhill^ Bradford and Wohurr/.
They attempted to fire the Town ot Bridgwater^ but
the Inhabitants (allying out upon them, and a great
Shower failing at the fame time, fav'd that Place.
The Englifh kill'd feveral of the Indians near Medfield
and Plimouth *, and having notice by two Boys who,
being Captives, made their efcape from them^
that leveral Savages were in great Security fome Miles
further up the River, Captain T^rwr with 180 Men
haften'd thither, furpriz'd them, kill'd 100 of them *,
nef/r ^'^"^ in liis Retreat .was himfelf furpriz'd and kill'd,
pris'dand ^^^^ ^° ^^ ^^^ ^^5 ^y ^^ Ambulcade of Indians,
\jjn^ vvho pui^.has'd this Viflory with the lofs of
3 CO of their Fellows. At Hatfeild 25 of the Savages
were kill'd, and but 5 Englifh^ and at Rohoboth 12
Indians, with the lofs of one Englifliman only. A
Detachment of the y^/.;J7;;/cx7/ff Forces took and kiird
40 Indians*, and another of Conm^icut 100 Savages,
Mim without loofing a Man. Seven hundred Savages were
mrjhd. rcpuls'd from before Hadley-^ and at the fame time,
-' ■ ■' ' ' the-.

The Hiftory of New-England. 57

the Maquas invaded their Country, and carry'd away
their Wives and Children into Captivity. They fell
upon King Philip's Subjefts, and kill'd 50 of them. The
Barbarian had try'd feveral ways to engage them in the
War with the Englifh ^ one of which was this : He
kiird ibm€ Macquefe^ and gave out they were mur-
der'd by the Inhabitants of Plimouth County. It hap-
pen'd one of the Maqueje^ whom he had mortally
wounded, as he thought, recover'd, efcap'd into his
own Country, and informing his King of the Truth
of the Matter, that Nation conceived an irrecon-
cileable Hatred to Philip^ for his Treachery and
Cruelty.

P/7/7/> thinking he might return fecurely into his
own Territories, now the Englifh had been fo har-
rafs'd by the Enemy, came to Mount' Hope^ and Maior
Bradford of Plimouth had like to have fall'n into an
Ambufli •, but he was deliver'd by n ftrange Accident,
flew many of the Indians^ and reduced the Queen of
Sacomty who had revolted. Of the NarragantfetSy
the ConneBicut-V oxcQs kill'd 240. Two hundred fub-
mitted in Plimouth County, and as many of them who
attacked Taunton were beaten off Capt. Church with
no more than 18 Englifh, and 22 Indian Confede-
rates, (lew 80 Savages without lofing one of his Com-
pany. htDedham^ 35 Englifh and po Confederate
Indians, took Pombam^ a Prince of the Narraganfets^
and 50 Prifoners. This Prince received a mortal
Wound, and lay as one dead ^ yet when an Englifh-
man came to look upon him, the Barbarian took him
fafl by the Hair, and had kill'd him, if help had not
come in. Thefe SuccefTes fo terrify'd the Indian Sava-
ges, That Jokftj a Segamore, or Lord of the Nipmuck
Indians^ with 1 80 of his Men fubmitted to Mercy. To
ingratiate himfelf with the Englifh, he brought in
with him one of the Chief of Sis Nation, that had
infligated the reft to the War in the Majfachvfet Co-
lony, and the Officer? order'd the Segamore to fhoot
him, which he did. The Garifon of Bridgwater
hQ2iYiT\gPhllip with a Party of Men was in their Neigh-
bourhood, fally'd out upon them, kill'd ten of his Fol-
lowers, took I jT, and the refl fied j among whom
was Philips who for hafle left his Spoils and Treafure
behind him. Capt. Church with 30 Englifh, and

' ■ -20

(S The Hijhry of New*EngIand.

20 Indian Allies, took 23 of the Enemy, fell upon,
Philip in his Head Quarters, (lew 150 of his Men,
and lofl but one of his own •, The King hardly
]^ng Phi- efcap'd : His Wife, and Son were taken. A Deferter
lip'j Wife coming to the Town of Taunton^ inform'd the Garifon
Avd Son ^Jiere a Body of Indians lay, upon which they fally'd
taken. out and brought 3^ of them Prifoners. The Queen
^een of of Pocajfefy who was with Philip in the late Aftion,
Pocaflet fled to the River, and not finding aCanoo to carry'
drown d. j^^^ ^^gj.^ f^^ threw her felf into the Water on a
Raft, which breaking under her, fhe was drown'd :
Some Englifhman meeting with her Body by Chance,
cut off her Head, not knowing who ihe was, and
ftuck it upon a Pole in Taunton^ which the Indians
feeing, they made a hideous howling, and were in
a terrible Confternation. Capt. Church having re-
cruited his Forces at ^A<?^^-Iiland, and received intir
mation by an Indian Deferter, whither Philip was
fled, purfu'd him ^ and coming UDon him, the King,
thought to 'have efcap'd from a Swamp, to which ha\
had retir'd ', but an Englifhman and an Indian firing
j^. p, . at him, the latter fhot him to the Heart. He was
^'jg^y 'quarter'd, and his Quarters fet upon Poles for a Ter-
ror to fuch Rebellious Princes as dar'd make War
upon their New-Englifi) Sovereigns. His Head was
carry*d in Triumph to PUmouth^ and his Death put an
End to the War in the Weflern Parts of New-l^n*
gland.

In the 'North, the Indians bordering on the Coun-
ties of Main and Cornwallj lying beyond Pefca-
taway River, had driv'n a very profitable Trade with
the Englifh, who had fettled there. Thefe Europeans
minded their Traffick more than Religion, and werd
fo taken up with Lumber, Fifliing, and their Beavor-
Trade, that they had not time to build Churches or
Towns, but liv'd in Plantations, and in Houies fcat-
ter*d up and down : The Savages having fome old
Grudges againil them, and underftanding the Chrii
Wars in the ftiansin the other Parts of New-England were involved
North in a dangerous War, fell upon thefe Settlements, de-
Fart of fliroy'd many of them, and kill'd 50 Men, not.with-
^fL ' ^^ lofing twice as many of their Countrymen,
Siana. j^^ Wakely of Cafcoy his Wife and Children werpi
butcher'd by them, as was Capt. Thomas Lake at

Arrorrfitk

The Hffiory of Ntw-'Enghnd. ^^

Arrowfilk Ifland. The Government of Maffachufct
I Colony hearing of thefe Murders, Tent Capt. i/^ir-
thorn^ with Forces to fubdue them ^ this Gentle-
!man furpriz'd 400 of them, as they v^'^re coming
to Deftroy Major Walden's Houfe at Quebecho^ of
whom half were fold as Slaves for their Rebellion j
and the reft on Promife of future Obedience, di(inils*d *,
which gave Peace to the Colony for feveral years. ^ '^7^-,
Moft of thefe Events happen'd between the Year, Conneai-
i673y and 1676, and tho they ere not fo important, ^^J^^^^
as the Great Aftions in Ftanda s and Spain^ which ^,^^ ^^^^.
have lately rais'd th^ Wonder of the whole World, „/^j
yet the Valour of thefe Englifh Captains in Ajnerka w. Leet,
deferves to be remember'd, and the Reader will, we f/*^^ Go-
doubt not, be diverted with their Hiftory. vermr.

A few Months before the War was at an end, dy*d Maffachu-
Mr. Winthrop Governour of ConneEiicut Colony, and ^^} Colony^
was fucceeded by Mr. Leet^ who had formerly been Sim.,Brad-
Governour ^ and two Years after dy'd Mr. Leveret^ J^^^^^^
Governour of Maffachvfet Colony, whofe Place was piJuJouth
fupply'd by Simon Bradftreetj Efq^ who had ferv'd the Colony^
Settlement in feveral Capacities. Mr. Winfiow Go- Mr,
vernor of Plimouth Colony dying about ChrifitnaSy Tre^t
i<5"8o. was fucceeded by Mr. Treaty in whofe Time Govermr^
the Charter granted to this and the other Set- les^,
elements in New-England^ fufFer'd the fame Fate H. Cran-
with thofe of the Chief Corporations in England -^^^^i ^fn
Quo J^^rr^^z^tf's were brought againft them,and a Judg- ^^'^J^^o'^
ment enter'd up in Chancery: Upon which King ^^ *j*^^^'
Charles II. fent over Henry Cranfield^ Efq*, to be Go- ^ commif'
vernour of New-England *, and King James arbitrarily y^^^ y;,^,^
afTum'd the Power of making Governours, Deputy- the i^ng.
Governours, Magiftrates, Judges, Officers of the Mi- The Colo-
litia, and depriv a the Colony of New-England of all nies lofe
her Privileges. He impos'd a Governour on that Re- tkir Fri-
publickj with aCommiJfwK, by which he and three or ""^^^g^^-
four more of their naming^ had Power to make what i^8y.
Laws they pie as' d J and levy Taxes upon the People ac- |P^P^
cording to their own Humour, In the Year 1585, Jo- ?S?. ^7',
feph Dudley^ Efq^ Son of Mr. Thomas Dualey^ was ap- JJ^^ T
pointed Prefident by the King's Commiilion. The j^^^.^^^.
Elected Governours were all turn'd out of their gi^^d by
feveral Governments, and the Form ot the Ad- the J^irg's
miniftration quite chang'd. This Gentleman was c'o/ww/jji.

theo«.

6o The Hifiory of Ncw-England.

the more acceptable to the People of New Erjgla?u
becaufe of his Father's Services and Merit, and fc
that he was a Native of that Province ^ but his favou:
ing the Cliurch and Government o( England at thj
Time made iiim many Enemies. He did not keeph:
Pof: long ^ for in the Year i68Sy Sir Edmund Andn
;-\ r,^, arrived there from England^ with a Conimiffion to \
; ,, I . n-Oovernour of the Country. How welcome h
■' rn, vv's to the People we may imagine, when w]
''//(/.., cuiifider by, whom, and over whom he was pi:
in Power. Twas not likely that a Peribn wh
came on thofe Terms, Ihou'd be very well belov'd
or that one who, fays a New-England Hiftorian aii"
Cct. Mat. Preacher, aU:ed by an Illegal^ Arbitrary^ Treafonahl
CommijfLon^ ihou'd gain the good Opinion of the Pec
pie : And indeed his Gpvernmerit is reprefented b;
that Author, to reiemble his Mailer King James's^ i
the Courfe of it, as it did in the Confequence. Twa
.in his time that Capt. William Phips^ a Native of Nevt
C^.ifw Jirjgland^ '.vent from tiience to London^ to iollicite foni
y^P^J. Noblemen and Gentlemen, to undertake anA^ven
to the ^^^^ foi> the Wreck near Port de la Plata, Which
j^^^^^^ he prevail'd with ihs Duke of Alhermarle^ and others
to employ him about, and he was fo fortunate as tc
hit upon the Ship where the Silver he fought after waj
lodg'd, and brocrght 300000 /. in Pieces of Eight tc
England : Whereof about 20000 /. came to hislhare
The King Knighted him for this Service, and niade
him High-Sheriff of NewEngla^id, Sir William pe-
tition'd that the Charter might be reft or 'd, but that
was a Grant which the King wou'd not at any
Terms part with. Sir William* s Defign by obtaining
a Pattent for High SheriiT of New-England was, that
he might have it in his Power to fupply the Country
with honeft Juries ; But the Go>^ernment then in
being found a way to evade his Pattent, and when
he arriv'd at Bofion^ which was in the Year i<^8 8. he
had like to have been AfTaflinated at his own door,
in Green-Lane^ in that City, where he built a fine
Brick Houfe after the Modern way of Building.

The People of New-England^ by their Agents at
London^ Sir Henry AJImrfi^ and Dr. Mather Reftor 0/
Harvard College, petition'd the King to have their
CharteiT reftor'd y and had many good Words in an-

fwer

The jy?/(?r> c/ New-England. ^ir

fwer from him, but nothinp was done in it, till after
that Prince, for his Male Adminiftration in Old-Eng"
la/td, was reduc'd to the necefiicy of abdicating his
Crown.

In the mean time, the Government of Nevo-Eng-
land grew fo rampant it became intollerable. The
Properties of the People were every where invaded. Cot.
and the Lives of t^je hcjt Men in the Country began to he MGJth '
TraEiis'd vpon. The Mlnjlers an4 their Alinijiery^ a
tnoft: infufferable Outrage^ covfidenrig the ISfature of' that ®
Set of Men^ were difcounrenanc'd, and the College
and Schools difcourag'd. The Governour pretended .
to rule by a Fa6lion, and that all Foreigners. LaV'';;
; were made without the Majority of the Legiflators OncvaK'-'
[conienting to them. Complaints of Grievances were '^^^*
' frown'd upon, Money levy'd without a General Court j
[Perfons imprifon'd illegally, and Juries were pack'd.
I Thefe Men gave out, Uoat the Charters being lofij the
\ People loft all their Titles to their Lands with thejn,
^ Thole who would take out New Patterns for Eftates,
I that had been fifty Years in their Families, were forc'd
I to pay one fourth part of their Value for them. And to
add to all thefe AfHi£lions another more terrible than
all of them, The Indians by the Hardfhipsthey fuffer'd
[from the Government, and at the In {ligation of the
French and their Abetters^ broke ^jut into a War in
the Eaft, which lafted almoft as long as that of Troy.
I Sir William Phips went in Perfon to England^ to me-
diate for his Country with the King, but he found the
Court in fuch Confufion, onapprehenfions of a Revo-
lution, that he cou'd do no good *, fo he return *d after
the Prince of Orange's being declar'd King, with In-
ftru£lion from the Miniftry then at Court, how to
proceed for the Service of the Colony. King William
was not willing to difplace the Governour, till he
heard how he behav'd himfelf *, and the People of
New-England fav'd him that trouble.

About loo Indians invaded the Eaftern Counties in
7«/)/ idTSS. and fays our Hiftorian, " Tho the Gover- Cot- Mat.
*' nour then in the Weftern Parts of it, had immedi-
" ate notice of it, yet he not only delayed and negle-
" 6led all that was necefTary for the Publick Defence,
** but alfo, when he at lalt rettirn'd, Ihew'd a nioft
*' furious Difjpleafure againft thofe of the Council,

" and

6i The Hiflory of New-Ertgland.

** and all others that had forwarded any one thing fot-
** the Security of the Inhabitants, while at the fanit
" time he difpatch'd fome of his Creatures on fecrel
*' Errands to Canada^ and fet at liberty fome of th(
" nioft murderous Indians whom the Englifh hac
^ feiz'd upon.

He imprifon*d a Man who brought over a Copy oi
the Prince's Declaration \ and put out a Proclamation,
requiring all Perfons to ufe their Endeavours to hin-
0 der the landing of any whom his Highnefs might
fend thither. Reports were fpread in Bofion^ that
• iVIifchief was to be expelled from the Rofe-W\got^ a
M^n of War then in the Harbour. Upon all which,
many Soldiers of the Governour's Forces deferred
the Army'^ and a general Revolt feem'd to be prepa-
ring. Several Gentlemen met on this occafion, and
refolv'd to appear at the head of the People, in cafe oi
an Infurreftion, and drew up a Declaration to be
i<?8p. dirpers'd about the Country. On th.Q lUh o{ u4pr 11^
fome of the difaffe^led feiz'd the Captain of the Roft
Frigot, and immediately the Town of Bofion was in
The Govern Arms : The Townfmen leiz'd the Governour *, and
noiir de- fljofe wretched Men^ who by their innumerable Extor-
pos'dbj the fiQ^^ ^^ ExaEiions^ had made themfelves the ObjeEls of
^^^^'^- vnl^erfal Hatred.

This Revolution was effected without the leaft
Plunder or Blood fhed. The Gentlemen who brought
it about, appointed a Commitee for the Confervation oj
the Peace. The Criminals were fent to England ^ and
the Governour and Magift rates who were in Power
before the lofs of the Charters, were reftor'd to the
Exercife of their former Authority. King William
^ Willi- and Qiieen Mary apnrov'd of their Proceedings, and
am dp' granted them a new Charter •, which tho it referv'd the
proves of Power of nominating the Governour in the King or
w, and Queen cy{ England.^ yet it granted, them great Privileges^
grunts A ^^^ ^,^ rjy^^ refpeEls greater than what they formerly en-
new Char- • t J ^ -^ r *T- 1 r c ^^ ' i^ ^
fgr J^yd-, to uie the worus or one or their own Country-
men. While the Agents were folliciting the AfEir
I (^po, of the Charter, Sir William Phlps reduc'd New-Scotland
to the Obedience of the Crown of England^ at the
charge of thefe Settlements, as we fhall ihew in a-
nother Chapter. Upon the Petition of Sir Henry
jij/mrfl: and Mr. Mather^ in the Name of the Colony,

King

Tk Hijlory of New-England. 6 J

King William made Sir William Phips Captain General, Sir Willi-
andGovernour in Chief of the Province of Maffachu- am Phips
fet Bay in New-England, Under which Title that Co- Governor.
lony only feems to be meant, but the other two were
included in the Commiflion.

Canada was always a Thorn in the fide of Nexo-
Englandy and from thence all her Troubles came.
jThe French having fuch a Natural Envy and Hatred
to the Englifh, that they never mifs'd any opportunity
!of doing them a Mifchief, in whatever part of the
j World they met with them. By their own Conf jfli-
lon, they and their Confederates the Hurons^ fell up- Ue French
ion an Englilh Company in the year i <?87, and took \-Ml '^pon ^^
(way from them to the Value of 50000 Crowns: Alfo^^'^^^?^^>
iMonfieur Dulhut defeated another Company, coal- ^^'^'.^ j-
landed by Major Gregory^ who was Convoy to fome ^'"^^^^^^'
Iroquoisy a Nation in league with ths Englifh, and at
War with the Hurons, Thefe, and other late Provo-
cations from their • Allies the Indians, were juft
grounds for Sir William\ Expedition to endeavour to
piflodge them at Quebec. Their Indian Confederates
rifl'd leveral Plantations about North Tarfnouth \ and
Captain Blackman^ a Juflice of Peace, feiz'd about
20 of 'em, who had been Ring-leaders in the lafl ^
War. Thefe Indians were fent Prifoners to Falmouth^
in Cafco Bay •, and the Savages took Reprizals. Willi-
am Stoughton Elq*, Deputy Governour, and other Gen-
tlemen, went to treat with them, whom the Savages
promis'd to meet at Macquoit^ and to bring their En-
glifh Captives, in order to their being released *, but
never came, being, as they declar'd, diffwaded by the
French : The Englifh flay'd for them fome days *, af-
ter which, finding they had betray 'd them, theyre-
:urn'd to Falmouth :, and they were fcarce arrived
ihere, before the Barbarians fell again on North Tar-
muth. Yet Sir Edmund Andros took no care to put
m end to this War before the Flame fpread farther,
md the French had , fupply*d them with Arms and
Ammunition.

We fhall now take a fhort view of the State of the
[ndian War^ in which we fhall find the French open- War with
[y ingag'd. After the feizing of thofe Indians by xMr. thelniims,
ilachmans Order, the Savages furpriz'd Captain Raw
ifn and Captain Gendall: The former of them dy'd in

Sla-

64 The Hiftory of New-England.

Slavery, the other made his Efcape , and being about
fortifying North Tarmouth^ was attackt by the Indi-
ans, whom he repuls'd. This was the firft Blood that
was fpilt in this long War. Captain Gendall paffing
over the River with his Servant in a Canoo, fell into j
an Ambufh of the Savages, by whom they were both '
~ murder'd : They afTaulted and flew feveral Englilh, at
a Village caird Merry Meeting ', the fame they did at
Sheep/coat^ a Town that was reckoned the Garden of j
the Eaft : This Place they burnt to the Ground, and |
obligd the Inhabitants to retire into tlieir Fort.)
They murder'd Mr. Burrow's and Mr. Bujjy's Families
at Kenehunk'^ and committed fo many Outrages,,
that at laft Sir Edmund Andros with looo Men,,
mitch'd into the Eaft, built a Fort at Vemmaquidy,
another at Pechypfot^ and repair'dand enlarg'd that at;
Sheepfcoat. Upon the depofing of this Perfon from hisi
Government, the old Governour and Magiftrates fenti
Captain Grcenleaf to treat with, the Pf^z^cf?^^ Indians,
who, notwithftanding their fair Pretences, join'd
^1^^^ with the Saconian Savages, furpriz'd Major Walden
yWd ^" ^^^ Garrifon of Quohecho^ kill'd him, and 22 of
his Soldiers, and carry*d away 2p into Bondage#^^
This worthy Gentleman was betrayed by one Mefan- .
douit^ a Prince of the Saconians^ whom he had honou-;
rably entertain'd and trufted as a Friend, and who on.
the approach of the Indians, open'dtheGateof the*
Fort, and admitted them. Mr. John Broughton thejp
murder'd in their Retreat*, and Forces beirlg fent af-
ter them, the Penacooks fled to the Woods, and left
their Corn and Country to the mercy of Captain
Noyes and his Men, who entered it, and deftroy'd
their Wigwams and Plantations

The Indians kiird many Men, Women and Chil-
dren, in other places ^ as a whole Family on the
North fide of Merrimack River, four youn^ Meji of
Saco whom thoy furpriz'd in the Woods, hve more
near5^c«? falls, out of 2^ who came forth to bury the,
others •, one Starkey falling into their hands, to fave
his own Life, difcover'd to them, that one Mr. Giles j
and T+ other Englifhmen, were not far off, thefethe
Savages murdered.

The Indians having intimation, that there was but
a fmill Garrifoi in Pemmaquid Yott^ got n^xx^om

Rock

I The Hijlory of New-England^ 65

Rock which over-look'd it, from whence they niife-
rably gaul'd the BefiegM, who furrender'd, with
i their Governour Captain Weems^ on Conditions
iof Life and Liberty. The Indians broke the Capitu-
[lation, and butcher'd the greateft part of them, as
lalfo Captain Skirmer and Captain Farnhatn^ who vfcrQ^^^^f^f^
jcoming to the Relief of the Fort *, and Mr. PatiJ/jall^j^^g^^Jf^
las he lay in his Sloop in thQ Barbican, The(e LofTes ^'^P'^^''^
|caus*d the Inhabitants of Sheepfcoat and Kennebunk to-'^^^'
'abandon thofe Places, and retire, to Falmouth^ as did
feveral other Planters in other Parts of the Halt.

It was time for the Government of New-England to
think of vigoroufly oppofing thefe Murders and De-
pradations of the Savages : Accordingly Major Swayne
!with yoo Men from Majfachufet^ and Major CWc/?,
jone of their beft Officers from PUmouth^ with as ma-
jny more Englifh, and Chriftian Indians, march'd a-
'gainft the Enemy ^ who hearing, that one Lieutenant
\Huc\in was gone out of a Fort he commanded on the
^Frontiers, with all his Garrifon about their daily
Work, intercepted them in their return, and cut them
lall off, 1 7 in number. Then the Indians attack'd the
Fort in it, which were only two Boys, and fome Wo-
men and Children. Thefe Boys defended it againft fhe Brave--
ithe Savages, wounded feveral of them, and when they ry of two
faw the Barbarians had found out a way to fet fire to ErgUjh
the Houfe in the Fort, and fo burn 'em out,^ wou*d Boys^
inot yield, but on Terms of Life, which thefe inhu-
jmane Wretches granted, and yet afterwards kill'd
(three or four of the Children, with one of the Boys,
the other made his efcape. Captain Garner purfu'd
the Enemy, but they were too nimble for him. A-
nother Party of 'em aflaulted Cafco^ kill'd Captain
\ Bracket^ and had put the whole Town to the Sword^
had not Captain Hall com^ opportunely with Reliely
and engaging the Barbarians, put 'em to flight.

The Defigns of Major Swayne^ and Major Churchy
were fruftrated, by the Treachery of fome Indian
Confederates, who being fent out as Scouts, difco-
ver'd all that they knew to the Enemy •, and thefe
I under/landing the Number of the EngUlh, fled to
their inaccefiible Woods and Swamps, where there
was no coming at them *, fo Major Swayne having
reliev'd the Garriion of j?/^ip Pointy retir'dto Winter
Quarters. F 1^

1
66 The Htfiory of New-England.

In the following year, Monfieur Artell^ a Fretichii
man from Canada^ and one Hoop'Hood an Huron Lea-
der, affaulted Salmons Fallsy and deftroy'd the beft part
of the Town with Fire and Sword, killing 30 Perlon^
and leading away above 50 into Captivity, ufingtheiri
Captives with the utmoft Barbarity that French andi
Indian Cruelty could invent.

This Defcent of the French, and their confedera-
ting with the Indians, alarm'd all the Englifh Settle-
ments on that Coaft ^ and after the Reduftion of N<h
J/V W. ^^ Scotia^ Sir William Fhips was difpatch'd away with'i
^^'P^.V . 3 2 Sail of Ships and Tenders to attack Queheck. Th« :
c&^°^ principal Men of War were.

The Six-Friends, Capt. Gregory Sugars Admiral, 44Guns.
The John znd ThomaSi Capt. Carter Vice- Admiral.
The Swan, Capt.T^o. G/Z^enRear-Admiral.

They had aboard in all 2000 Men*, and fetting faill
from Hully ncdiv Bofton^ thQ pth o( j4uguftj 1690. ar-
riv'd before September^ at Oueheck *, but were detained;
(b long by contrary Winds, that they were 3 Weeksfci
going up the River of Canada^ which otherwife theyi
might have done in 3 Days. This gave the Count
de Frontenac an opportunity to prepare for his De-
fence, and draw all the Strength of the Colony to
Quebeck'^ which Sir William Phips expelled would
have been divided by an Army marching over Land, ,
and attacking Mount Royal Fort at the fame time that
he fell upon the City.

This Army was to confift of 1000 Men from New--
Tork^ Conne^licufj and VUmouth Colonies, and 1500
Indians, to whom the French give the general Name
of Iroquois^ but our Englifh diftinguifh them by the
Names of their feveral Nations. The Englifh march'd
as far as the great Lake of Canada^ but not finding,
Canoos ready lor them to pafs it, and the Indians not
joyning them according to their Agreement, they
returned •, by which means, Count de Frontenac had no
need of making any Detachments for the Security of ,
Mount Royal. Sir William fummon'd the Count to fur-
render the City, but received a very infolent abufivc
An fwer : So on the %th of Oilober^ the Englifh landed^
under Lieutenant General Wmlley^ to t\iQ number of

1400^

The Hifiory of New -England. 6j

1400, for to thofe few they were already reduced by
t\i^ Small Pox, and other Difeafes.

In the mean while, Sir William brought his Ships to
bear on the Weft-end of the City, waiting when Ge-
neral Whalley wou'd begin the AfTault ^ but this Gen-
tleman hearing Count Frontenac had 4000 Men
with him, and was provided to make a vigorous De-
fence, notwithftanding the Prayers of the Englifh
Soldiers to the contrary, refolv'd to re-imbark ^ and
Sir William tyi^Q{\'mg the Signal of their attacking the
Town on the Eaft-fide, fent a MefTenger afhore, to
know the reafon of their not giving the AfTault^
which when he underftood, and that many of the Men
were almoft frozen to Death, and that the Colonel Vpfortth
and others were ill of the Small Pox, he order'd them ^(ttc^
on board to refrefh themfelves *, and calling a Coun-
cil of War, it was refolv'd to return.

The Baron La Hontan^ who was then at QuehecJi^
(ays, there was not 200 French in the Town when
Sir William came thither •, that when he fir'd upon it,
he was two Leagues off it *, that the Engliih landed a-
bout 3000 Men againft the Ifle of Orleans^ about a
League and half below Quebeck *, but meeting with art
Ambufcade, they retirU"

The Englifh Account varies from this, and aflures

Ins, that Ambufcade ran away from Whalleys Men.

'The Baron adds, That if Phifs had been engag'd by

tthe French, to ftand ftill with his Hands in his Poc-

■kets, he could not have done lefs againft them. That

the Englifh kiird Monrieur5' Helene^ and 100 French,

land took the Sieur Jolet^ his Lady, and other Prifoners.

I This was a fad Misfortune ;, by the New-England Ac-

counts,above 1 000 Men periib'd in it one way or other.

The Fleet was feparated in its return, and fome Ships

driven as far as the Leward Iflands *, one was wreck'd,

j another never "heard of^ a third foundered and all the

[Crew loft*, a fourth was driven afhore on the defblate

Ifland of jintecofla^ where Captain Rainsford and his

Company, forty at firft, were reduc'd by Want and

Weather, to half the Number, in a Month's time,

jind then fav'd almoft miraculoufly. This Expedition

oft the Colony of New- England 40000 /. for which

hey ran in Debt, and paid it off by Bills which they

ade currant, like the Exchequer Bills in England.

F .2 Sir

68 The Hlpry of i^Jc'W'-Enghnd.

Sir Willl^mj foon after 'his return to Boflon^
fail'd from thence to Brifiol , and haftning to London^
fhew'd the Kin^ the neceflity of reducing Canada^ for
the Safety of his Dominions in the Wefi-Indtes *, but
the French War in Europe lay fo heavy on King Wit--
Llami that he could not find a way to begin it in Ameri-
ca^ where he had enough to do to defend his own Terri-
tories. Twas now that this Knight,on the reprefentatioul
of the Agents, of his Merit and Zeal for the Kingandt
J/> Willi- Country's Service, receiv'd his Commifiion of Govern
am Phips nour, and the new Charter we have already fpoken"
Governor, ^f in this Chapter. With thefe he haflen'd back tQ|i
'Nerv-Englandy accompany'J by the AgQnt Mr. Mat her ^
and a Day of Thankigiving was appointed for the faf<^
Arrival of two Rich /;;^/?orf/^«f Perfons. If the Author!
of Sir Williajn ?hips\ Life, in Catton Mather's loofe;
Colle£lions, be to be credited •, He was a Man o^l
great Honour, and a true Lover of his Country ^ as
will appear by this Speech of his to the Genera^
Affembly.

Gentlemen ^

Hii Speei,b Tou may make your f elves as eafy 04 you will for ever t

to the Jf- Corifidcr what may have a^ty Tendency to Tour Welfare^

jembly, ^^^^^ Ton may he fure^ That whatever Bills Tou offer to

tnCy co'fififlent with the Honour and Interefi of the Crown^

ril pafs them readily : I do hut feek Opportunities t(r

ferve you. Had it not heen for the fake of this Things

I had never accepted the Government of this Province :

And whenever Tou have fettVd fuch a Body of good

Laws^ that no Perfon coming after me may make Tou

vneafy^ I Jfjall defire not one day longer to continue in the

Government. ^

Witch ^^ ^^^ ^^^^' ^^ ^^'^^ ^^^^ careful to make goo^

pwfiifl^d J"^S^^> J^ftices, and Sheriffs, and tender in burning

' Witches. The People of New-England were at this

time got into fuch a Humour of Witch-hunting^

Cot. Mat. that there was a Society of them at Bofion^ as there is.

/>. 61. of Reformation in London *, and that Society engag'd
themfelves to find out and profecute all Witches,
as the Society in London feeks after and punifhes all
Whores, &c. The New-England Society had thrown
no lefs than 100 old Men and Women intojGoal

" for

The Hiftory ^/New-England. 69

for Sorcery *, and fome had been put to Death •,
fonie Scores lay ready for the Faggot ^ but the Mini-
fters of Boflon^ and the French and Dutch Minifters
at New-Torky informing Sir William Phips^ that per-
haps fome of the pretended Mifchiefs faid to be done
by the Witches, might be the Devil's doing in the
Shape of fuch Perlons *, the new Governour was
not fo ready to burn them, as thofe who went before
him were ^ and many of the Sorcerers, who lay only
for the Warrant on a new hearing, were f6und rather
to deferve Pity and Alms, than a Gibbet or Fire.
Sir William by difcountenancing the Novelty of
Witch-burning, clear'd the Country more of Wit-
ches, than all the Executions that had been done be-
fore his time. For to ufe the Hiftorian's own Expref-
fion *, They ran as vehemently vpon acquitting all the Ac-
cvs*dj as by mlflake they ran at firfi vpon condemning them.
For which prudent Proceeding, the late Queen Mu'
ry^ our Sovereign of Sacred and Glorious Memory,
wrote him a Letter of Thanks.

We muft now take a further View of the Indian 7k MiAn
War i the Seat of which was in that part of the Pro- Wat^
nnct where the Governour was born. The Indians
iknew him Perfonally, and when they heard that he
had taken a Ship full of Money ^ they wonder'd mighti-
ly at the Fortune of a Man, of whom they had no
manner of expectation that ever he w^ould make fuch a
figure in the world ^ but when he was made Governour,
their wonder was increas'd, and Fear added to their
Aftonifhment. They knew he was acquainted with
them and their Country, and underftood how to car-
ry on an Indian War much better than his Predecef-
fors.

The French and Indians attack'd C^/f«7, kill'd Lieu-Cafco w-
tenant Clark^ and 13 Men out of 30 near the Town, Un,
'rove thofe within it into the Fort, undermin'd it, and
blig'd the Englifh Governour Major Davis ^ after he
ladloflmoft ofhisMen, to fur render, on prom ife of M<«jor
Convoy to the next Garriion. However the French fent Davis.
the Major and fome of the Men Prifoners to Quebeck^
and the rell were murder'd by the Savages ;, Captain
Laurence was mortally wounded in this Siege, and
many brave Soldiers kill'd.

F 3 Wpoi>

7© The Hifiory of New-England.

upon the lols of Cafco^ the Garrifons of Papoodacl^y
SpuYwink^ Blew'point and Black-pointy retir'd to Sacoy
and thence to Wells •, from whence half of them re-
treated as far as Lieutenant Storers. Hopehood followed
them, burnt fonie Houfes, kiU'd 12 or 13 Men andi
Women, and carry'd away 6 ox 7 from Berwick and
Fox-point'^ But Captain F/oj/d? and Cdi^tZAn Greenleaf
meeting him, many of his Men were (lain, andj
himfeltwounded. He was afterwards kill'd by fome i
French Indians, who miftook him and his Party i
for Confederates with the Englifh. At 5/>rMCf -Creek I
an old Man was murder'd, and a Woman made a|
Captive. At Lamperwell s> Men were (lain, and others i(
Jed into Captivity. Capt. PTfiPf//, and Capt. F/^y,
being detach d by the Council of War at Tortfmouthy
tolcour the Country as far as Cafco^ overtook the.
Enemy near IVheelwrightf-Pond^ and coming to an|
Engagement, the former, his Lieutenant Flagy and
molt of his Men were kill'd, which obligM C^vuFloyd
neEvgup^tomirQ. They had 100 Men with them, but the
Ti^r ^"^^^"^ 3 or 4 times that number 1 and befides, there
ZirVmh "^y^^ ^""^^^ ^^^"^^ Soldiers mix'd among them to difci-
• pline them, and teach them a regular way of Fighting,
which wasthereafon that the Englifh wanted more
Men in this Indian War, than they did in the former :
Nor durft they venture an A^ion where the Advan-
tage was fo much on the Enemies fide, as they us*d
to do., After this Viftory, the Savages made an
Incurfion as far as Ameshury^ took Capt. Foot^ and
tortur'd him to Peath. The Townfmen taking the
Allarni fled to their Fort. However, the Enemy
Kill'd 3 Perfons, burnt as many Houfes, drove off their
Cattle, and retreated.

A greater Force under the Command of Major
CWf-/? was fentagainftthefe Invaders. Himfelf, with
300 Men, went by Sea, and landed in the Night
at Alacquoit in Cafco Bay. They march'd immediate^
ly to Pechepfcot an Indian Fort, which they found de-
ferted : From thence they advanced 40 Miles up the
River to Amonofcoggin Fort, where they met 5 Indians
haling away 2 Englifh Prifoners. They releas'd the
Captives, but cou'd not come at the Indians. There
were no more than 21 Indians in Amonofcoggin '^ of
them Major Chvrch took and flew 20, and let 5 En-

gUfli

The Hi/lory of New-England. 71

gli/h Prifoners at Liberty *, the Major hunted the Sa-
vages up and down, forced them to djop fome of their
Captives, particularly Mx, Anthony Bracket^ kill'd fome
of their Straglers, but not being able to get them
out of their FortrefTes, he return'd, leaving Capt
Conversy and Lieutenant Plaijied in that Country to
obferve the Enemy.

Soon after the Indians came to Wells with a Flag ^ T^uce
of Truce, and Major Hutchinfon and Capt. Townfend (concluded.
were fent from Boflon to treat with them. A Truce
was concluded : The Captives on both fides were to
be reftor'd, and Edgeremet and 5 more of their Sega-
mores fign'd the Treaty (as well as they cou'd) in
their Canoos at Sagadahoc *, for they w^ou'd not come
afhore. Among the Prifoners that were released, ^^•^'*
were Mrs. //«//, whpm they wou'd feign have kept,
becaufe fhe cou'd write, to be their Secretary, and
Nathaniel White ^ whom they had fnften'd to a
Stake to roaft him to Death. Captain G?«i;^rj ftaid
with a good Garrifon at Wellsj for the Security of
thofe Parts. And thus the War ceas'd for a little
while, Afino 1691.

The Indians inftead of bringing in all the C^^tivQs^ The JndJan$
came down two or three Months after upon Capt. break it.
Conveys at Wells j but he received them fo well, that
they withdrew. The Hoftilities being renew'd, they
kiird 2 Men at Berwick^ 2 at Exeter^ and 5 or ^
at Cape Nidduch To prevent further Mifchief,
Capt. Marchy Capt. King^ Capt. Sherharn^ and Capt.
Waters^ with 400 Men, landing at Macquoit^ march'd
to Pechypfcot, Thefe Forces not meeting the Enemy, ♦

grew fecure, and draggled out in Parties \ which
the Savages obferving, gather'd in a Body, attacked
them with Advantage, and drove them to their Ships,
with the Lofs of Capt. Sherharn and feveral Men.
They then kill'd 7 Perfons dit Berwick^ 21 2it Sandy
Beach^ a-Family at ^orp/^j, 2SioX\\Qt ^t Haverhill^ and
forc'd the Garrifon to defert the Itrong Fort of Cape
Nidducky for want of Men to defend it. A Body of
Popifh Indians aflaulted the Town of Torh^ kill'd 50
Men, and led away 100 into Slavery ^ the reft for-
tify'd themfelves in their Houfes ^ and tho they were
but a handful, yet the Savages, who were feveral
hundreds, durft npt attack them. Here Mr. Dum-*

F 4. mer

7 2 The Hijiory of New-England, '

nier the Minifler was fhot, to the great Joy of thefe
Kcjjiljl) Barbarians, A Snip was immediately dif-
patch'd away, with a Grant to purchafe the Re-«
(demption of the T<?r^-Captives ', and thofe Men who
remain'd in that Town talking of abandoning itj
Major fiiitchinfon was fcnt thither with a ftrong Party
commanded under him by Capt. Convers^ (Z?i^irFloyd^
and Capt. Thaxter^ to .defend thofe Parts of the:
Country from the Incurfions of the Enemy. Capt. Con-
vers was Pofled at Wells^ with only 1 5 Men in the
Ctf^t.Con- Fort, and 15 more in Sloops, to allifl theGarriibn
vers^r^- upon occafion from the River. Againft him Ma*
'^'<^7* denkarcando^ Moxus^ Edgeremet^ Warumho^ Indian
Princes, Monfieur Burniff^ and Monfieur Lahrocree^
and 500 Hurons^ or French Indians, came down \
yet fuch was the incredible Valour of the Men in
the Sloops, and the Captain with his in the Fort,
that after feveral fruitlefs Attempts to mafter them
by Land and Water, the French Generals, and
their 4 Indian Confederate Princes, were oblig*d to
retire *, and Monfieur Labrocree never liv'd to bear
the Reproach of fo fcandalous a Retreat, being kill'd
inthefirft of it. The Enemy happened to take one
Johf2 Diamond Prironer,whom they us'd fo barbaroufly,
that 'twou'd move too much Horror in the Reader
to hear it. For none but Indians or Frenchmen
cou'd be guilty of it.

Sir William Phips_ having fettled the Affairs of his
Government at Bojion^ and underftanding the Enemy
Jiad made a terrible Slaughter of fome Husband-
ly _ men on the Northfide of Merrimack River, rais'd
quid'Wrf 4.50 Men, and march'd to Pemmaquid *, where Capt,
built by ^^i^croft^ and Capt. Wing^ by his Order and Dire<4i-
Sir Willi- ^"^h ^^i^t: the beft Fort that is on the Continent of
^mWi'^^.'^fnerica in EngUfh hands: In which he put 21,
Garrifon of 6q Men \ but the Charge of building and
maintaining it, ^aus'd Murmurings and Complaints* 1
ill the Country, which began to make Sir William's 1
Adminiilration uneafy to him. Major Church took
5 Indians at Venobfcot^ demolilh'd their Fort at Toco-
itety and deflroy'd the Corn about it. The next
year Sir William fent 3 50 Men to Wells^ and orderU
Captain Convers^ whom he alio made Major and
CPWl^^^dev in Cl^ief, to drain the Eaftern Garri?^

' ' fcni

The Hiftory of New-Englaad. 7 5

Tons, and march into the Enemies Country, which
he did ^ Icowr'd the Woods about Taconet^ proceeded
to Saco^ and laid the Foundation of a Fort there, which
was carry'd on by Major Hook^ and Capt. Hill^ and
was a great defence to the Eaftern Counties. He
lt)ok feveral Indians, and cut 'em in pieces, to revenge Ani^
fome late Murders they had committed at 0)//?fr-Ri- 169^,
ver. At ConneEHcut alio the Englifh hearing the Sava-Saco-for^
ges appeared about Quahoagj fent out a Party of Horfe,
who purfu'd them to a Swamp, and leaving their
Horfes at the Entrance of it, followed them by their
Track, kill'd moft of them, and recover'd fome Cap-
tives which they had taken, with all their Plunder.
Upon the late SuccefTes of the Englilh, the vigorous
Proceedings of Sir William Phips^ and the building
the Forts in the Eaft, the Indians began^to incline
to a real Peace, efpecially hearing the Macquas threat-*
ned to fall on them for killing fome of their Sguas
or Princefles, on a Whartel-herry Plain. Thefe Ma-
quas had the life gf Guns, before any other Indian
Nation, and by this Advantage are laid to have kill'd
two Millions of Indians. They inhabited the Regions
to the Weft, and were generally in League with the
Englifh. The Indian Segamores had a French En-
voy in their Courts, who was a Friar, to ftir them up •
againft the Englifh, and keep them in heart. This
Prieft did his utmoft to perfwade them to continue the
Warj but the French not afTifting them with Men,
Arms and Ammunition, as they promised, the Friar 7]&e/»i/i»^
cou'd not hinder them from begging a Peace. hcgaPeacc*

Accordingly a Peace was concluded the nth of
Augufl^ i693» by Capt. Wing^ Mr. Manning^ and
Mr . Johnforty in the Name of Sir William Phips^ and
by Edgeremet tor the Indians. The Indians lay quiet
about a year, and all that while the French Priefts
inil:igated them to break the Truce. They at laft 7^''^:?' ^''^^^
prevail'd upon them to make an Inroad into the Ter- ^^^?^^''"^'
ritories of the Englifh, who were not provided to ^^'^Ji^^l^
ceive them, reckoning themfelves iecure in th,^ French
Treaty. Py/e//^.

An Army of thefe Savages falling on a fudden on Oy- ^ ^
/?fr-^/'z/^r-Town,made near 100 Per fons Captives. One ^*
Bickford coura^ioully defended his Houfe againft them,
fWd defpairing to reduce him before Succours came,
;' they

1

74 The mpry of New-England.

they left him: Such was the end of the Peace of,
Tentmaquid^ the Place where the laft Treaty was con"*!!
eluded. They murder'd Mrs. Cutt and her Family
on Pifcataway, They made an AfTault on Groton\
but were repulsed by Lieutenant Lakin : However
they kiird 20 Perfons in that Plantation. At Spruce-
Creek they flew three, and at Killery eight more.
Here they barbarowfly us*d a Daughter of Mx.Down*^
ingy who notwithft-anding {he was knocked down,,
had her Skull fcalp'd, and was left for dead, recpver^d ,
and is ftill Living. Mr. Pike^ Under-Sheriff of
Effex , was murdered by them , between jim^sbury
and Haverhill. To recompenfe thefe Lofles? the
The En^ Englifh feiz'd Bommafeen^ one of the Segamoi*^!
glijhtahe ^^ho, with Edgeremet^ had fign'd the late T^ea-
thuSzchtm ^y^ He pretended to be juft come from Cana^^y
Bomma- ^^^ ^^^^^ -^^^^ ^^^ Englifti Territories, on purpofe to
endeavour to put an end to the Hoftilities *, but iti
being prov*d that he was a Principal Aftor in the late
Murders, he was fent Prifoner to Bofton. The lofs
of fo great a Man as Bommafeen quieted the Indians
for <$• or 7 Months, and then they renew*d their Bar-
barities. They took two Souldiers belonging to the
Garrifon oiSaco^ kiird the one, and fent the other into
Bondage.

Sometime after Sheepfcoat John^ fo caird from a Place
of that Name, near which he was born, who was one
of the famous Mr. Elliot's Converts, but now an Apo-
flate and Enemy, propos'd a Treaty, and the Indians
ca.me to Pemmaquidy pretending to be (brry that they
had violated the Truce. To ihew their Sincerity, they
deliver'd up 8 Captives, and promised to releafethe.reft.i
Col. Philips Commander in Chief of the Forces, Lieu*i
tenant Col. Hawthorn^ and Major Convers were Com-?
miflion'd to treat with the Savages, who defign'd;
only to get Bommafeerf again if they cou*d \ and
when they found the Englifli were refolv*d to keep
him faft at Bofion^ they broke off the Conference^
and departed.

An Ambufcade of Indians took Major Hammond

Y* J r ^^ Kettery^ and fent him to Canada^ where Count !

i"^" Frontenac treated him very honourably, having bought

u^CHorf s ^^"^^^^is Savage-Mafter. Another Party came to Bel*

J^ ^^^'leric^ on Horleback, which rendered them iinfufpe£lt

edv

/ 1

The Hijlary of New-England. 75

edi they never ufing a Horfe, unkfs to eat him.
Here they killed and took 1 5 Men and Women. They
flew Serjeant March^ and 3 Men, near Pemmaquid^
and 6 more as they were rowing a Gondola round a
Point above the Barbican, They took 9 People out
of Newbury^ and being purfu'd by Capt. Greenleafj
wounded them fo, when they found they cou*d not
keep them, that they all dy'd, except a Lad. Capt.
Churchy Governour of Pemmaquid Fort, defiring to
lay down his Commiilion, was fucceeded by Capt.
Chtdh-^ who we are told was guilty of a Piece of Trea-Grpf^r^
chery unworthy the Englim Name •, for, meeting Chub's
Edgeremet and another Prince on a fort of Treaty, ^'^erfon^
he put 'em both to Death.

The next Year one John Churchy and 3 more of i ^$^,
Quobecho^ Thomas Cole and his Wife of Wells^
14 Perfons near Portfmouth^ were maflacred, ana
7 taken Prifoners. In Augufl^ the French landed fome
Men out of a Man of War, the Newport, which they
had taken from the Englifh, to affift the Indians. This
News fo frighted the Traitor Chubj that he furrren-
der'd the new and ftrong Fort of Pemmaquid. The
People of New-England mifs'd their Governour
Sir William Phips^ whom by their Clamours and
Complaints they had caus'd to be fent for to England,
a little after the Pemmaquid-PedLCQj as we fhall fhew
in the following Pages, being now willing to finffh
the Indian War ^ which, tho it made a mighty Noife
in New-England^ will not have a like ef]fe£t on an
Old Englifl) Reader.

The taking of Pemmaquid Fort threw the Eneliih Pemma-
in thofe Parts into a dreadful Confternation *, and the ^'^^/f*
Deputy Governour, Col. Stoughton, fent out Col. Ged-V.^'" ^ v
»<ry, Col. Hawthorn^ and Major Churchy with feve- '^*
ral Parties, to put a ftop to the Enemy, who, pleas'd
IWith fo formidable aConqueft, were retir'd, doing
[no more mifchief at that time, except in murdering
I J Souldiers of 5.^C(? Fort, who fell into their hands.
I ¥iom Haverhill ia the enfuing Year, they took 3 p Kffjs,.
I Captives, of whom one was Hannah Dunfian, a Wo- ^*
'man of a mafculine Spirit : She had lain in not above
|a Week, yet fhe and her Nurfe walk'd 150 Miles on
Ifoot to the Town where the Indian, Ihe was to ferve,
liv'd. This Woman being afterwards to travel with

her

76 The Hiftory of New-Engknd.

her Mafter and his Family, to a Rendezvous of!
Indians, fhe watch'd her Opportunity in the Nieht,
and having animated her Nurfe to aflift her, they
kill'd ten of the Indians with their own Weapons, and
made their efcape ^ for which Aft ion they receiv*3i
a Reward of 50 Pounds, from the General AfTem-
bly of the Province, and Prefents from private Perfons
to a good Value. The Savages continuing their In-
roads, kill'd a Man at Torky another at Hatfield^ a third ^
at Groton^ and a fourth at Exeter^ from whence they ;
carried away 2 Children Captives. They kiird another '
Man at Exeter ^ after this wounded a fecond, and
carry'd off a third : They alfo furpriz'd and flew
Major Frofi and his Two Sons, and 3 Women near
New-Chavpannic ^ and dreadful Defolation threat-
ned ths whole Province, from an Invafion of the
French : But before we (peak of that, we fhou*d let
the Reader know what became of the Governour,
Six William T hips ^ and in whofe Hands the Govern-!
ment of New-England was in thefe difficult times. 1
Sir William having fettled Peace, as he thought, "
in the Province, and the Trade being open'd with the
Savages, went for England to jufliry himfelf againft
the Complaints of his Enemies, who profecuted hiiii
at the Council-Board, for feveral A£Vs of Male-Ad-
miniftration. The General Affemhly of the Province,
fent Letters to Court by him, to pray that he might
be continu'd Governour, which feem*d to be a fuffi-
cient Juftification of his Innocence *, and the King
was fo well fatisfy'd of his Conduft, that had he liv'd,
'tis thought he would have been fent back in the fame
Pod *, but he dy'd at London^ and the Government of
New- England was after his Death manag'd by his
U$f!. Deputy, William Stovghton^ Efq*, till the Year 15^7.
William when the Earl of Bellamont came over Governour,
Stough- Sir William carry'd home with him a Proje£l to
ton, bYq; fupply the Kingdom of £«^/rfw^ with Naval Stores from^
-^eputy the Eaftern Parts of Maffachnfet Colony, which might
ijovcrm. eafily be^done •, he alfo intended to follicit AfTlllance
for the Conqueft of Canada •, and the Court was fo
well convinced of the Neceflity of that Conqueily
as to order Sir Francis Wheeler to flop at New-Em
gland^ to take in what Forces the Province had rais'd^
and thence proceed to Canada, Accordingly Sir Fran-
cis

The Hifiory of New-England. 77

rif arriv'd there during the Peice of Pemmaguidy but he
had loft three quarters of his Seamen and Landmen at
the Sugar-Iflands, and fo that Defign came to nothing i
which, had it been executed as 'twas projefted, wou'd
have prevented the Fears of a French Invafion in
Nnxh-England,

The Deputy Governour prepar'd for a vigorous De-
fence, and the Forts, particularly thofe at Bofton^ were
put into very good Order. Major March with 500
Men was pofted on the Eaftern Frontiers, to obferve
the Enemy on that fide •, and he did (o much good*
that few Englifh fell into their Hands. They kill'd
a Souldier near Wells ^ took another and Roafted him.
Three more they furpriz'd as they were cutting Wood
for the Garrifon at Saco Fort, and murder'd them.
They took Lieutenant Fletcher and his two Sons, one
of whom efcap'd ^ the other with his Father was ma(^
facred. Major March proceeded to Cafco Bay, and
came on the Enemy unaware, who after one Fire,
fled to their Fleet of Canoo's and got ofF^ the Ma-
jor having kill'd a good number of them before they
cou'd get away, with the lofs of Capt. Weymouth of
Barnfiablej and 12 Men. This A£Vion, tho it does not
! appear to be of any great Confequence, yet was (u in
eted : For it hinder'd the promis'd Irruption of the
iSavages, as that did the Defcent of the French, who
[being weakned by a Storm, and hearing of the De-
feat of their Confederates the Indians, and the good
pofturejof Defence the Englifh were in, gave them no
Difturbance.

L: While the Savages con tinu'd their Incur fions, the ^j-p^.
iLord Bella?nont in England was preparing for his De- j^^ £^yi
Iparture, and fet fail in the DeptforaMm of War, in of Bella-
\November is^j. He was driv'n as far as Barbadoes^montGo'
jbut kept clear of the Ifland,and arriv'd in fafety dXBo-icrnor,
\fionj in December, After his Arrival, the Enemy hQ-jnives at
igan to grow weary of the War. They kiird 20 Men Bollon.
at Lancafier-Town, with Mr. Whiting the Minifter,
burnt fome Houfes, and two or three old People in
jthem, and carry'd away 5 into Slavery. They alfo
murder'd one Man at Oyjier-Bay. Nor muft we for-
t;et Chiiby the falfe Wretch, who furrender'd Pemma-
^:(id Fort. The Governour kept him under Exami-
r.3tion feme time at Bofton^ and then dilmill him.

As

^8 The Hifivry of NQW'En%htid, i

The Traiior As he was going to his Houfe at Andover^ the Indiar [

Ghub furpris'd him and his Wife, and maflacred their'

miirder'd ^ juft Reward of his Treafon. They (lew three cj

BjitheJnm f^^^ Perfons more-, and had got Colonel DudU

dim, Bradftreet into their hands, but Being clofely purfu'c

they difniift him and other Prifoners. They kill'.

two, and took two fometinie after at HaverhiL

murdered an Old Man at Tork^ and attacked DeerfieL

on ConneEtlcut fide, but were beaten off by M^

Williams the Minifter, and the Townfmen. A Maj

and a Boy were (lain at Hatfeild^ and that was the laf

Blood fpilt by them. For Count Frontenac gavi

Thefrnah notice to the French Indians, that there was a Peace

Tuce, concluded in Europe^ and they muft reftore all thfi

Englifli Captives *^ many of whom were dead, aftc

the reft .return*d. Major Convers^ and Captain Al

dm were fent by the Earl of Bettamont to receive

them, and the Submiffion of the Sachems and Si

gamores ^ who came and excus'd themfelves fo:

CompUin breaking the Peace, faying, The Jefuits wotdd mi

eftbe Jt" let them alone till they had done it '^ and if the Ear\

funs, of Bellamont, and the Count de Frontenac, woulA

not batjijh thofe Devils^ they could not^romife the Feact

woi^d laft long.

Colonel PhillipSj and Major Convers were feni

again to fettle Commerce with them, and to take s

more formal Submiflion •, which Moxus^ a principal

Segamore^ and others, Sign'd near Mares Pointy a1

1 6 9%, Cafco Bsiy^ t\iQ 7th of January^ i^^S,

On the Conclufion of the Peace, the Earl of BeUa'
mom fummon^d an AlTembly, wherein, befides his
juft Praifes of our Late Sovereign, King William ol
7/:»eF^>*/o/ Glorious Memory, he recommended to them, Toen^
Eella-^ gage their Neighhovr Indians in a Trade^ by a good Re'
mont s gulation^ and underfelling the French. To provide War-\
^h'Ar-^ //^^ Store Sy and take care of the Fortifications. To let
\cmbh ■ ^^'^^''^ Laws agree with thofe of Ex) gldiVid as near as poffi-
^' hie. To which the AlTembly made a handfome Re-
ply, in an Addrefs of Thanks *, and the Lieutenant*
Governoii Air. Stoughton did the fame in the Name,
of the Council. So that all was Peace and Harmony,
now in JVew- England. The E^ivl of Bellamont wasal-
foGovernour of New-Iorky and chofeto refide moftly.
at thp City. In his Abfence, the Lieutenant Gover-
nour fupply'd his Place. . In

I

The Hiftofy of New-England. 79

In the Year 169^, the famous Pirate Captain ATi^ i^pp^
yfis taken at Bofion^ by Order of the Governour th^ Cxpt, Kid
Lord Bellamonty and fent Prifoner to England^ where ^^e Pirdte
he was often exaniin'd concerning his Piracies ^^^^ ^^^^
by Committees of Parliament, and afterwards try'd>
condemned and hang'd.

In 1700. The Aflembly gave a Tax towards buil- 1700;
ding a Room for a Library, and a Theatre at Cant'
bridge^ where there was an Indian College erefted^
or Appartments built for them in that of Harvard,
On the loth of Marc h^ 1702. a dreadful Fire broke 1702.
out at Bofiorty in the Houfe of Mr. John George^ which ^
burnt fo violently, that 9 Ware-houfes, withavaft
Quantity of Goods, were reduced to Afhes, and feve-
ral Streets confum'd and damaged by it. As to other
Events, there have been none remarkable lately :
The Indians have not dar'd to break the Peace in the
prefent War j and the Privateers which the Govern-
, ment and Merchants of New-England have fet out
, fince the laft Rupture with France^ have been fb
I fuccefsful, that they took 1 4 Merchant-men, and 3
j Capers, in a few Weeks time. The Earl of Bella"
mmt dying in this year, Her Majefty Queen Anne .

wasgracioufly pleased to appoint Colonel Jofeph Dud- £fhJ^^'
ley to be Governour of New-England *, but the Go- ^"^^^V
vernment of the Province of New-Tork was given ^^^^^^*^
to the Lord Cornbury by King William. 170.

CHAP. II.

Of the Country J Torvns and Forts ; Of the
Climate^ Soily and ProduB ; Of the Ani"
mds and Trade at New-England.

'VfR. Delaety who is look'd upon to be the mod exa£t 7he Extent
•^ * Author that ever wrote of the Wefi-Indies^ is in of New-
an Error in his Account of New-England^ when he England.
fays it has but 70 Miles in Length. The Dutch at
that time fhut it in k> much on the South-fide, from
which they took all Newhaven Colony j and the

French

8o The Hifiory of New-England. I

French on the North, where they reckon'd all beyond
Pifcatarvay River, as part of Norembegua, that there
was little left for New-England, But we fhall prove
it runs near 300 Miles along the Coaft, without rec-i
koning the Angles, which wou*d make it much more,
It is not any where in a direft Line above 50 Miles
broad. It lies between 41 and 4^ Degrees N. Lati-'
tude: Is bounded by the Terra Canadenfts on the N.,
Tenfilvania W. New-Tor k S. and the Atlamick Ocean!
E. By the Situation, 'tis in the Middle of the Tem-j
perate Zone ^ yet the Climate is not fo mild nor {bji
regular as to Heat and Cold, as thofe Countries are,i
that are Parallel with it in Europe^ as fome Parts of j)
Jtaly and France, For what reafbn, | we may fee ia!i
+ Nam Mr. Delaetj who in his Defcription of it fays, ^ * Ther
qua Mare a Summer is not fo hot, and that the Winter is!
contingit u more cold than 'tis commonly in the fame Climate 5 p
to7ri2idi." andforGoodnefsof Air, and Fertility of Soil, the
or eft '" Country may be compared with the beft in Eu-
idque par- ■ ^^P^*
timabO-

ceani (uci videtur) vicinltatem, aijus jugis & inconftans motus, ra-
diorum Solarum reflexum frangit, partim ab Vaporum afcendentiunr

copiam qiii^ftum mitigant, &c. And agaitiy Eafdem regiones

longe frigidiorcs effe qua afcendentem Solum fpe£tant, quam qua de-
fcendentem.

* i^ftas minus ferveat, & Hiems magis algeat, quam vulgo In Euro-
pa Tub eodem Climate ; Cceli Solique bonicate cum laudatiflimis Euro-
pas merito poffe comparari.

The Climate of New-England^ in comparifbn
with that of yirginia , is as the Climate of Scot^
land^ compared with that of England. The Air
however is healthy, and agrees with Englifh Confti-
tutions : On which account, this Colony is the moffi
flourifhing and numerous of any that belongs to the
7be Soil, Crown of England in America. The Soil is ge*.
nerally fruitful, but in fome Places more fo than!
in others. - ■

We fhall fhew the difference in treating of the par-
ticular Counties. In doing which, we ihall run along
the Coaft from North to South, and take in every
thing remarkable that has come to our knowledge!
Dividing the whole Country into the four firit Colo*

nies

The Hifiory of New-Engtand. 8i

flics or Provinces, andthofe into Counties, according
to the prefent Divifion of it in the lateft Surveys.

Thelargeft and moft populous Settlement is that of
Maffachufef^ which was the Name of the Indian Na- Maflachu-
tion inhabiting that part of the Country, where now '^5 ^^^ *
(lands the City ofBofiort, This Province extends from '*""^*^'
Eaft to Weft in length along the Coaft from Scituate in
TUmouth County, to Saco River in thatof yt/^;>7,near 1 1 o
Miles, and in breadth from the fame Scituate to Enfeild
in Hampjhire in the Province oiCorme^kute about ^o,but
'tis narrower up in the Country. It contains the Coun-
ties of,

Towns Names. Minifters Names.

r Falmouth J Mr. -^

^Scarborough^ Mr. ^^'"

A/^>;, in which are,^Wr.J;, | ^r. i/.;;c..*, '^'

f^Kittery^*^ Mr.

The J/le of Shoals.

Tork gives the Name of a Shire to a fmall part of
this Province, but 'tis generally included in that
of Main*

^ Dover J Mr. Jok Pike,

\ Exeter^ Mr, Job. Clark, Cornwall.

Cornwall^ in vfhkhJ Hamptorr^ Mr. Job, Cotton,

^Portfmouth^ Mr. Jofij, Moody,

The furthernioft Bay Northward is Cafco^ in which
is Saco River. On this River 5^6;-Town or Scar-
borough ftands. Here is a very good Fort, built in
the laft Indian War, and is a great awe upon the
Hurons^ or French Indians to the Eaftward. Twas
mounted with lo or 12 Guns. In the fame County
is the lf7///^;« and Henry Fort, on Pemmaquid RivGr^
about 20 Rods from High-Water- A'f ark •, which in
time of War, was mounted with 1 8 Guns, and garri-
fon'd by <ro or 80 Men. The River Pemmaquid runs
between 40 and 50 Miles up in the Country: There
are befides three .le(s Rivers, Spurnwincky Kenne-
hunky and Pifcatawayy and feveral Iflands off the
Coaft, fome of which are 10 Miles long. There are

G high

8*2 The Hiflory of Ncw-England.

high Mountains, and horrible Forrefts in the Eafterm
Parts of thefe Counties, which arc the moft barren oi
a'ny in New-England \ However, towards the Sea-
coafls, and upjn the Rivers, the Soil is fruitful fdi
Corn and Pail are *, but the chief Trade is for Beaver,
Lumber and Filh. Thefe two Counties, when the^
were firft planted, were a Province of themfelvesi
and were call'd Neiv-Hampfljire^ but they defir'd to be.
added to rh^ Government of Aiaffachufet, The mofli
confiderable Towns in them, are Tork^ Dover^ and
Wells ^ where there are Fortifications *, and fo there are
in all the Frontiers, and indeed in moft of the other
Tov ns, for the Indians in a Day's march can be in the
. middle of the Country. There were above i op Fa-
milies in Well'Sj before the breaking out of the Indian
War in the Eaft. The County-Courts are held SBI
Dover and Portfmouth the laft Tuefday in Jimcj anc
at Tork the firft Tuefday in July. The next Coun-
ties are.

Towns Names.
'jdweshuryj

Andover^

Beverly J
Boxfordj
Gloucefier^
Haverhill^

Jpfwichj

J Lyn^
Manchejier^
Afarbleheady
Newbury-Eafiy

Rowley.^
Salcfpiy

Salisbury^

Topsfeild^

(. Wcriham^

Minifters Names.

Mr T

5 Mr, Francis Dean.
C Mr. Thomas Barnard,
Mt. John-'Hale,
M^- Symmes. ■
Mt. Emerfon.
Mr. Benjamin Rolfe.
5 Mt, William Hubbard,
L Mr. John Rogers,
Mt. Jeremiah Shephard,
JVlr. John Emerfon,
]Vir. Samuel Cheever,
Mt. Tappin,
]Vir. Samuel Belcher,
]Vlr. Edward Payfon,
^ Mr. John Higginfon,
\ Mr. Nicholas Noyfe,
Mr. Cvjhing,
h/lx.Jol'cphCapen.
Mr. Jojeph Gorijfj.

Siilcm is the chief Town of this County. The
County Court is kept there the laft Tuefday in June^

and

Thi Hiflory <?/ New-En gland,

and November. It has a Market every Wednefday, and
two Fairs in the Year, the laft Wednelday in May, and
thelaft Wednefday in September. Tis pleafaniiy loated
between two Rivers, and was the firft Town that was-
built in Maff.iehufet Colony. Lyn is a Market Town :
The County Court is ke:pt at Ipfivich^ th^ lift Tueiday
in March and September. This Shire is water'd on the
Eaft by the great River Merrimack^ nav' gable 40'
Miles up and more ^ the Soil is not very fertile, ex-
cept it be near the Coaft. The Hills here are not ve-
ry high *, but in the Weftern Parts are inhabited by
the Indians. There's an Ifland lies off of it, about
three Miles long, which is very fruitful •, and moft of
the Towns being built near the Sea-fide, afford great
Conveniences for the Fifhery. In this County is the
Promontory Trabigjjtnda^ now Cape Ame^ which is
very high . The next to it is that of.

H

4>

U

• •-4

Towns Names.
CBlllerica^

Cambridge,

Charles-Tawn^

Chelmsford^

Concordj

Dunftable^

Groton^

Lancafier^

Alarlboroughj
^ Maiden^
S s Medford^
5^ Newton^

Oxford^

Readingy

Sherburriy .

StoWy

Sudbury^

Eafi-Waterton^

Wejt,

Woburrty

Worcefiery

Minifters Names.
Mr. Sam. Whiting.
Mr. W' Brattle.
Mr. Char, Merflon,
Mr. Tho. Clark.
Mr. Jofeph Eaftbrook.
Mr. Tho. Weld.
Mr. GerJJjam Hobarty
Mr. John Whiting.
Mr. WiL Brinfmead.
Mr. Michael Wigglefworth.
Mr. Simon Bradfireet.
Mr. Nehemiah Hobart.

Mr. Jonathan Peirpoint,
Mr. Daniel Gookin.

Mr. James Sherman.
Mr. Henry Gibs.
Mx.Sam. Angier.
Mr. Fox.

fex.

The chief Town of this County is C^/w^r^W^^, fitu-
ated on the Northern Branch of Charles River. Tis
Univcrfity, which has two Colleges, Harvard

G 2 Col^

84 The Bpry of New-England.

College, and Staughton Hall. 'Twas at firft call'd
Newton^ but it got the Name of Cambridge by.
the College's being built there. There are ieveral ■
fine Streets and fair Houfes in it. The County!
Court is hdd there the firft Tuefday in April and:
OEloher, The next Town is CW/^sTown, the Mo-
ther of Bcfion ^ from which it lies about a Mile crofs
the riarbour, over which there is a Ferry. 'Tis fitu-'
ated between two Rivers, Charles River and MifiieT
River, and takes up the (pace that is from the one to •
the other. Tis beautify'd with a handfome larger
Church, a Market-place by the River's fide^ and two
long Streets leading down to it. The County
Court is kept there the third Tuefday in June and;
December, '

Reading is a populous Town, commodioufly fitua-
ted on the Banks of a great Lake. There are twa
Mills in it, one for Grift, and another to faw Boards*,
fuch a one as is on the River of Tl^^wf J on 5<>«r^TP^r^-

fide.

Watertown is noted for the Fairs held there the firft;
Fryday in June, and the ift in September. The Ri-
vers are fmall in this County, but there are a great
many of 'em, which watering the Paftures, render
this one of the pleafanteft and fruitfuUeft Spots of
Ground in New-England, The Fields are full of Cat-
tle of all forts, and the Market at Bofton is plentifully
^iipply'd by it for Exportation, with Beef, Pork,
&c, befides for a home Confumption. The Hills are
covered with Sheep ^ and both together refemble
Sm. Del, Bevonflnre in England, and as do the following County.

vl

Towns Names.
\Boflon^

Suffolk.

V4

.f— I

1^

Minifters Names.
Mt. James Mien,
Mr. Benjamin Wadfwortk
Mr. Mather, fen,
Mr. Mather, jun. ,
Mr. Sam, Wilward,
Mr. Emblin,
Monfieur Daille,

Braintree^

JPedhajHy
^ Dorche(ler^

Mr. Mofes Fisk,
Mr. Jof. Belcher,
Mr. John Danforth,

Hin^ham^

r

TheHiftory (?/ New-England. 85

if ^ Hinghaniy Mr. Jo^« Norton^

^ \ Hull^ Mr. Whitman.

•S I Medfeildj Mr. >/ Baxter.

:5 J Mendon^ Mr. Grindall Rarvjon*

►^ ^ Milton^ Mr. Pf re- r Thatcher »

Roxburj/j Mr. iV^r/?. Walter.

Weymouth^ Mr. 5^/;;. Torrey,

Woodfiocky Mr. >y2^/7 Dwight.

^[Wremham^ Mt. Samuel Man.

The Capital of this County is A?/?^;;, the Capital of ^'V ^'f
New-England^ and the biggeft City in America^ ex- B>>fton.
cept two pr three on the Spanifh Continent. *Tis
built on the Sea Coaft, which renders it very com-
I modious for Commerce. Tis fortify'd on the fide
of the Sea by a ftrong Caftle, in an Ifland at the
Mouth of the Harbour, thence call'd Cajile-Jjland^
and on the fide of the Shore by Forts on two or three
Neighbouring Hills, which command the Avenues to
it. There are abundance of fiWQ Buildings in it pub-
lick and private*, as the Court Houfe, Marketplace,
Sir William Thipis Houfe and others. There are feve-
ral handfome Streets : Tis bigger than Exeter \ and
contains lo or ijooo Souls ^ the Militia confifting of
four Companies of Foot. There are three Parifh-
Churches, and a French Church, and two Meeting
Houfes, in this City, the old Church, North Church,
and South Church befong to the Presbyterians, who
are the Church of England as by Law Ej^ahUJJj'd : The
French Church to the French Proteftants ^ and the
Meeting Houfes to a Congregation of Church o( Eng-
land Men and Annabaptifts. This is the chief Port of
the Colony, and from hence 3 or 400 Sail of Ships
have been loaden in a Year, with Liimber, Fi!n,
Beef, Pork,(^c. forfeveral parts of £«r<3pe and Ameri-
ca. Here the Governour commonly refides, the Gene-
ral Court and AfTembly meet, the Courts of Judicature
• fit, and the Affairs of the Province are trania^ed. In
fhort, 'tis a very flourifhing City, and for the Beau-
ty of its Buildings, and the Greatnefs of its T^adc,
gives place to few Towns in England.

The Market at Bofion is kept every Thurfday.

The Fairs 0:1 the firftTuefdxy in May^ and on the
ftrft Tuefday in OMer every year, G^c.

Q 3 Every

86 The Hifiory of New-England. '

Every year to hold three Days each. And,
The County Court the la ft Tucfday in April^ July,
OElober^ and January^ in every year. '

Dorchefier is the next Town to Bofion for bignels.

Tis built at the mouth of two little Rivers near the^

Sea-lide : It has two Fairs *, one on the fourth Tuefday int

Marchy and another on the laft Wednelday in OBober^

every year : Roxbury is noted for its Free-fchool. Thei

To\A'n of WeymoKth is the moft ancient in the Province \

but is not of fo much confidc^ration as 'twas in the In-

- fancy o^ the Colony, Here are no great Rivers in this,

'.; Shire, but many little ones, which render it fo plea-,

Quam hu- f^i^t and fruitful, that a famous Author fays it may not

jus Tra- unworthily betcrm*d Paradice. To the Weftward of

£h3s Para- this and Middltfex Counties, bordering on the Colony,

difum o( ComMcuty from whence 'tis only feparated by thei

haud im- River of the fame Name, lies,

mento ' '

dixcris

n,i ' Towns Names. Minifters Names.

^ ^Beerfeildy Mr, John Williams,

Enfeildy

IB

Hatfeiidy Mr. W, Williams,

Hadleyy

ftire* .^ ^1 Nonhampton^ Mr. Solomon Stoddard,

^ XSpringfeild^ M.r, Daniel Brewer,

^ j Southjeildj Mr. Benjamin Ruggles,

;§ \Wefljeildj Mx, Edward Taylor.

This County being within Land, and hilly, is not
fo fruitful as thofe that lie on the Rivers nearer the
Coafts. Its chief Towns are Northampton^ where the
County Court is kept the laft Tuelday 'mMarch\
and Springfeildy where 'tis held the laft Tuefday in
September,

We muft now proceed to the next, but eldeft Co-
lony in New-England.
riimouth Plimouth Colony, which runs along the Coaft a-
Cohny, bout loo Miles, from Cape Cod in Barnftable County,
Exum. to Manchefier in Briftoll County, and in Breadth,
from Monument Bay in ^arnfiable County, to ScituaU
mPimiozith County, neat^o Miles. It contains the
following Shires •, that of

Tii'

The Hifiory of New-England.

«7

Towns Names. Minifters Names.

-.1-1 ^

^ r-

' Bridgwater J
Duxbttryy
Marpjfeild^
<j Middlebiiry^
Plimouthy
Scltuate^

Mr. James Keith.

Mr. Wifwid.

Mr. Edward Tho?npfon.

Mr.

Mr. John Cotton,

Mr. J ere 'mi ah Cuflnng,

Mr. Deodate Larrfon,

Plimouth
County.

The chief Town of this County is New-Vlimouthj
the Capital of the Colony, and the oldeft in New-
England, Tis fituated on the great Gulph of Patuxetj
•and contains 3 or 400 Families.
. The next Town to this in Bignefs was formerly
Seituate •, but tho Plimouth has the Honour of being
the Metropolis of the Province, Scituate has grown
upon her fo much lately, that fhe lias two Churches,
Whereas Plimouth has but one. There are two or
three fmall Rivers in this Shire •, which, as to its
Soil, is much of the iame nature with that of Suffolk.
And pafling by Sea, from this County to the next,
we mull: weather GapeCod^ the higheft Promontory
on the Coaft, and the moft Northerly Point of Land in
the Province. The Country about it is barren •, but
the Convenience of Fifhing renders it as populous as
moft in New-England. The Shire takes its Name
from the Town of Barnftahle^ lying in a Bay which is
iJilfo caird Barnflahle.

Towns Names. Minifters Nam^s.

u

<!

Barnftablej

Eajiham^

AIammoy.y

Rochefier^

Sandwich^

Tarmouthj

Mr. John RuO'el,
Mr. Sam. Treat.
Mr. Nath. Stone,
Mr. Arnold.
Air. Rowland Cotton.
Mr. John Cottoti,

Barofta-

ble Count/,

Oppofite to the South Bay of this Shire, call'a
Monument Bay, lies two Illands *, one of 'em is nam'd
fii^rtha\ Fineyardy where Capt. Gofnold firll landed,
and in which is now the Parifh-Church, with two
Minifters, Mr. Ralph Tljatcher, and Mr. Denham^
befides fever^l Indian Preachers, the Idand being in-

O 4. habited

88 The Hipry of New-England.

Jiabitcd moftly by Indian Converts, as is the other
Ifland Namuckety where there are no Englifh Prea-
chers, but Indian Paftors. The Streights between
Martha's Vineyard^ and the Continent, call'd Mala*
har^ are a very dangerous Paflage.

The next Shire to this \s Brifiol County j in which

are,

Towns Names. Miniftrers Names.

Briftolly Mr. John Sparhawh
Briftoll Swanfey,

County. Taunton^ Mr. Sam, Danforthj

Little-Compton^ Mr. Adams.

Swanfey^ fituated at the Mouth oi Providence River,
is a Town of fome note in the Country, but Brifioll
is the place ofmoft Trade, andthechief of the Coun-
ty, ot which Rhode Ifland is reckoned a part. In this
Ijle there are two Churches, at

Newport and ? Mr. Nathaniel Clap Mini-
Portjmouthj S fter.

Elizabeth Ifland, at the Mouth of Monument Bay,
was one of thofe that Capt. Gofnold landed on.

Providence and Patuxet Rivers, are the principal of

this Shire, but are neither of them very big. Thei

NarragantfetSy the moft formidable Nation of all thei

Indians, inhabited the South Weft Parts of it..

There is nothing in this County Co extraordinary on

different frorii tht; reft, as to defer ve to be mentioned. «li

Conne£li- The other Two Provinces, which are now thei

c\iiAf7d Joint Colony oC ConneEiicut and Newhaven^ are in

Newha- length from Stoniton in New-London County, to Rye^

vcn Pro- in Fa/ffeild County, on the Borders of New-Torkj

vmcez, ^Q Miics, and in breadth from Sayhrook in New-Lon-

t-mm. ^Q^ County, to Windsor in Hartford about 50. Thei

firft County we meet with in them on the Coaft, i$

New-London County, ia which are,

Towns Names. Minifters Names.
Stoniton^ Mr. James Noyes,

S^brooij Mr, Thomas Buckingham,

prefion

1

The Hijiory (j/New-Englaoid.

89

DanficR^

Norwich^

New-Londotij

Lebanon^
Killwgworthj

Mr, Sam, Tread.
Mr. Jofeph Mors.
Mr. Ja^ Fitch.
Mr. Gordon SaltonflalL
Mr. Mofes Noyes.

Mr. Abraham Perifm,

New-
London
County,

The Eaftern Parts of this Shire are pleafant and
jfifuitful, the Weftern Swampey and Mountainous,
I which occafion'd a great Trade for Furrs and Lumber.

Saybrook is the oldeft Town in the County, and is

feated on the South fide o^Conne^icut River, as Lime
! is on the North, at the Mouth of it. This River is
I very large, divided into feveral fniall Branches, and

navigable as high as Hartford^ 60 Miles within
i Land.
I New-London is leated on a River call'd the Thames 1

tfie firft Branch of which River goes by the Name of
i Glafs River, the next Branch by that of Ruffel's Delight^
I the third by that of Indian River ^ and the reft are fo
ifmall, that they are not thought worthy of a Name.
, There's another fmall River, which falls into the Sea

a.t Manchefier ^ and thefe are all that are in this Coun-
I ty *, next to which within Land, is

Hartford County, in which are,

Towns Names.
Farmingtony
Glafionbury^
Hadham-,

Hartford^

Middle Town J

Simsburyy

Waterbury^

Weathersjeildy

Wiadforj

Farmy

Windham,

Minifters Names.
Mr. Sam. Hooker^
Mr. Timothy Stephens.
Mr. Jeremiah Hobart,
Mr. Timothy Woodbridge,,
Mr. Tho, Buckingham*
Mr. No. Ruffen.
Mr. Dudly Wbodbridge,
Mr. Jer. Peck.
Mr. Stephen Mtx>
Mr. Sam. Mather.
Mr. Tim. Edwards*
Mr. Sam, Whiting,

Hartford
bounty.

Ilhrt'

^ The Hiftory of New-Eiglaad.

Htrtford is the moft confiderable Town ia thi
Shire : It has two Parilh Churches in it. Old Ch'irch
and New Church *, the People of New-England noi
diftinguilhing'their Churches by Saints Names. Neai
H^dham is an Ifland in ConneEiicut River which wa
ters the Northern Bounds of the Councy : This Iflind
is caird Thirty Mile Iftandy hein^ that diftance froir
the River's Mouth. In the Weftern Parts are (everali \
Ridges of Hills, and thick Forrefts, which afforc; \
plenty of Game and Traflrick. j

The Two next Counties make the Colony of New\ \
haven J and both of them are Maritime Provinces. \

In Nevohaven Coun ty are ,

Towns Names. Minifters Names. i

Newha- Brainford^ Mr. Sam. Ri^fe/L

ven CouH' Derby ^ Mr. John James.

^* Guilford, Mr. 7ho^ Ruggles.

AfUfordy Mr. Sam. j4ndrews.

Newhaven, Mr. Ja, Pierpoint.

Wallingfordj Mr. Sam. Street.

Near Brainford there is a fmall Iron-work on
Branch of a little River that runs into ^he Sea there 5
the Place is from thence call'd Iron-Afdl. There's a*
nother little River which runs into the Sea at MUfordj
mdmothQrdit Guilford.

The Capital Town of this Province was Newhaven^
which was firft built ^ then Guilford, thenMllford, then
Stamfordy^nd then Brainford. The next County to it is

Fairfedd County, in which are.

Towns Names. Minifters Names.

Danhury, Mr . Seth Shore.

Fairfeild, Mr. Jofeph Web.

Fairfeild f^illage, Mr. Charter Ooauncy.
Fairfeild Greemvich, Mr. Jof. Morgan.

Omnty. Norwalk, Mr. Stephen Buckingham,

Rye, Mv. Bowers.

Stamford, Mr. John Davenport.

Stratford, Mr. Jfrael Chauncy.

' ; '^^Woodbury^ iMr. Zachariah Walker.

There^s

The Hijlory of New-England. ^i

There's no navigable River in this County •, that
f which falls into Hitdfom River below Newark^ dot
deferving the Name, tho 'tis broad at the Mouth ^
but it does not hold fo above ^ ox 6 Miles, nor run a-
bove 15 or 20 into the Country. Moft of the Towns
are built upon Creeks m HudfonsRiwer^ and are pf
no great note for Trade or Bignefs •, the Northern
parts of New-England being the richcft and moll po-
pulous, not but that there is good Corn, Beef, Pork,
land other Provifions, in the Southern, tho not in
'fo great plenty as in Maffachvfet Colony. The In-
land Country Eight or Ten Miles from the Shore is
iall Hills and Swamps, and un-inhabited. Some of the
' Rivers and Harbours we have mention'd, as thole of
Merrimack and Bofion^ are capableof containing 500
or 1000 Sail of Ships, and are fhelter'd by about 200
Iflands, that break the Winds and the Seas. The
Woods are every where ftor'd with all forts of Necef-
ifariesfor building.

I Having gone over the four Provinces in their Geo-
! graphical Order, and given an Account of the feveral
•Soils in each County, as alfo of the Climate in gene-
\ ral. We come now to the Produft and Animals of
I New-England.

We fhall begin with the latter, and fpeak firft of the
Filh, which is here excellent,and in abundance, both for
Food and Traffick, as w^ell in the Rivers, as in the Sea.
As Cod, Thornback, Sturgeon, Porpus, Haddocks, Hv f//Z>.
•Salmon, Herrings, Mackerel!, Oifters, Mufsles,
Smelts, Eels, Lampreys, Sharks, Seals, Cranipus,
Whales, and others fniall and great.

Some years fince, there ftranded on the Coaftof
New-England a dead Whale, of the fort which they
jcali TrumpOj having Teeth like thofe of a Mill, itsLow-^
! Mouth at a good diftance from and under the Nole or ^^]°'-C'^,
: Trunk, and feveral Partitions in the Nofe, out <^f jf jft
, which ran- a thin Oily Subftance, which candy'd *, the J^"jf '
'I remainder being a thick fat Subftance, was fcrap'd Vol. 2.
I out, which is laid to be tne Spe'-ma Ceti. Theie p^ g'^^]
j Whal:s were to be met with betw^een New England
1 and New-Torkj where they might be caught 8 or p
i| Months in the Year.

1 The Whale Fifhery was more common formerly
1 than 'tis now ^ and the Newfoundland Trade engrolTes
j that

92 The liijtory of iJtw-Enghnd. |

that of Cod in a great nieafure •, but there is ftill vaff it
Quantities of that and other Filh taken, falted andj^
fent to the Sugar Iflands, for the fubfiftance of th^'*
White Servants and Negroes.

The Sea is always full of Fifh on the Coafts of New'i
England^ whether in fair Weather or foul , but th«|
Afello- t>6ft tii^ie for fifhing is in March^ Apnl^ May^ and part||
rum nia- o^June, Captain Smith relates, that in his time therci'
jorum he- were Alkermes taken worth 50 or 40 /. which is now
Iccum. very rarely known, and few of 'em to be met. As is the'
Stellar FiO)^ of which 5 or 7 were taken near the Shoali,
Ibid.^. oi Nantucket *, and Mr. Wlnthrop Governour oUConne
•53- ^icut Colony, gave the Royal Society an account ofthk .
ilaborate Piece of Nature, that divides it felf into nc,
, lefsthan 81^20 fma 11 parts by Branchings, and is one
of the moft wonderful Works of the Creation.

Captain Smith fpeaks of feveral forts of Beafts, a;
well as Fifh, which are feldom or never found in
Sesfts, New-England, fuch as Lyons, Musk-Cats, &c, but
there are Bears, Foxes, Rackoons, Otters, Beavers
Deer, Hares, Rabbits, as alfo that admirable Crea-
ture the Mofe ^ pf which we cannot give a better
Defcription, than what Mr. Jojfeyn has tranfmitted
to us among his New-EnglandKdLritks', 'T7s about 12
Foot high, with fair Horns, and broad Palms ; fome oj
1 2 Foot from the Tip of one Horn to that of the other.

Another Author fpeaking of the manner of Hun-I
ting this Creature, fays, "they commonly hunt it in
theWinter, and fometimes run it down in half a day, fome ^
times they are a whole one about it ; the Ground being\
then generally covered with Snow, the Beafi Jinks very heavy
every Step he runs, breaking down Trees as big as a Alan's
Thigh. When the Sport (men get up with him, they dart
their Launces at him, and he walks /lowly after he's
Ihp.t^'^'j, wounded, till fpent with lofs of Blood, he falls like a ru-
hi'd Building, making the Earth JJjoke under him. His
Body is about the bignefsof a BulFs ; his Neckrefem-
bles a Stag's, his ^.egs are ihort, his Tail longer than
a Buck's, and his Flefli very grateful -, he Inoots his
Horns every four years.

The Bealls in Ifew-pngland us'd to produce a pro-
fitable Traffick with the Indians for Peltry, which is
fince mightily decreas'd, as is that Trade in general,
pccafion'd by the dif-ufe of Bea\fer and other Skins,

net

I

The HipryofiJtv^-Enghni. 9J

ncceflary in the Fell-mongers Manufacture. There'sl
abundance of all forts ot European Cattle, as Cotvs,
Sheep, Goats, Hogs and Horfes *, the latter are a lit-
tle kind^ not much larger than that of Wales^ but are
very hardy and ferviceable ^ many of them are expor-
ted to the Leward Iflands for Saddle-Horfes, and fomc
for Draught. The New-England Merchants alfo fend
Leather thither, and vaft Quantities of Pork and
Beef, as has been before mentioned. '

Of Creeping things, bcfides thofe in common with
other Places on the Continent of America^ the Rattle-
fnake is the moft noted and dangerous.

There are alfofeveral kinds otFlies, which arc very
troublefome to the Inhabitants. There was fuch a
fwarm of a certain fort of Infefts in New-England
fome years ago, that they poifon'd and deflroy'd all the
Trees for 200 Miles together. They broke forth out
of/ Holes in the Ground like Maggots, and turned to
Flies, with a Tail or Sting, which they ftuck into
the Tree, and fo kill'd it with the Venom in the
Stinp.

, There is no Country almoft where there is greater
Variety of Fowl, wild and tame, than in New-Eng-
land'^ as Pheafants, Partridges, Turkies, Ducks, f(>w/.
Geefe, Herons, Storks, Cormorants, Swans, Widge-
ons, Doppers, Black-birds, and Barndoor Poultry,
which leads me to the Grain of the Country, as In-
dian Corn *, and in a word, all Grains that grow ei-
ther in Europe or America, They fend their Indian
and Englifh Wheat, Oats, Peefe and Beans, Flower
and Bisket, to Bar dadoes and the Carihbee Iflands.
Flax and Hemp grow there, as well as in thcBaltick
or Germany *, and there is hardly any advantagious
Grain that they cannot and do not cultivate.

The Indian Corn being that which is moft planted lb. 610.
in this Country, and which was only us*d before the ^<? ^«f-
Englifh came there, it will not be improper to de- ^"^*.^(
fcribe the Culture of it, as we find it communicated ^^^'

to the Royal Society by Mr. Winthrop.
is! The Natives call'd it Weachin^ and in fome Southern

parts ofAmsrica^ 'tis known by the Name of Malison:
t Maiz,e, The Ear is a Span long, composed of 8 Rows
I of Grain or more, according to the Goodncfs of the

Ground, about 30 Grains in a Row. Tis of various
' ' ' - Co-

94 T^e. H^^jr/ ^/ Nev/-England.

Colours, as red, white, yellow, blew, olive, greo-
niih, black, fpeckl'd, ftrip'd, &c. fometimes in th<
fame Fitld, and the fame Ear f, but the white and yel-
low are the nioffceommon. The Ear is defended fron*
the Gold and Storms by flrong thick Husks v th<
Stalk grows 5 or 8 Foot high *, that of New-Errglanc
is not quite fo. tali as that of ^/r^/;?^'(i *, and at Canadi
*tis fhorter than at New-En^and ^ 'tis jointed like i
Cane, is full of fweet Juice like the Sugar Cane, anc
a Syrup as fweet as Sugar may be made out of it, a;
has been often try'd. At every Joint there are lon^
Leaves or Flaggs, and at the Top a Branch of Flower
like Rye-blo&ms. Tis generally planted from th(
middle of April to the middle of May, In the Nor
thern parts the Mohauk Corn is not planted till June.
and yet is ripe in feafon *, the Stalks of this fort an
fhort, the Ears near the Bottom, and are of fever al Co-
lours. The manner of planting Maize, is in Row*,
at equal Diftance every way, about 3 ox 6 Feet \ thi '
Earth is open'd with a How 4 Inches deep, and 4c"
5 Grains are thrown in it, at a little diftance froi
one another, in the breadth of a How ^ then they ai
cover'd with Earth : If 2 grow, the Crop wiii ai
fwer : the Corn is weeded at a hands length, and tl
Earth is loofen'd about it with a How \ this Laboi
muft be repeated as the Weeds come up j when tl _
Stalk begins to grow high, a little Earth fhould be]
drawn about it, and on putting forth the Ear, fo much!
as to make a little Hilk like a HophilL Tis ripe about]
the middle of September \ it muft be ftripp'd aflbon a$j
gather'd, unlefs 'tis laid thin, to prevent its growing
mouldy or fprouting *, the common way is to mow
the Ear together in long Traces^ by ibme parts of the
Husk left thereon, which is call'd Traceing : Thel?
Traces are hung upon Bearers within doors *, an<
will keep To all Winter good aid fw^et. The Indiani]
•thrafh it as they gather it, dry it well on Matts in th(l|
Sun, and bury it in Holes in the Ground, lin'dwitK
Mofsor Matts, which are their Barns: The Englifli
lately plant it with the help of the Plow j they turn
up fingle Furrows 6 Feet diftant, then plow a-croft
at the iame diftance, throw in the Corn where thefi
meet, and cover it with a How, or run another Fur-
row over it with the Plough.

. -. The

I

ThHfJlory of NewpEngland. 95

The Indians boil it tillit becomes tender, and eat

nt with Fifh or Vennifon inftead of Bread j fometime«

they bruile it in Mortars, and fo boil it : The mofl u-

fiial way is to parch it in Afhes, ftiring it (o artifi-

pally as to be very tender, without burning •, this

':hey fift ar.d beat in Mortars into fine Meal, which

chey eat dry, or mix'd with Water. TheEnglifh

miix it intoaftiff Pafte, make Bread of it, which they

:)jke all Day or all Night. The bell fort of Food

;vhich is made of it is call'd Samp *, to make it, the

^orn is water'd half an hour, beaten in a Mortar to

:he bignds of Rice, fifted, boil'd and eaten with

Milk, or Butter and Sugar, which is a very pleafant

iArholefome Diet. The Englifh have alfo made good

Beer of it, by malting it, or making it of Bread:

vVhen they malt it, it muft chil both ways, Root

md Blade *, to do which, they heap it ap at a conve-

nent tnne, then take away the top of the Earth in a

jrarden-Field 2 or 3 Inches deep,after which they cover

:he Ground with the Corn, and the Corn with the

£arth \ when the Plot is green all over with the Corn-

\ iprouts, which will be in about i o days, it muft be ta-

cen up, the Earth fhaken from it, and dry'd, then wafh*d

md dry'd again in a Kiln : This makes the Malt and

hat Beer, which will be pleafant, wholefom, and of a

)rown Colour. The Beer made of Bread is more

1 arable, and altogether as pleafant: To do it, they

:ut the Bread into great Lumps as big as a Man's Fift,

narfti and manage it as they do Malt, adding or o-

nitting Hops, as is defir'd.

Befides Garden and Orchard Fruit-trees, and
)hrubs, of which there's fcarce any fort wanting,
:he Woods and Swamps here abound with Oak,
ilm, Afh, Cyprefs, Pine, Chefnut, Cedar, Afpin,
Beech, Firr, Safafras, and Sumach.

Among the Rarities of iVfTP-Ewgte^, isthe5^^>«^
^^ulgaris^ or common Savin, found very often in the
Hills, a fpontaneous Plant *, Here, as well as at Ber-
nudas^ is that Berry to be met with, which breeds Low-
Worms that turn to Flies, bigger than Cochineel thorp**
Flies, feeding on the fame Berry *, in which has been Vol. IL
ound a Colour not at all inferiour to that of the Co-
rhineal File, and as to Medicinal Vertue much ex-
;eedinp it.

^ A

06 The Hiflory of New-England*

A certain Tree grows in the Eaftern Parts of iVh»
'England^ on the Bark of which are little Knoba
wherein is a liquid Matter like Turpentine, of a veri
fanative Nature. The Dwarf Oak grows wild here;
and was Tent hence into England to be cultivated.

But the Treafure and the Glory of their Woods i
the Monarch Oak, the Spruce and Firr Trees, b;
which the Navy of England might be fupply'd fron!
hence with all manner of Naval Stores, at a cheape
rate than they are now imported from the Balticl
Pitch and Tar are kiiade here^ and as good in its kin<
as any from the North \ and more Ships, as has be<
hinted, built in this Province, than in all the pth
parts of the Weft Indies belonging to the Englifh, <
perhaps to all the European Nations-

Tis eafy to imagine, that the Advantage of fo man
Enelifh Hands thus employed, is of much more Servict
to me Crown, than they would be in England^ where
there are already too many thoufands that are ufelefi
Induflry is necefTary for Life in America^ where
Irak, 'twas impoflible fpr a lazie Perfon to live at the firfl
Settlement of the Colonies •, but there being no furf
neceility in England^ we have fo many idle infignifi
cant People, that 'twou'd be well if they were all if
thofe Parts of the Englifti Empire, where their Hand*
muft provide for their Mouths, and I have no Notior
of any more Difference between Old-England anc
iVhu, than between Lincolnjhire and Somerfetjhire .
neither can I fee, why the Englifh in America ftiou'c
not be fuffer'd to cultivate their Ground, and im
prove it as they think fit, any more than that feeding
and grazing ihou'd be prohibited in Somerfetjhire foi
the Advantage di Lincolnjlnre,

The People of New-England deal as much wi
Old-England a^ either ot thofe Counties in proportid
to their Numbers ^ and by their aflifling tne Lewara
The/idvd)!' iflands with Provifions, are rather a Service to th^
uge of it. Public^ Interefl than a Prejudice *, for without helf
from them, the Sugar Plantations cou'd not maintain
three hundred thoufands Mouths, Whites and Blacks,
as they do at leaft , Provifions cou'd not be fent them
from England with that Eafe, Speed and Certainty, as
from this Colony.

F'ow

The Hifiory of Ncw-England. 97

From the Iflands, the New-England Men receive in
exchange for their Lumber, by which is meant
Boards^ Mafts, Pipe-ftaves and Hoops i^ and their
Provifions, Sugar, MelafTes, Run], Ginger, Indi-
go and Cotton, more than enough to fupply their
home Confumption *, the reft they fhip for Eng-
land.

They have feveral Still-houfes in Bojlonj and make

very good Spirits there •, but the main of their 1 rade

for all forts of NeccfTarits is with Old-England^ from

' whence they have their Stuffs, Silks, Linnen, Bir-

' piingham-WdiTt^ Tools for Mechanicks ', and tho

'they ha\ie many Conveniencies of furnirf]ing them-

! felves with moft forts of wearing Apparel at home,

yet they import fuch Quantities oi that and o-

! ther Merchandife from England^ as renders their

* Commerce very beneficial, and worthy Encourage-

! jnient.

The Mines of Iron and Coppei>which are found
I there, do not produce fo much as was expeded, 'tis
t hop*d they will in time turn to a better account : Till
I then moft of their Iron and Copper- Wares will come
f from hence *, and we ought not to envy them the Im-
provements they make of their Pafture and Tillage,
fince we get fomuch by them otherwife : Which Ob-
ffervation will, we believe, remove any ill Imprefli-
f ens that fome late Arguments may have made on the
Minds of many, to the Difad vantage of this indu-
ftrious People-, Becaufe^ fays a known Trader, by ^^^ r) m
Tillage^ Elflnng^ Manufaclures^ and Trade^ they to ^^<^xhomas^^
intents and purpofes imitate Old-England, and did for- ^/y/^ j^
tnerly much^ and in fome degree do now fupply the other of the w!
'Colonies with Provifions^ in Exchange for their Com77io-\n<\\d. Co*
ditiesj as Tobacco^ Sugary &c. which they carry to lomes.
Foreign Markets. How conveniently for the Nation s
Inter eji I fljall not determine^ being no Enemy to any
kind of honefl Indujlry : But this cannot chuje but be al-
low'd^ that if any Hands in the Indies be wrong em-
ploy* d^ for Domefiick Interefly it muji be this and thofe
other Coloniesy which fettle with no other ProfpeB than
the like way of living ^ therefore if anyy fuch only Jfjould
be neglected and difcourag'dy who purfue a Method
that rivals our Native Kingdom^ and threatens in time
i'^ total Independency thereon.

H We

9? The Hifiory of Niew-England.

We cannot omit doing fo much Juftice to the Co^

lony of NevD'Brjgland as to repeat what we mentioned

above. That they fhip for England the Commodities

they import from the Sugar I/lands^ and do not carry ^

them to Foreign Markets^ which, with what was,

faid before, is, we hope, a fuflRcient Anfwer to this

invidious Paragraph. Tho for want of Current Coin,

fufficient for the Trade of the Country, the New

England Men are forc*d to barter Goods, and ex^

change one Commodity for another, yet they have

Money coin'd in New-England at Bofion^ wher€

there is a Mint *, and the Mafter or Warden of it-is ob^

lig*dto coin the Money ot good Silver, of the Allay oi

New Sterling Englifh Money. And there is enoughii

of this and other Silver, to anfwer all Perfons OccaU-)

ons in a Retail Trade. "^

CHAP. III.

Of the Inhabitants^ Englifh and Indian ;
Their Religion^ Larvs^ Cufioms^ Manners^
Language^ Strength and Numbers : With a\
Jbort Hlftory of the Vniverfity in New-
England.

C\^ the many Nations of Indians mentioned by Capt;
^^ Smith and Mr. Delaet^ there are now few left

andof thefe fcarce any go by the Names they gavi
them. In thofe Authors we find the Indian KingdomI
The Indi^ of Segetago^ Pahtmntannck^ Pocojfifm^ Taughtanakgneti
Natiom; Wabiggany NaffaguCy Mafchecofqueeky Wawrigwedi
MoftjoquEHy WackcogOy Pajjaranacky and their Confe*!
derates Aucocijcoy jicoomintkusy Pajfataquacy j4gg9i
wany Mnffachiifety NaemkeL Of all whom only tht
two latter are mention 'd by the Modern Hiflorians
The former Nations lay to the Eaftward y and th«
Englifh fettl'd in the Southern Parts of New-England'
where Captain Smith did not trade.

Nae7nkek is that Country which 'now makes the
County of Effcx j and the next to it was the Maffa

chufets

The Hijiory of New-England. 99

, chufetSj which gave name to the chief- il Colony in
I New-England : The People who inhabited thofe
! parts that are now the Counties of Suffolk and
i Middlefexy were the nioft Populous of aiiy of the o-
i ther Indian Nations \ they feem'd to be more civi-
I liz'd than the reft, which might be occafion'd by their
Commerce with European Nations :, for all that came.
I to trade there generally dealt with them, and fifh'd
I off their Coafts.

; As they differ'd very much in their Lan^'iage, '
j Manners and Cuftoms from the other Indians, (o they
t alfo differ'd in fome meafure from one another ^ and
I the fame did the Nations more to the South, of which
I we find many mention'd, as the Maffafoits^ who ^'^^Mafl^-
' dwelt about Mount Hope in New-Brlfiol County j the fo its.
I Tocaffets in Tlimouth County, the Manimoys in Barn-
ftabie County, the NarjfetSy Mattachiefis, Namaskets,^^^^^ Jnii^
;who inhabited the Inland-Country between Trovi-^^*
dence and Merrimack Rivers^ the NarragantfetSy
(jwho dwelt about New- London County, the Pequots
and Wapenokesy with whom they were almoft always
at Wars ^ the MarchicanSj the Sequems in Hampflnre^
iabout 20 Miles from the Coaft, the Navafii and Ho-
' r^kafi{uxt\iQX within Land ^ all thefe were Inhabitants
of the Country about ConneBkut ^wqx -, the Mora-
tiggons to the Weft ward of the Majjafoits ^ the Patux-
'ets between the Counties of i\r^Tr-^n)?o/ and New- Lon-
don *, the Maquas towards the Lake of the Iroquoife^
Weftward of C(?;?;?f<^/cM/- River*-, ihQ Meneqlf^y and o-
,!thers Eaftward. Thefe particular Nations had one
imore general Name, that of the Armonchiquois ^ and
thofe of Norembegua were call'd Etechemins. But eve-
ry Sachem or Segamore who was Lord of a Territory
' 18 or 10 Miles in length, ereded his Lands into a
JKingdom, "and gave a Name to his Nation. Thefe
Segamores were their Captains, ele«fled out of the Se-
niors of their Noble Families. The Extent of the ^'^^''^ ^*-
aovernment of each was commonly bounded by fome '^^''^"'^'^'.
River or Bay. The Vote of the Segamore was defini-
tive in their Publick AlTemblies j fometimes their
Priefts and Wizzards, who were aUo their Phyfici-
ans, were confulted*, the Power of their Segamores
iwas defpotick: Valour made a Man noble, and they
lad no other Diftin^ion among them, but the Men

H 2 of

loo The Hiftoryof New-England.

Clomhing^ of Courage and Poltroons, They were cloath*d witHlj
&c. Bear-skins, Wo^J-skiris, and the Skins of their wild!

Beafls ^ which they threw off in Summer, and put on]
again in Winter. Their Food was Maize, Fifh and
Fowl *, their Weapons were Bows and Arrowsj]
fharpen'd with Fiflb-bones inftead of Knives*, their
Boats were Canoo's wrought out of the Trunks ol
Trees, made hollcSW by Fire : Some of 'em had no
fettrd Dwelling, but liv'd eight or ten Families toge-
ther in a moveable Tent, for the Convenience of
Fifhing alamode des Tartares^ from whom 'tis faid
they are defcended : But this is only a Guefs, made
from a fmall Agreement in the Alanners betwe
thefe barbarous People and thofe, tvhich is harder
be prov'd, than how America came firft to be inha
bited. Some of them had fettrd Habitations or Wig
warns in Towns, built with Ports and Matts, and
cover'd with the Bark of Trees, large enough hr fe-
veral Families to cohabit, they being great Lovers ol
Society, and not quarrel fom.
Eeligmu They had no Notion of Religion or G 'd, thQ'^
worfhip'd a certain Devil, but no: with 3okmniry ol
regular Rites as the Negroes do *, they were then,
and ftill are crafty, timerous, fickle, quick of Appre;
henfion, revengeful, thevifh, have as many Wive
as they can maintain, their Women fupporting th(
Pains of Child-bearing without the leaft Groan.

Their Flefh is fmooth, and their Complexioii
good", but they fpoil the latter, by painting theril
lelves with certain Juices and Oils that render theii
tawny.

Since their Commerce with the Englifh they ari
not quite fo barbarous as before : Inftead of BeaX
skins, &c. they w^ear Mantles of Cloth. Some i
their ' Segamores and principal Men have Houfes buil '
after the Englifh Fafhion •, and many hundreds o
them have been converted to the Chriftian Religion j
h\r.Aiayhsw^ Mim{\Qy: o^ Martha's Tmeyard^ andth i
famous new Englifh Miflionary Mr. John Ellioty wer,./
veryinftrumental in propagating the Chriftian Fait: j
among them.

■ But before I enter upon that Subject, it may not
iiiiproper to let the Reader know the prefent State €(|
thefe Barbarians, as to the feveral Manners, Cuf^oraJ

Forml

The Hijlory of New-England . i c i

I Forms of Government, Drefs, Diet, and Language,
ab^rafted from an Author who dwells among them.

Tho thefe People are divided into fo many feveral Their pre-
Nations, that there are above 20 of them within the/'-'"^ ^t^te.
Limits of this Settlement, yet they feem by their
' Language to be originally of one Extraction, fornot-
: withftanding they can't underftand each other, 'tis
I occafion'd more from the variety of the Pronounciati-
on of their Languages, than the difference of the
[Words. Nu^paxv^ Duppaw^ Rvppaw^ fignifying the
\Sun in three le vera 1 Diale^ls. Wimit^ Wirrit^ Good ^
Fum^ Pumme^ Fim^ Oil. Their Language, if pof-
ifible, is more barbarous than their Manners ^ and one
swou'd think has not been refin'd fince the Confufion
I of Tongues at BaheL For inftance,

Nummatche'kodtantamoonganmnonafi) *, is in En- Larguage,
glilh, OurLvfis,

NoowomantammooonkanimnonaJJ) Our Loves. Cot. Mat.

Kummogkodon.^ttoottummoooctiteaongurjnunno' lib. 5. p.
nafij . . OarQueftion. 193.

There certainly will be occafion of no more Exam- j ^*' ^^^*
pies, to convince any reafonable Perfbn of the Barba- coverru^*
rity of the Indian Language. y^^y^^^

Their Government is a little more polite •, theirKings
iare abfolute Monarchs, yet they confult their Nobles
■fometimes, and whenever they do {o^ they behave
)themfelves with a becoming Majefty : Their own Opi-
nion defides all Matters or Council. The Emperors
ar greater Kings have their Lieutenants, who go-
vern as arbitrarily as their Mailers ', the Crown al-
tways defcends to the Eldeft Son ^ their Nobles are fuch
ks are clefcended from their Princes, or enjoy Lands by
virtue of Grants from them. They have Teomcn who
claim a natural Right of living'in their Prince's Domi-
nions, and a common ufe of their Land*, and Flllains^
who are known to be defcended from Strangers and
Foreigners, and are in Tome meafure fubjedl to the Yeo-
iiianry. The Prince's Revenues are Prefents, Wrecks,
iFurrs, Firft Fruits -^ in time of War the People are at
jcheir difpolal : They have a Contempt of the limited^
'Authority of the Englifh Governours^ and one of
ithefe Kings vifiting hk, Mayhew^ Pried: and Gover-

H 3 nour

J02 The Hifiory of New-England.

nour of Manha*s Vineyard^ defir'd iomething of hinij
which Mayhew^romisdtOf^o^ adding afterwards, if
the Inhabitants confented'^ the Barbarian reply'd, What
J prormfe or [peak is always true^ hut you Englijh Gover-
nours cannot he true ^ for you can't make your Words and
Intentions true^ hut mine are always true^ for I make
'em true.
Mo^ey. Their Money they call Wampam, and is Beads
Aiade of the Shells of Fifh. Their Houfes are a few
Matts ty'd about Poles faften'd in the Earth. They
lie a-nights round a fire without any Covering, but
the Turf or Bark on their Houfes. Their Cloathing
is a Beaft's Skin upon their Backs, with an Apron
hanging before thofe Parts that Decency among
Savages requires to be conce?i'd. Their chief Diet
is jNokehickj parch'd Meal and Water boil'd up to a
Confiftency, and the Flefh of Deer, Bears, Mofe an^
Rackoons ^ Fifh and Fowl., when they can catch it.
Their Phyfick is fonie few odd Specificks, a Hothoufe,
or Charms us'd by their Priefts. The Men are lazy \
their Wives do all the Drudgery, plant, drefs, houie,
and thrafh their Corn^ and build their Wigwams. The
Men hunt in Companies of Scores, and fometimes
Hundreds together. They divide the Time by Sleeps^
Moons and Winters, They believe there are man^
Gods, that every remarkable Creature has a God in
it, or about it^ they facrifice to the Devil ^ and
Dancing is one of their Religious Ceremonies : They
are great Dancers, and will fpend whole Days, like
fo many monilrous Scaramouches. Thofe of 'eol
that are converted, conform themfelves as near as may
be to the Englifh in every thing.

And now 'tis time to jpeakof thefe Indian Chrifti
ans, of whom the firft that embrac'd Chriftianity,
was one Jacoomes^ a Mean Man of Martha\ Iflandj
whom Mr. Mayhew perfwaded to renounce Idolatry,
which he did, and profefs'd the Chriftian Religiofi
before the Sachems of his Country, telling them*
hiiixns The God they worjhip'd had great Power ^ hut limited am
(tnvertd. fuhfervient to the God he had now Chofen.

In I o or 1 2 years time this Minifler converted Ce
veral hundreds, and reduc'd them into the Form oi
Churches, over whom Indian Paftors were in timO
ier^ after him^ <* Mr. Elliot^ Minifter oi Roxburgh^

" abou

cc
cc

M
CC

Tke Hiftory of New-England. loj

<^ about a Mile from Boflofiy undertook t\vQ.'m\K\oni'Abftri^of
if. ry Work, learn'd the Indian Tongue, trail (lated ^ Letter
M' the Bible, and feveral Treatifes of Pradical Divi-/'"''^ I"^-
^ nity, and Catechifms, in and about the year 1570. ^^^j^^"^?
<* he form'd an Indian Church in a Towncaird iV^-f „ h^k
<* /«/J, baptiz'd them, and firft adminillerM the Lord's prof.Vr
^* Supper to them. The Adinifter of that Church utrecht;
" liji years ago, was one Daniel an Indian. Mr. Elliot
" afterwards form'd four Churches of Indians in
" Maffachvfet Col6ny.

** At Maflnpang^ 50 Miles from Boflon^ another
*' Church of converted Indians was eftablilh'd, and
^ Jacoomes^ whom we have mentioned before, being
^ now become a Man of Piety and Knowledge, was
*' admitted to be Paftor of it.

'^ There are 5 AfTemblies more of Indian Chrifti--, .
ans not far from Maflnpang^ the Preachers being all ^* ^'
Indians. At Saconet in Plimouth County, is a great ^* *^^'
Congregation ^ and near Cape G?^ fix Aflemblies
more, among whom there are fix Indian Preachers.
Mr. Treaty Minifter of Eaflhamy preaching Co
" them often in their own Language. At Nantucket
^^ Ifland is another Indian Church, the Miniflerof
*' which is an Indian Convert.

*' At Martha's Vineyard is the two moft famous
^ Churches of Indian Chriftians ^ the Minifters he-
*^ ing John Hiacoomes^ the Son of the former Hiacoo-
" mesy and yo^«71?(r^/w/;, a converted Indian, They
'*' meet twice every Sunday *, the Paftor pr^ys extern-
" pore with them, then they fing Pfalms, then the
^ Minifter expounds a Chapter in the Bible, gathers
** Doftrines from it, proves them by Scriptures and
*^ Reafons, and infers Ufes as the Englifh Presbyterian
*^ Minifters do,by whom they were taught. They have
'' no Holidays, but Faft-days. The Barbarians beina
*' ignorant of the true God, had no word to exprefs
" him *, wherefore in their Prayers and Sermons they
'^ ufe Englifti Words and Terms, as Jehovah, or
*' God, or Lord. They teach their Children Perkins's
^^ and the AfTembly's Catechifm.

There are four and twenty Churches and Aflemblies
of Indian Chriftians in NewEnglandj as many Indian
Paftors, and four Englifh, who preach in the Indian /;7^/4«^tr/«
Tongue^ They haye Apartmeats at Harvard Col- dents.

H 4 lege

I04 The Kiftoryof New-England.

lege for the Indian Students, of which there are, or
were lately between 20 and 30.

At Nantucket Ifland there were 500 Indian Chrifti- ^
ans about 10 years ago, who were wholly under the
Englifh Government, having 3 diftinft Courts, witK
lib. 6. p. Power to hear and determine all Caufes below 400 /.'
^o, in vain 5. They choofe their own Magiftrates, and ap-

peal f'-om them to the Englifh. They are ambiti-^
ous of knowing and following the Englifh Laws, and
keep Records as the Englifh do. They put their
Children to learn to write and read.

Within the Liberties of Eafthain there were 505 J
Chriftian Indians 1 2 years ago, who had four Indian
Paftors, as many Srhool-mafters, and fix Juftices of
the Peace. Their Deportment, Converfe and Garb,
are more Manly and decent than any other Indians.
214 Converts were about Sandwich : At the fame time a
new Church of 'em was ereded at Albany^ in the
Province o^New-Tork.
Chnj^mi' Their Kings and Powaws oppos'd the Progrefsof
ty oppos\i Chriflianity to the utmoft of their power, but they
hy their durft not Rialie many Martyrs for fear of the Englifh,
i^^gs. to whom the Chriftian Indians in all times of Difficul-
ty proved very faithful.

Of thee Indians there are about 15 or i<^oo in

Manha\ Vineyard^ the whole Ifland being Chriftian *,

and in all, 'tis computed, that the Number of Indian

Converts and their Children may amount to about

4000-, o^\^\iomJaphet^ the Indian Paftor at yJ/^r^^^'s

Vineyard^ is a -very famous Perfon for making

' Converts , tbo not as the French do at Canada^

by preaching up Heaven as a fort of Mahometan or

Earthly Paradice, and Kell as an horrible kind of a

Dwelling, accommodating both to the Pleafure and

The Trench Terror of their Senfes. they tell the Hurons that the

mifrspre- EngUfti murder'd oar Saviour, and endeavour to make

iT^ry 7//!, ^^^v^^^s for their own Intereft, more than the Good

ZfJn^^^^^ Indians. Thus the Catholick Indians to the

'^^ ^j • Eaftward of Nevp-England have not got much by

/.3.p'.2oi.^'^^"g^"g ^^^^r Religion.

As to the Englifh Inhabitants of this Colony, who

they were that went fir ft thither, weftiall beftbein-

form'd of by Perfons who liv'd in thofe days. The

5b. p, 135. Lord Dighyy a famous ConfefTor for the Caufe of King

Charles

The Hijlory of New-England. 105

Charles I. faid in Parliament, That Men of the heft Con-
fcience were ready to fly into the VVildernefs for Religion ,
and Sir Benjamin Rudyard^ That a great midtitude of
the King's Suhje^s ftriving to hold Communion with us^
but feeing how far we were gone ^ and fear i'ng how much
farther we wou*d ^o^ were forcd to fly the Land^ very
many into favage Wddernejfes^ becaufe the Land wou d
I not hear them. Do not they that caufe thefe things cafi
a Reproach on the Government,

I But tho 'tis certain, many of thofe Gentleman and
; Minillers who fir ft went thither, were driven out ofFjrfl Evg-
I England by perfecuting Rulers oi high-flown Principles, ^^?^ Inhabi-
yet they were not all of them of iuch nice Confcien-^^"*'*
ices ^ for when a Minifter, foon after their Settlement
., there, preaching to his Congregation, Vr^d them to
I approve themfelves a Religious People^ by endeavouring to
propagate the Gofpel^ or otherwife they woiid contradiEl
\the main end of Planting, One of the AfTembly cry'd
I out, Sir you are mifiaken^ Our main end was to catch
\ Fijfj, However, it appears by their Hiftory they were
very bufie in fettling Churches, fummoning Synods,
and eftablilhing a Church there, which had the Form
of Godlinefs ^ and it does not become us to judge
whether it was without the Power.

The firft Churches were Independents cr Congrega- ^-^"^^^ ^9-
tional ^ feveral Presbyterian Minifters coming over af- "^^^^"^^^^^^
terwards, there happen'd frequent Jars and Difputes sdifms
among them, till at laft they fignM Articles of A- there,
greement as to Matters of Difcipline. They have had
ieveral Schifms, as they term tnem, among them, as
the Hierarchal Church at Weymouth^ th^ Anabaptifis at
Iwanfey 3.nd Bojton J Mr, Roger Williams' s^ whoprcach'd
p the Invalidity of King Charles's Pattent, and a-
lainft the Sin of taking the Indians Lands from them,
moft pernicious Dodlrine, for which he was
tanifh'd.

The Aatlnomian and Familifiical Tenets were
broach'd, and a dreadful Confufion in Church-Affliirs
reaten'd to ruin the Infant Colony, but they got o-
!r all Difficulties, and fettl'd their Church in Tome
brt of Order, drawing up Articles of Worfhip
d Difcipline *, which being more tedious than edi-
Jig, we fhall not fet down here, but refer the Rea-
r, if he has any Curiofity-to know them, to Cotton
Wher'sHiftoryof l^<iyf^Eng\md, The lib. ^.

I

xo6 The Hifiory of New-England.

The Independents and Presbyterians having agre^^
on a Coinprehenfion, are the Eflahlijhd Churchy and
the Church of England, /^ahaptifis ajid Quakers the
Tollerated JDljfemers. Their Synods have refer v'd tc
themfelves foniuch Power, that the Government haslJ
little left it in Ecclefiaftical Cafes, and the Miniftersl
of every Town are like fo many Governours within^
their Precinfts.
CM Oo- The Civil Government was at firft by GoTernour% i
vernmem. Deputy Governours, and Major Generals, chofen by;
the General Conrt^ who were the Deputies of the'
Towns, like our BurgeiTes in Parliament •, but now;
thofe Officers are commil!ion*d by the King. As toi
their Power, and that of the General and Inferiou£
Courts, their ways of raifing Taxes, and making
Laws, we refer the Reader to the Lcms of ^ev^
England^ in the Abridgment fo often cited in this
Treatife.

their The Strength of thefe three confederate Colonies

3trcrgtk confifts in trie number of their Militia and Inhabitants \

it being c< nil puted, that in all New-England thctQ 2ite

above i(?oo®n Souls,and of them joooo fighting Men 5

whereas the; Indians, were they collefted into one Body,

That efthe ^-ou'd not make an Army of 1 0000 Men ^ but as they

Indians, ^^.q (divided into above 20 feveral Kingdoms, differing

in Language, Manners and Interefts, 'tis impoilOlbld

for them to enter into fuch a Confederacy, astob«

able to do th'd Englifh any confiderable Damage *, and

the latter, when they pleafe, can difpofleTs theni

of the fmall Territories they enjoy in their NcigW

bourhood •, but either thinking it their Intereft that

they fhou'd live as they do, to furnifh them with

peltry^ and help to till the Ground, or that 'tis an Ira

jufticetQ turn the right Owners out of their Poffefg?

on?, or being afraid that the French, jealous of the

Growth of the Englifh Empire in America^ wou'cl

join with them, they let them alone, and are in no

great danger of receiving much Difturbance by

them,

, r The People of New-England^ in their way of

Livmof ^^^-^S? Manners and Appearance, refemble their

the Ivhdi- Brethren in Old-England^ excepting that they are

tmso niore formal, precife, morofe, and not fo fincere ai

the Englifh DifTenters. They are very fevere in theif

The Hifiory of New-England. 1 07

Laws Rgainft all forts of Immorality, and fo much^
2S if they thought Pleafure cou'd not be innocent ,
but in the Execution of thofe Laws, there is fuitable
Tendernefs had to the Infirmities of Humane Na-
ture.

The moft commendable thing among them, is their
Academy, and their Schools, every Townfhipof 50
Families being obliged to have a School, to teach to
write and read ^ and every Town of i oo Families,
to have a Grammar-School-, the Mafter of which,
muft be qualify'd to fit his Scholars for the Vmverfity^
which they began to eftablifh as foon as they were
well fettrd in the Country.

In the year i<5'3 0. the General Court advanced 400 /.
towards building a College at Newton in Middlefex,
about 7 or 8 Miles from Bofton •, and the Town on the
founding the College there had its Name changed to
, Cambridge ^ but the fmall Sum of 400/. would not^^m-
have gone far in fuch a Defign, had not Mr. John Har- °p?Se
vard, Minifter of Charles Town near Bofion, ^i^^^nkA
I foon after, and left almofl: 800/. to carry on the'
Work, as we have already mention'd. Then the o-
thcr Colonies gave fome fmall Contributions towards
^t *, and private Perfons finding there was a Probabili-
ty of fucceeding in it, contributed much more than
whole Colonies.

The College being built and endowed, was in ho-
nour of their great Benefactor Mr. Harvard^ call'd Harvard
Harvard College *, and Mr. Nathaniel Eaton was Co]kge,
chofen Prefident : He was a Man of Learning, but J/r.Nath.
lb cruel in his Nature, and lewd in his Morals, that Eaton
he was expell'd the Univerfity, and excommunicated. Prefidem.
Upon which he went to Virginia^ and from thence to
England •, where he conformed to the Church of
England^ was made Minifter of Blddiford in Devon-
fbire^ after the Reftoration became a violent Per-
fecutor of Non-conformifts, continu'd his wicked
Gourfes, and dy'd in Jail for Debt.

' In the year 1 540. The Magiftrates and Minifters i (5-40.
chofe Mr. Henry Dunflar to be Prefident of the Col- Mr.Hen-
lege, to which the General Court granted a Charter^ ry Dun-
and n^de it a Corporation, confifting of a Prefident, ftar Fref,
2 Fellows and a Treafurer. The Governour, Depu-
ty Governour, and the Magiftj?ates of the Colony

being

io8 The Hijlory of New-England.

Ti^e Coi7:f_gff being appointed to be the Vifitors. The Income of
Revenue, Charlton Ferry was fettl'd upon it, and its Revenues
in a little time were fufficient to maintain the Ex-
pence, with a veryfmall Affiftance from the Treafu-
ry of the Colony.

Tis obfervable that Sir George Downing^ who was
fo often employ'd by thQ Rump^ and afterwards by
King Charles 11. as their Envoy Extraordinary in
HolUtnd^ was the (econd Perfon that was enter 'd a
Student in this College : Sir Henry Mildmay fent his
Son William Mildmay^ Efq*, the Elder Brother of
Henry Mildmay Efq', of Shawford in Ha^pfilre^ to
ftudy here, as did William Stoughton Efq*, late Lieu-
tenant Governour of the Colony, and Founder of
Stoughton-HdM in this Univerfity, Jofeph Dudley
Efq;> the prefent Governour, and many other Gen-
tlemen of the Province, who are of principal Note in
this Hiftory.

Mr. Bunftar was a Perfon very v^ell skiird in the
Orie?7tal Tongues, and a Man of as much good Lear-
ning as ever vifited the American Shore, but inclining
to the Baptifi Opinion : The rigid Presbyterian ana
Independent Party got him turned out, after he had
been ferviceable to them in helping their Miniftersto
tranflate David's Pfalms.

'Tis true 'tis a very mean Performance, and un-
worthy the Spirit and Harmony of that Divine Poet,
but Mufick and Eloquence are not to be expelled in
New-England-^ and till they throw off that wretched
AfFe£lation which we commonly call Cam^ and which
is of no manner of ufe, unlefs to deceive Fools, and
amufe Hypocrites, we cannot fee what great ufe their
Academy will ever be to them, for *tis the main end of
Learning to pleafe and inftruft \ and how formal ■
Nonfenfe and miferable Jargon, tho 'tis larded with
hundreds of learn'd Quotations, can have any Effect on
a reafonable Mind, is beyond Reafon to comprehend. ,
The Hijiory of New-England written by Cotton i ;
Mather^ a Man of Fame in his Country, as appears f
by the barbarous Rhimes before it in Praife of the I i
Author, is a fufficient Proof, that a Man may have : '
^ead hundreds of Latine Authors, and be quali^'d to
conflrue them, may have fpenf his Youth in a Col-
lege, and be bred up in Letters, yet have neither Jud^-?

menf

The Hijlory of New-England. 1 09

mcnt to know how to make a Difcourfe perfpicuous,
nor Eloquence to exprels his Sentiments fo that they
may pleaie and perfwade, the ea left way to Convidi-
on :, for of all the Books that ever came from the
Prefs with the venerable Title of a Hiftory, *tisim-
poflihle to fhew one that is fo confus'd in the Form^
fo trivial in the Matter, and fo faulty in the Exprej-
fion, fo cramm*d with Punns, Anagrams, Acrofticks,
Miracles and Prodigies, that it rather refembles
School Boys Exercifes Forty Years ago, and Romifi
Legends, than the Collections of an Hiftorian bred
up in a Proteftant Academy.

The Reader will excufe this Digreflion, which
hardly can be call'd fo properly, it ferving to give an
Idea of the ufe the New-England Men make of their
llniverfity, and to fhew how far an Humour or AfFe*
ftation may prevail to the Prejudice of the moft ufefal
and reafonable things.

That Hiftory of Cotton Mather's is enough to give
one a Surfeit of Letters, if all the Schools in the
World were like Harvar d-CoWtgQ •, for that the
Eloquence and Elegance of all that School is the fame
with the Hiftorians, will appear from his Father
Inc. Mather*s Letter to the Church of Cambridge^ and C M. p,
a thoufand Quotations of other Nerv- England Authors i59'
fcatter'd up and down in the Hiftory.

This is not faid to refieft on the Defign of their
Univerfity, but if poftible to make them fee their
Error in the Execution of it, that they may leave off
mean Cant, which was in Faftiion a hundred years
ago, add the Purity of Language to that of Do6Vrine,
and let the goffers fee that Religion needs no little
Shifts and Arts to fupport its felf, and that the Force
and Harmony of the Divine Truths are never fo con-
vincing and moving on reafonable Souls, as when they
are exprefs'd in elegant and apt Phrales, free from the
Poverty and Tautology of the prefent New-England
Di£lion ;, let their own Dr. ^^fff/inftruft them bet-
ter in his beft Pieces, if they th'nk themfelves too
pious to learn of our Tillotfon and CW^wy.

There was a Prefs fet up at Cambridge^ and the pr)^/
Pralms firft Printed there, about the time of Mr. J^Jiltei
I>imjlar*s being eleded Prefident. (Lrdprmtfi

in New-
This England.

t iso The Hifiory t>f New-Englatii!,

This Verfion, tho 'tis abominable as to the Mee-
ter, has the Commendation of keepin?^ clofer to the
Tejct than any. The Excufe the Tranflators gave for
CM. /i^. their bad Verfes, That God's Altars need not our Po-
a.f. 100. Uflnngs^ is of the fame ftrain with their other Argu-
ments, as if they had afFe£^ed to be fi^t and rough,
and cou'd have done better, or that vs^e ought not to
fing the Creator's Praife in our beft Language and
fweeteft Melody, according to the Example of the
Holy Pfalmift whom they pretended to tranflate.
If they wanted a faithful Tranflation, why did they ,
not do it in Profe ^ for among all their Gifts, they i
might with a little Modefty have feen that they were
not endow'd with that of Poefy.

Ill iVlr. Dimftar's time the Library was fet up at
The Libra' Harvard College, and fevcral Gentlemen of Old
ry there, and New England contributed to it, as Sir Kenelm Dig-
by^ Sir John Maynard, Mr. Baxter j Mr. /////, and
Mr. Gale : And many others became Benefaftors to the
College Revenues, as Alderman jifihurfi^ Sir Richard
Saltonftall^ Edward Hopkins^ E(q*, and the Moft Reve-
rend Arch-Bp. Vfier.
their De- The Students began to take Degrees of Batchclour
l^^^' and Mafter of Arts^ but tho me College have a
Right to beftow that of Do£lor, they 'never exercised
it, except in the Cafe of the Prefident Mr. Jncreafe
Mather^ as will be fhewn in its due place. Mr,
Dundar having been 14. Years their Prefident, not-
withllanding all his Learning and Merit, was expeird
by his Brother Nt>n-confor mills, for not conforming
Mr, with them in all things *, and Mr. Charles Chauncy

Cbauncy (born in Hartfordfijire') Minifler of Sc^ate^ was ele-
Prefidem. ^ed Prefident in his place.

He had been Greek ProfefTor at Cambridge in Engf
land^ was skill'd in the Oriental Languages *, and, fays
my Author, the Hiftorian fo often quoted, wrote a
Witty Latin Poem on the Death of Queen Anne^ Wife
to King James I. Printed in the Laehryma Camabrigi-
enfis. He was intimately acquainted with Dr. t^/;fr,
and a Man oftgood Senfe and Learning according to
the Times, but was ioic'd to xQXixQ to New-England
for not coming up to Bp. Laud'^ Heights in Matters of
Ceremony.

He

7h jy?/?^r;e)f New-England. in

Ut 2overn*d Harvard College with Piety, Care
md Judgment feventeen Years, and then dying, was 167U
fucceeded by Dr. Leonard Hoar^ the firft Prefident T)r. Leo.
who had his Education in the fame College. After ^oarPrtf/.
ivhich he travel'd to England^ and commenced Doftor
ctf Phyfick in Cambridge, Hemarry*d the Ld. Li/Ies*s
Daughter, and returning with her to Nero-England^
was clefted Preftdentof the College •, but fome great
Men in the Country taking a difguft to him, the
Scholars* countenanced by thofe Gentlemen, were
very difobedient, and made him live fuch an nneafy
Life, that after he had been Prefident four Years he
refign'd his Office.

While he govern'd the College there was a new
Subfcription taken to enlarge it, and near 200 /. fub-
fcrib'd and paid, of which Sir Thomas Temple gave
1 00 /. With this Money there were fo many Edifices
ibuilt, that it look'd like a new College, which ftill
[went by the Name of the Old. Several Indians were
ladmitted in the time of his Predeceflbr, and in his
'own Prefidency. The firft who took his Batchelours
jDegrec was Mr. Caleb Cheefchaumuk : Since that, o-
ithcrs have proceeded as far*, and rnany Indians e-
fducated here, are Preachers to Indian Churches.
I Mr. Vrian Oakes^ Minifter of the Town of C^;«- i^?^
\bridgey was chofen to fucceed Dr. Hoar. He was^^'^p*^?
born in Old-England^ but bronght over young to^ * ■'•
New'Englandj and educated in Harvard College,
where he took his Batchelour and Mafter's Degree.
This Man, excepting that he was very religious
after the way of the Country, does not feem to
have had any extraordinary Qiia«lities worthy
the Station to which he was advanc'd, and in which
he liv'd fix years. ^

|i On his Death Mr. Jncreafe Mather^ one of the
ilMinifters of Bojion^ was eleO:ed Prefident, but his
[^Congregation refuiing to part with him he declined j^gj.
it *, and Mr. John Rogers was cholen into that Place : Mr. John
His Father came to New-England when he \vas about Rogers
6 Years old *, he ow*d what Learning he had to ?ref.
Harvard College, and is commended for abundance
rf good Nature.

In his time the College was like to have been burnt to
tiie Ground, but was prevented by his accidental fhor-

tening

I J 2 Tk Hijlory of New-England.

. tening his Prayer *, it being the Cufloni of the Prefi-
dentof the College to pray ia the PublickHall with
the Scholars. Mr. Rogers^ like the reft of his Brethren,^
us'd to be (bmewhat long •, but on the Day that th«'
College took Fire he was fhorter than ordinary, andj
the Scholar in whofe Chamber it was, returned time'
enough to have it put out.
1584. -^^ ^y'^ ^^^^^' ^^ ^^^^ enjoy'd his Office two Years,
Air Inc. ^^^ ^^ prefent Redor Mr. Increafe Mather^ was
Matlier' chofen in his Place, to which he was now promoted
Tnf, with the Confent of his Congregation. This Man
was the firft Prefident who was born in New-England^
whither his Father Mr. Richard Mather was driven
by Perfecution in 15^35. His Son is the Author of
the New-England Hiftory •, and the Father, when hei
was in En^and to follicite the AfF^rirs of the Country
^s their Agent, preached often in th "t DilTenters
Meetings *, his Stile being more aiTefled and quaint
than thofe of tlie Non-conformiji Teachers who are
nioft funous in that way, and wou'd confirm all
that has been of the Harvard Eloquence, if any of
his Sermons had been Printed.

On the taking of the Charter from this Colony,
Col. Dudley^ whom the King had made Prefident of
New-England^ changed Mr. Mather's Title of Prefi-
dent into that of ReBor,
Mr Leve- ^^^^^ Mr. Mather was in England^ Mr. Leveret
ret and ' ^^-^ Mr. Brattle^ two of the Fellows, govern'd the
Mr, Brat- College ^ and when he returned with the New Char-
tie, ter granted by King Williafn and Queen Mary^ xhc
1 6 92, Univerfity had a New Charter granted them alfo by
the Government of iVf7r-£;7g/^«^.

After this the Academy began to thrive, Harvard

College or Colleges being too little for the Students,

Mr. Stonghton built a New one, with more Expence

than the Benefaftor of Harvard was at ^ it is from

Stough- Iiim caird Stoughton Hall, and in both of them there

ton mU, are near 400 Students Englifii and Indians.

This Univerfity has produced ieveral Writers, who
have publifh'd Sermons and other DifcourfesiniVfiP-r?/-
gland and Old-England^ but thcjy have had no great Cur-
rency or Reputation, tho it mufi; be confefs'd that ibme
of the Authors leem to be what is generally underftood
by the Phrafe Good Schollars *, and we know no rea-

fon

^

The Hiftory of New-England. 113

fon why they fhou'd not be To, having the lame
Advantages of Books and Brains, as other Men in
other Univerfities j but *tis in Siile, as in Painting,
ev'ry Nation has a Manner, by which 'tis known,
and which will be more or lefs Polite, according to
the Genius of the People.

In return for the Services Mr. Inc. Mather had ^^^' Inc:
done the Country and College by his Agency inMathec
England^ the latter prefented him with a Diploma^ ^^^^ ^
for a Doftor's Degree, Sign'd by the Fellows, with ^r?^^/
the Vmverfity-Scdl annex'd to it. The Power they -^'^'"'l/'
had to do it appears by the Words of the Diploma j

Quumgradus Academic as ^ taminlheologia quamin
Philofophia^ pro more Academiarujn in Anglia^
conferendi Voteflas^ ah amplifjimo Guhernatore^ cfr
a fumma Majfachufettenfis Provincidn Curia^ fecun-
dum SerenijJ, Regis ac Regiridi Gulielmi & Maridt^
Hits conceffum Diploma fit ad nobis commijf, &'
quoniam vir clarijjimusy &c.

Notwithftanding that the Charter granted by King
William and Qaeen Mary had impower'd the Gover-
nour and General Court of MaJJachufet'C<j\ony to grant
a Charter to the College, with Power of conferring
Doftor's Degrees, as is expreft in the Diploma *, yet
Mr. Mather himfelf never made ufe of the Title, nor
the Univerfity before nor fmce thought fit to beftuw
it on any other Man. We fhall conclude this Ac-
count of New Englandy and its Univerfity, with a
Lifl: of all the Prefidents and Fellows from the Foun-
dation of //^ri/^r^ College to the year, i<?i?8.

A Lift of the Prefidents and Fellows oi Harvard

College.

My. Nath. Eaton, Prefident, expell'd. kj-^o.'

Mr. Henry Dunflar, Prefident, turn'd out. j / '

Mr, Charles Chauncy, Prefident. 15^4.'.

Dr, Leonard Hoar, Prefident, refign*d, 1571!

Mr.VrianOaks^ Prefident. 157?"

Mr. John Rogers, Prefident. j6Si

Dr. Inc, Mather, Prefident and Reftor. i6%L

I Years

1 14 The Hijtory of New-England.

Years in which they took their Batchelors Degree,

t ^ . , ■ -^^^^ "^'^^^^^^^ Mather. ? ^^ ,,
^^+^ M^, Samuel Danforth, F^l^^^^^s.

'^^+7' Vi^. Con, Star, ^Fellows.

Mr. Samuel Eaton^ ' y

1 6\9' Ml"- Vrian Oaks, >Fellows.

Mr. John Collins,, S

U\;A4tchaelW,gglcfworth, ?^ ,,
1^51. UuTho^ms Dydley\ ^Fellows.

Mr. Thomas Shepherd, -|

Ml'. Samuel Nowe II, i

h\x, Samuel Hooker. v r^ „
^ ^^^ Mr. 5^;;v^z/f/ Bradfireet, ? F^l^^WS.

Mr. >/;?^^ yi/<?o/^;/, '^

Mr. Nehemiah Ainbrofe, ^
I .<5 5. Mr. Gerflmn Bidkley, Fellow.
• Mr. Jncreafe yV/athef\ ? ,. , ,
^^)-^- Mr. 77;^/;/^^ 6>^-^-f J, ^Fellow.'.

Ml'. Zachariah Svm-fns,, ?^, ,,
^ ^^~ ^''- Mr. Zachariah Bregdel^, S ^ ^^^^^^5-
1 6-5 S. -Mr. 5^//2i/a' Shepherd, Fellow.
1^5^. M^. Samuel WiUard, Fellow.

Mr. Samuel Elliot^ ?^ .,

Mr. Peter Bulkley, i^^^^^^s.

Mr. Nathaniel Chatmcey,, ?^ ,,

Mr. 7^/9/. /f//;/>/;7g, -^^ ^Fellows.

i5d-2. Mr. 5(?/<?;a;^?/ 5»W^,W, Fellow.

1 ^6-(< M^- 5V^^^''^ Brown, ? ^ , ,

^' Mr. ?./.;/ Richardfon, I bellows.
1557. . Mr. Nehemiah Huhart^ Fellow.
1669. Mr. Daniel Gookin, FeJlow.
1570. jV'jr. yimmis RuCorhet^ Fellow.

Mr. Jfaac Fofier, «

Mr. Samuel Scvall, V.r n

1^71. Mr. 5.7^^/j/f/ Danforth, r ^^Uows.

Mr. Peter Th acker, ^

Mr. Sai7juel Andrew, ? r- n
»^75. Mr.ISIathamlGookm, ^Fellows.

J 660,
1661.

The Hijlory of Ne w-England. 115

'M^' John Dariforthy Fellow. i<f77.

M^' John Leveret^ 9 Fellows, V^ice Prefi- i6Zo.
Mr. William Brattle^ 5 dents.

Mi'- Samuel Mitchel^ Fellow. i<f8i.

Mr. JVch^ Walter, Fellow. ^'^^+-

Mr. John Whit e^ Fellow. ^^^^'

Mr. Ebenez^er Pemherton^ Fellow. i<^i>i.

Ml'. Jabez, Fitph, Fellow. '^^*^'

Mr. J^wri ^//d';;, ? r- , ,

Mr. CW/fi A^fortorj, S ^^^^^w^*

The two laft were bred in E'rigLrnd, and Mr. Aiorton
taught Academical Learning at Newhigtorit before he
wasforc'd to fly to NewEnghnd-, by the Perfecution
in the late Reigns.

Twas impoflible to publiOi a Work of this Nature
with that Expedition as was expected, the Author
being oblig'd to Hop longer for Informations from A-
merica than he at hrft imagin'd -^ by \vhich means
this Treatife has remained unpubliih'd till theprefent
Year, 1708.

We left Colonel Dudley in PofTeftion of the Govern-
ment *, and he began the Exercife of his Power with
vigoroufly entering into the War with France on that
fide: He fitted out 4 Sloops, put 200 Men aboard,
and order'd them toefuife on the French Coail ^ from
whom they took 9 VefTels *, and at the (a me time, the
New-England Privateers, who have been very fuccefT-
ful, took 3 Ships bound for Canada. Sometime be-
fore this Conflantine Phips^ Efq:, and Wd. J^augharj^
Efq-, prefented a very loyal Addreis, to congratulate
Her Majefly's AccelTion to the Throne, in the Name
gf the Province o'i New-Hampfoire,

There has happened no material Events fince rela-
ting to this Colony •, the (ameGovernour continues in
his Poft, and we Ihould have added a Life of the Coun-
cil o{ Maffachufets ^ but the People, by Virtue of their
Charter, choofmg the Members them felves, we could
not procure their Names, w^hich are not regulcirly
tranfmitted to Engla-nd. It feems the Province of taft

1 1 6 The Hiftory of New-England.

or New Hatjipjhire^ which we have fpoken of, deliver'd
up their Rights entirely into the Hands of the King ;
who by the new Charter that was granted to rt, re-
fervM to the Crown the Power of naming the Coun-
cil. Tho New Hampjhire is incorporated with the
Government of New-England^ yet the Counfellors are
not eleded by the Inhabitants, as thofeof il^f^iT^c^*-
iets^ but nam'd by the Government in England. Be-
ing at prefent,

Colonel Jofeph Dudley ^ Governour.
JohnVfievy Efq-, Lieut. Governour.

Wil. Partridge^ Efq*,

TeterCojfin^ E(q',

Robert Elliot^ Elq^

John Gearijh^ Efq*,

Wil, Vaughan^ Efq*,

Sam. PenhalloWy Efq*,

John Plaifiedy Efq*,

Richard Waldron^ Efq*,

Winthrop Hilton^ Efq*,

Jofeph Smithy Efq j

J^CounfellorS'

THE

( "7 )

THE

HISTORY

OF

N EW-Y 0 R K:

CONTAINING

An Account of its Difcovery, Settlement,
Revolution, and all other Events, to this
Time ; Of the Climate, Soil, Trade,
Inhabitants,' Englijh and Indians.

H I S Country was at firft caird Nova Bel--
gia J and the Dutch^ who pretended to the
Propriety of it, included Martha's Vineyard^

and £//;^^^^^-J[/?^;?^: The former of which

they call'd Henry Chnjiiaris Ifland', and the latter, A-
I drian Block's^ from the Name of two Mafters of Ships,
I who, they fay, difcover'd them : But it does not ap-
I pear they had any Right to thofe Ifles, or indeed to
! the Continent on Httdfons River, till they bought it of
[ (f aptain Hudfon^ who difcover*d it, and fold it to
I them about the Year i6o^, which Sale being
I without the Kind's Licence, \vas excepted againft
I by the Englifi ^ but there were no Attempts made
! by them to fettle here themfelves, or hinder the
I Hollanders.

r-

i ■ I I TH?

1 1 8 The Hijiory of New- York.

The EngUJJj^ who faird from Holland to the Weji-
Indies^ and fettled Plimoiah-Colony^ intended to take
Poffefiion of the Territories lying on the Coaft of the
Bay formed by Neivhaven Colony, and Long-J/land \
but the Mafter of the Ship being a Dutchmar?y was
brib'd by fome of his Countrymen to betray them,
and land them further Eaflward \ which he did ac-
cordingly, and prevented their fettling in iVo'z;^ 5f /-
Jk Dutch g/rJ^ where the Hollanders had begun to plant, but
^ettJsmm h^d been driven thence by Sir Sarrluel Ar gaily Gover-
noflr of f^irgmla. They then apply 'd themfelves to
King Jamesl. who gave them leave to build fome
Cottages, for the Convenience of their Ships touching
there for frefh Water and Provifions, in their Voy-
age to Brazil. Under this Pretence, they incroach'd
by little and little, fo much, that they built Towns,
fortify'd them, planted, ahd became a flourifhing
Settlement.

They built the City of New Amfterdamj in an Ille
caird Manahatta?2j at the Mouth of Hudfons River *,
to wiiich they gave th^ Name of the Great River •, and
the Bay to the Eaft of it, they call'd by that oi Naf-
fan. They built a For t^ about 80 Miles up the River,
which they nam'd Orange Fort ^ and from thence
us'd to drive a profitable Trade with the Indians^
\vho came over Land as far as from Quebec^ to deal
with them. Henry Chrifllan^ and after him, Jacob El-
hny were the firft Dutch Governours here, for the
We fi- India Company in Holland •, to whom the States
General had granted this Country.
Its BdimJis, The firft Bounds of New-Tork^ were Alaryland on
ih^ South ", the Main Land, as far as could be difco-
ver'd, Weflward *, the Great River of Canada^ North-
ward •, and New-Englandy Eafiward. It now is re-
duc'd into a much narrower Compafs j for King
Charles II. having given this Trad: of Land to the
Duke of Torh^ by a Charter, dated the 12th of
March^ 166^, the Duke made a Grant of part of it
to Under-Proprietors, who call'd it Eajt and IVefl^
JerJ'ey^ which are now its Limits in the iVcfi and
South : On the North 'tis bounded by Long-J/land\
and on the Eafi by New-England : Hudfon's River di-
vides it from tht Jerfeys *, and a Line drawn between
Rye c nd Greenwich^ ieparates it from New-England i

So

i

The Hijiory of New- York. i j^

So that the whole Province on the Continent is not a-
bove 20 Miles over, but 'tis 120 in Length \ and what
'was properly call'd Nova Belgla: It lies between 4.0
I and a half, to 42 Degrees, 50 Minutes, Northern
Latitude. The Climate is more temperate than that
I o( Nerv 'England, and the Soil ib fruitful, ihdit ouQ 7 hXlimte
Bufhel of EngliJ}} Wheat has produc'd a Hundred,^^''^'^^'/-
which was a fair Temptation for the Bngliftj to de-
j fire it.

j Accordingly in the Beginning of the firft: Dutch ^^^ ^"^^y-
Wars after the Rejioration, King Charles the lid, who 1'^ ''^^«^e
I had beftow'd it on his Brother, fent a Squadron of ^^*
: Men of War, and fome Land -Forces, under the Com-
I mand of Sir Robert Car, to recover it. Sir Robert
arriv'd there in the latter End of the Year 1554. Ian- i^^4«
' ded 3000 Men upon Manahattan Illand, and march'd
direftly to New-j4mflerdam, The Governour oi the
Town was an old Soldier, and had loft a Leg ixx
the Service of i]\q States ^ but being furpriz'd at the
unexpefted Attack of a formidable Enemy, and not
knowing the certain Numbers of the £?2gi2/o', he was
prevailed upon by the Inhabitants to furrender. Sir
Robert Car, by Order from the King, had proclaim'd,
that all who fubmitted to the Crown of England^
fhould be receiv'd into his Prote^ion •, and the Citi-
zens of Nerp-u4?;-]Jierdam fearing to be plundcr'd, and
outed of their P<|(]effions, if they reGfted, perlwaded
the Governour to deliver up the Town •, w^hich they
could not have defended againft the Befiegers, if they
had brought their Artillery to bear: And thus this
Place fell into the Hands of the E?igliJ}j\ 'Twas hand-
fomely built by the Dutch-, of Brick and Stone, co-TheTow^
ver'd with red and black Tile*, and the Land being l^/^Ncw^
high, it affords an agreeable Profpeifl to the Sps<fla- ^<^fk,
tors at a Difrance. Above half the Dutch Inhabitants
remained, and took an Oath of Fidelity to the King
of England. Thofe that remov'd, had Liberty to car-
ry off their Effeds, and their Places were foon fup-
ply'd by Englifi. There are now above 800 Houfc?,
the meaneft worth ioq /. in this City^ which for the
Strength and Pieafantnefs of its Situation, may com-
pare with any in the W^orld. 'Tis govern 'd by a
Mayor, Recorder, Alderman, and Sheriff, Common
Councilj Conflablesj and other in^riour Officers, in

I20 The Hiftory of New- York.

Imitation of the Government of die Corporations itf!
England, It has but one Parifh Church, but that i$l
large and beautiful*, and the Minifter has loo/. aj
Year fettled on him. The Council-Houfe is a fain
Edifice. James'Fort\sd.{ivQr\g^ regular Fortification,!
and commands the River, Befidesthis, ithasaWalli
to the Land, mount'jd with Ordnance, andfeemstoj
defy the Power o^ French or Indians. There is a Prin^
ting-Prefs in this Town. The Ifiand it {lands in, is 1 4.1
Miles long, but is not of a proportionable Breadth,
It was inhabited by a Nation call'd the Manhattes^ who:
were more feirce and barbarous than the other Indians^
Thefe the Hollanders dirpofTefling, had an Appear-
ance df Right to fucceed them *, but Arms decided the
Difpute much more to the Advantage of the Englifl) \
who 13 Days after the Surrender of New-Amfter-
kamy to which City was now given the Name of
NeW'Torky march'd under Colonel Nlchollsy up. the
Country to Orange Fort, which ftood on Hudfon\,
River, 5 Miles below where the Eaftern Branch parts
from the Southern, and runs up almoft to the Lake of
the Iroquois^ 200 Miles within Land. This Forti
Colonel Nkholls eafily reduc'd, and calPd it New At-
hany^ the Duke of York's Scotch Title. Here is always
a Garrifon of two Companies of Soldiers.

About 50 Miles above New-Tork is Kingjlotiy a very
pretty Town, containing 200 Families, Englijh and'
Dutch. Tis well built, and popular for its Big-
nefs.

Twenty Miles zhovt Albany ^ is ScheneBada^ z.Town
feated in one of the fineft Vales in the World, not un-
like the pleafant Valley, which the Trent waters, ia
Nottinghamjhirey to which it has been often compared.
Here are near too Houfes. The Inhabitants are
part EngliJI\ and part Dutch. This Place was deftroy'd
m the beginning of the late War with France^ by the
French Indians^ who maflacred the People, fparing nei-
ther Age nor Sex ^ fince which there's a Fort built to
prevent a Surprize.
Indian Between this Fort and New-Tork feveral Indian

Mitjomo Nations dwelt ;, as the Mackentawomiy the Fachamiy
the Wooran^ the MankikaKiy and next them, the
Maquasy Weflward of Fort Orange. The Country
jaJl along is very/ruitfuL The IndioKSy who are not
•. . •• . very

The Hlpry e?/ New- York. 121

very induftrious, poffefs it all, Qxz^pl Sopors- Kili^ on
the Weftern Shoar of Hudforfs River. And the Dutch
had no Pl^intarions there, as the EngliJIj have fince, the
the Inland Country is ftill thin of Settlements.

On the Coafts is the County of Weft-Chefier^ in
which are the Towns and Parilhes of Weft: and
Eafi-Cheflerj TonhrSj De Cham^ the Parifh of Rye^
Stonehrooh^ Munerenock and Bedford, The County
Town and Parilh of Richmond, Sir Robert Car having tovfns.
reduc'd all on the Eafl Side of Hudfon's River, took
I in the Town and Fort of Jlrafapha and Delaware-
\ Caftle, on the Wefi Side, without lofing a Man.
: Staten I/land^ at the Mouth of Raritan River, and
I Long I/landy followed the Fate of the other Towns,
i Thus the EngUjJ) oblig'd the Dutch to fubmit every
j where to them. Col. Nkholls was appointed Cover- Colonel
' nour of the Province of New-Torky and he conclu- Nicholls
j ded a League between the Inhabitants and the In- Governor^
Mans.

Before we enter further into the Hiftory of this
j Colony, 'twill be requifite to fay fomething of Long
JJland^ which is part of the Settlement. Tis 100 Long
Miles long, but 12 broad, and was inhabited by the JflavJ,
EngUJhy before Sir Robert Car came thither *, for King C Mat-
James having made a Grant of it to William Alexander^
Earl of Sterling^ Proprietor of New-Scotland^ the In-
habitants of Lyn in New-England^ finding themfelves
ftreighten'd in Ground, refolv*d to remove thither by
ConSnt of the Lord Sterlings with whofe Agents
they made an Agreement, for a Part of the Iflandto
plant and fettle in. They then went thither, about -
100 Families in all, with Mr. Pierfon thek Minifter,
tnd began to plant at the Weft End of the Ifland *, but,
the Dutch of New ^mfterdam gave them fuch Diftur-
bance, that they deferted their firfl: Plantation, and
fettled at the £^7? End, entering into an Ecclefiaftical
and Civil Combination, for the Government of their
little Colony. They built a Town, and call'd it
Southampton •, where it remains (iil!, and is part of the
Province of New-York^ being annex'd to it when the
EngliJ}) recover'd xhQ Dominion of this Ifland, and the
adjacent Continent. Out q{ Southampton the Parifh of
'Bridge- Hampton was lately taken. The Weft End of
th3 Ifland is now "Vuecns County in this Provmce:
^ - The

122 The Hi ft or J of New- York.

The Town and Parifh of Jamaica^ ihe Town and
PariOi of Hempjied^ Conflable Town, Vtrecht^ and o-
thers of lefs Note, belong to Queens County.

The whole Ifland is furnifh'd with convenient Har-
bours ^ and off the Coaft, particularly the Eafierny
lie feveral Iflands, but none of them inhabited. Sta-
ten Ifiand, at the Wefl: End, is lo Miles long, and s
or 6 over. The chief Plantations upon it are Billops^
at the South End •, and Palmers at the North : On
the Eaflern Point is Dover ^ another fmall Settle-
ment.

In Long Ifland there were alfo fome French Inhabi-
tants*, but now they are either remov'd, orfubje^lto
the Englijh Government. The Dutch made as good
Earthen Ware here as they do at Delft ^ and lome :
write; that it, did not fall ftiort of China-^ but the
Englijh do not come up to them in that Manufacture,
The Trxdg. The Trade driven by them, is Furs, Skins, Tobac-
co, as good as that of yl'/^rvte^ •, Horfes, Beef, Pork,
Oil, Peafe, Wheat, and all Ibrts oi EngliJ/j Grain, which
they fow, and have very good Increafe of it. AH other
Fruits and Herbs thrive there, together with Flax,y
Hemp, Pumkins, Melons, &c. The Soil being moft
of it very good. Towards the Middle of the Ifland
lies a Plain i6 Miles long, and four broad ^ where
there grows very fine Grals, which makes extraordi-
nary good Hay, and is excellent Pa (lure for Sheep or
other Cattel. There is no manner of Rubbifh, Stick
or Stone to be found upon it '^ and the Place is fo fit for
Races, that twice a Year the beft Horfes in the Ifland
are brought thither to try their Speed, and the Prize
is a Silver Cup to the fwiftell:.

There are two or three other fmall Plains of about
a Mile fquare, which are very beneficial to the neighs
bouring Towns,.

On the South Side of Long I/land^ in the Winter
lie Store of IVhalesSiUd Grampuffes^ which the Inhabi-
tants catch in their fmall Boats, and drive a confidera-
ble Trade with the Oil. An infinite Number of
$cals lie all the Winter on fome broken Marfhes,
Beaches and Bars of Sands. They make an excellent
Oil, and wou'd be very advantageous to the People of il
the Countryj if they fell into an eafier way of coming
at them. .0

Jhe

The Hijlory of New- York. 123

The Englifljj and others, on the Continent of New*-
Torky deal with the Indians for the Skins of Elks,
Deer, Bears, Beavers, Otters, Raccoons, and other
rich Furs *, and in Summer are fupply'd by tliein,
with Venifon, Fifti and Fowl very cheap. Their
other Trade is to Barbadoes and the Sugar Iflands,
with Horfes, Beef and Pork, for which they receive,
in Return, Sui^ar, MelalTes, Rum, &c. They alfo
have a very profitable Commerce from New-Tor k to
Madera and the Ai^ores^ with Pipe Staves and Fifh,
for which they load their Ships bacK with Wine and
Brandy \ and there is fcarce a more advantageous
Trade in all the EngliJ}) Commerce. I have known a
fmall Ship imploy'd in this Voyage, backward and
forward from New-Tork to Madera^ clear the Owners
above 3000/. in lefs than two Years •, when the firft
Adventure was not a fixth Part of the Neat Proceed of
the \^oyage.

The Produclions of the Soil of this Country are
the fame with that of New England. It has nothing
peculiar to it felf^ and we ihall therefore refer the Rea-
der to that Hiflory concerning this Article. The Soil is soiU
richer, and the Climate milder *, lying 2 or 3 De-
grees more to the Soutii •, but 'tis here alfo colder in
Winter, and hotter in Summer, than in the Euro-
pean Countries of the fame Latitude.

The Animals, Beafts, Birds, Fi(h and Fowl, the Animdu
creeping Virmin and Infeifiis, are the lame as thofe in
New England^ and the Savages fo little different, that
'tis needlefs to repeat the Defcription of them, but
becaufe every Nation of the Indians vary in Ibme- Indians^
thing or other •, we fhall give a (Lort Account of
thofe of NeW'Tork,

That their Language is as barbarous as that of the
New England Indians will appear by the following Ex-
amples, as,

The Neck, Nequoykangen^

A Lyon, Synqmumach-ggh^ Sec. And of this dread-
ful Speech, there are feveral Diale^fls, according to the
Difference of the Kingdoms. As for the Perfons of
thele Indians J they are generally handfom and well
limb'd. By dying or painting their Skin, they fpoil
their Complexions, which are all Tawny. Their
Hviii' is blacko They ^re bold and d*::xtrous in hand-

Unj

124 ^^ Hifiory of New- York.

ling their Bows and Arrows, which are their chief
Arms. They keep a friendly Correfpondence with
the Englifl^ whom Tere Hennepin^ owns they love
much better than the French \ and never gave them
any fuch Difturbance, as our Countrymen have met '
with in New England and Virginia, They are apt to
learn all things, and willing to be inftrufled in the
Chriflian Religion, but their Pawaws^ or Priefts, who
live by Idolatry, hinder them from embracing it, as
much as polTible *, and by Perfwafions and Threats,
keep 'em* in xhei^; Diabolical Worfhip. As to their
Wiver, no people in the World make themfelves fo
eafie in Wedlock, if a Man diflikes his Wife, he turns
her off for theleaft Offence that is, and takes another.
The Woman, in Revenge, carries away her Children
with her, and the Houfe is rid at once. The Wife,
while (he lives with the Husband, may Cuckold him
without Crime or Scandal •, but thtn fhe mufl ac-
quaint her Husband, or her Parents . that fhe has a
Gallant. They have a very indifferent fort of Maids
among them^ it being lawful and reputable enough
for their Virgins to be as generous to Mankind as they
pleafe, before Marriage, provided they keep con-
llantly to one Man after it. When a Woman is
with Child, fhe never admits of the Conjugal Em-
braces till fhe is deliver'd, and never while fhe gives
fuck. Belle Conjiume^ fays a French Author, On auroit
bonne grace de Vovlotr prefcher cette doElr'me auxfem-
nies de L Europe. Cof7nne on enferoit Efcout^ ? Which
becaut'e it refle£ls on our European Ladies in this Mat-y
ter, I fhall leave in the Language I found it.

The Indians pay a great Refpeft and Obedience to
their Kings : They believe the Tranfmigration of
Souls, and know as much, and talk as learnedly of
the Creation of the World, as their Neighbours.
They are everlafting Dancers, given to all manner of
American Sports and Gaming, and will play away all
they have at Cards. They have certain Feftivals, or
Times fet apart for th"ir Paftimes. They don't take
much Care in their Drefs, in which they differ little
\xQ>\XiX}^.^Ncxo-E'ngiand\'^d\zx\s, Their Lodgings and
Way of Living, are very homely. They are almofl
always at War. They feldom give any Quarter but
ro Women and Children, whom they keep for Slaves.-

Tis

./ y

#

The Hijlory of New- York. 125

'Tis a bloody Battle with 'em, if 8 or 10 Men are
kiird ; and a mighty Prince who has a hundred Sub-
je£ls fit to bear Arms, of which there are^ in all,
fcarce 1000 Indian Men in the Territory oi NewTork^
whereas there are 7 or 8 times as many EngUJ}?. We
muft now give an Account how the Colony advanc'd
from its Infancy to itsprefent Maturity.

Colonel Nicholls continu'd Governour, till about sir Ed-
iheYear 1^83, when. Sir Edmund Andros^ of whommundAn-
we fhall have often Occafion to fpeak, was appointed dros Gp-
his SuccefTor. The Reputation of this Settlement en- '^eniour^
creafing with its Trade, it became a populous and
thriving Plantation, in which Condition it remains
to this Day. Col. Dungan fucceeded Sir Edmund ^ . ^
Jndrosy in the Government of NewTorh This^an ^"1
Gentleman was a ^ow-^ Catholick, and King James^^^y^Q^
the lid put him into this Place : He was an old Soldier,
, having been long in the King of Spain's Service, and
that gave him fuch an Averfion to the French^ as
I hinder'd his betraying the Province to them, ei-
ther in King James's Reign, or after the Revolution.
1 Before the late King abdicated the Government, he
I Confented that French Priefts fhould come from Ouihec
i in Canada^ and have free Leave to make what Converts
they could in the Province o^ New-Tork : Accordinaly
they came *, but Col. Dungan immediately ordered them
I to oe gone, faying, Their Defign was to gain over the Eng-
! lifh and their Allies to the French Inter efl:^ and not to the
I French Religion ^ wherefore,- like a Man of Honour, he
I drove them out of his Province. The French King
I complain'd of him to King James^ who was highly dif-
pleas'd *, and 'tis thought. Col. Dungan would liave loft
his Government, if his Highnefs the Prince oi Orange
'had not been declared King. This Governour was
! afterwards Earl of Litnerick^ and is flill living in
Ireland. There happened nothing extraordinary in
i his Time: For the I;-7dians ginng the Inhabitants no
j Difturbance, there were no Wars to create Adion,
I and difturb the peaceable Commerce of the People.
I After the Revolution, Col. Dungan was recall'd, it
i being inconfiftent with a Protectant Government to
; employ Popifi Officers. The War broke out in thofe
I Parts almoft as foon as in Europe^ between the Engli/b
! and Frerichf and their Confederates. We find mention

made

1^6 The Hifiory of NewTork.

made of an Expedition, undertaken by the EngliJ})\'
gainft the ¥rench^ by L^ Hontan *, but that Author has
not done us Juftice ^ neither mujft we expert that ever
the French will own they were beaten : He fays, the
Englifrj came within a Day or two's March of Quibecy
apd then return'd without doing any thing. The
Truth of the Faft is : In the Year 1690. Col, Peter
Schuyler^ with 500 Evglijlo^ and 500 Indians^ march'd
from Fort Albany up to Quibec^,^oQ Miles from Nex^-
Torky and the French Governour oppos'd him with no
lefs than 13 Companies of regular Troops, and as mai
iiy Indians : Notwithftanding the Inequality of theit
Numbers, Col. Schuyler charg'd the Enemy with equal
Bravery and Succefs, routed them, kill'd 3 o Officers^
and 3 00 Soldiers with little or no Lofs ^ but being not
ftrong enough to attempt the Forts, he contented,
' himfelf with his Vidory, and retreated. A full Ret
lation of this A£lion was printed at New-TorL Th^
French alfo made an Expedition againft the EngUJh^
furpriz'd ScheneEiada^ burnt the Town, and murder'di
the Inhabitants.
Color,?} King William appointed Col. Fletcher to fucceed the
Fletcher Fr^j-i of Llmerkk in this Government, and he held it
Covernvur.r^^^.^^\ Years. He had a Garrifon of regular Troops,
in the. City of New-Torky to prevent any Surprize
from the French and their Confederates the Fiurons, ;
InhisTmie, A.D. 1696^ the Count de Frontenaci
Governour o{ Canada^ having a Defign againft ^ir/?^ -^
neBada and Albany^^ in this Province, and intending
to draw off the tivs Nations of Indians^ inhabiting,
the neighbouring Parts, from the Friendlliip the^fj
liv'd in with the Engliflj^ left Quibec about the i eth of
June^ and coming X.o Mount- Re aly met there 3 oooFrenck
tind Canada Indians J and being provided with Canoos^ ,
Stores of all forts, and other NeceiTaries for this Ex-
pedition, he advanc'd by the River of the Iroquoif$^
towards New-Tork. After a long March of above i q<^.
Leagues, he came into the Country of the 0rand4\
gnefcy one of thofe five Nations, and furprifing theni:i
with {o great a Power, deftroy'd one of their Caftles, j
burning their Corn and Provifions. Colon^^l Fletcher
having Notice of this Invafioo, march'd with th«
Englijh Soldiers, then in Garrilon dlNcw-Tork^ a B(h i
dyuf the Militia, and fomeof the Indian Allies, ta;

put

The Hi(iory of New- York. 1 27

put a Stop to the Progrefs of the French, The Count
de Frontenac hearing of his Approach, made a hafty Re-
treat. Upon which, a Party of the Upper Nations of
the I?jdlam^ Friends to the Englijh^ who were
coming to their Relief, attack'd his Rear, and kill'd
feveral of the French ^ who were not only difap-
pointed in their Project, but fuflfered a great Lofs.
The Iroquoife were all exafperated againft them, by
this Invafion, and defir'd tol. Fletcher to meet the
Chief^of their Nations at Albany^ to concert Meafures
with them, for carrying on the War againft the Com-
mon Enemy, and revenge themfelves on the Count
de Frontenac for invading their Country. Col.
Fletchers SuccelTor was Col. 5to^kf r.

'Twas in the Interregnum^ if we may be allow'd Colonel
toufe that Word, between this and Col. F/f^ckr*s Slaughter
Governments, that Col. Le/ley took on him thit^^^'^^^^our*
Office, without any Commiflion from England. He
was of the Faftion that always pretend to be more
Zealous for the publick Good than others. And fuch
Pretences never want Partizans. The Number cf
the Magiftrates of this Province, who fided with him,
were equal, at leafl, to the other *, and cou'd he have
maintain'd the Power he had ufurp'd, till he had
procur'd Remonftrances and AddrefTes, to be fent
from them to England^ he doubted not he fhould be
:able to get his Authority confirm'd. His Hopes, in-
deed, feem'd vain and chimerical. For no Prince
will ever think that Perfon worthy of Power, who
aflumes it without his Confent, let hisCaufe, or his
Merit, be what they will. Mr. Jacob Mi Iburn was
his great Friend in this Affair, and very inftrumental
in fecuring the Fort. But when Col. Slaughter arriv'd
with the King's CommifTion, he got into the Fort by
a Stratagem, feiz'd Lepy the Governour, and Milhuni^
, and order'd them to be try'd for High Treafon, for
I holding the Fort out againft him, and killing one of
j his Men ^ he being the King's Lieutenant. The
I Judges and Jury made no great Difficulty of condem-
iningthem, and they were accordingly condemn'd,
and executed as Traytors. The Governour, Slang}]-
' ter^ proceeded a little too haftily in this Affair, and
I no doubt would have been fent for to England^ and
I perhaps ferv'd as Le/ley was, had he not dy'd in New-
1 " Torky

128 The Hiftory of New- York.

Tork^ where hisFaflrion was but too much encouraged,
efpecially after the LordC— 's Arrival. Slaughter dying
Jofeph Jofeph Dudley yE(q'f of New-Ef7glandy held this Govern-
Dudley ment till the Arrival of the Earl of Bellomont^ whom his
GovtffwMr. Majefty^ KingWilliamj had madeGovernour of-Ni?ip-
England and New-Tork. The Lord Bellomont intended;
to refide at New-Tork^ it being the pleafanteft City in
the EngliJI) America •, but when he arriv'd at l^ew
England^ the Affairs of that Province required his Pre-
fence, and he appointed Col. Dudley to be his Deputy
atA^K^T^jr^, and after him Mr. iV^»/d;?.

In the Year 1 700, the Deputy-Governour fet up a
Poft-Office in Long I/land^ which runs twice a Week,
form Northfleet to Nettlehedj Egerton^ Afiford^ Hun-
tingtoriy Oyfler Bay^ Flufljing^ Newton and Bedford^
Mr, Nan- where the Mail is carry'd over in the Paflage-Boat
fen, Z>e- to New-Tork. He alfo appointed a Packet- Boat^
putf Go- to go from Northfleet to Stonlton^ in New-England^ ve-
"vernour. ry convenient for the Trade and Correfpondence be?
tween the two Colonies. About the fame Tim^
1000 of the Scots^ who had fettled at Darien^ put
into New-Tork^ and took their PafTage Homewards,
after they had abandoned that Settlement, but the De-
puty Governour refused to affift them, pretending he
cou'd not do it in the Abfence of the Earl of Bellomont^,
who was then at Bofion. A Library was eredled, this
Year, in the City of New-Tork : And the Dutch Inha-
bitants built Mills to faw Timber-, one of which
wou'd do more in an Hour, than 50 Men in 2 Days.
The Earl of Bellomont fent over a very Loyal Addrefs,
from this Province, which was prefented to the King,
by Cq\, By ard^ their Agent, in London^ whohadthr
Honour to kifs the King's Hand. His Majefty, in
Jtmey 1700, appointed William Atwoody Efq*, to be
Chief Juftice of the Province of NewTork ^ and he
held that Office till the Arival of the Lord Cornhwryj
Son o( ths ¥^. of Clarendon, who was made Governour
of this Province, on thii Death of the Earl of Bellomont,
In the Year 1701, His Lordfhip remov'd thither,
with his Lady and Family, and has refided there ever
fince. He remov'd Mr. Atwood from being Chief
Jiiiiice, and made other Alterations in the Govern-
ment. The ?a;i:y that efpous'd Col. Lejley\ Caufe
coniiai.'d flili, and Mr. Atwood fell in with them, asi

The Hifiory of New- York. 129

indeed did many good Englifljinen. They were charg'd
with favouring the Dutch^ and they charg'd their
Enemies with the fame Partiality for the French \ but
we will not enter into this DiCpute, which caus'd a
great deal of Trouble both in New-Tork and Eng*
land. The Lord Cornbury treated all Le/leys Friends *
roughly enough, and carry'd it with a high Hand.
This Lord was afterwards Governour of A>w-
[Jerfey, for he had not been long n New-Tork before
he received Advice of King William's Death, and Let-
ters from the Lord Commiilioners of Trade, with
one indos'd from the Privy Council, containing Di-
rections to proclaim her prefent Majel^y, which was
idone with great Solemnity, the I'ith ot Jime^ 1702.
His Lord Ihip was, on this Occafion, attended by the
iMayor, Aldermen and Common Council*, the Clergy,
Gentkmen and Merchants o^New-Tork •, and the next
iDay having alfo receiv'd a Com million from Queea
jinne^ to be Governour of the JerfeySj he went over
the Water to fee the like Proclamation made there.
My Lord continues in the Government of thefe Pro-
vinces to this Day.

It was impoliible at this di fiance from the feve-
ral Places we write of, to keep exactly to the Me-
thod we propos'd to our felves ^ and having, fmce
the Writing the above Account of New-Tork, re-
ceiv'd further Information from a Gentleman of
I good Credit, we now communicate it to the Rea-
der.

The City of New-Tork is thought to contain near
1000 Houles, moft of them very well built. The
Great Church was built in the Year 1^95. Col.
Fletcher being Governour, by the charitable Con-
tributions of himfelf. Col. Nicholfon^ Governour of
Virginia^ and other well-difpos'd Chriftians. This
Church is dedicated to the Holy Trinity. There
are alio a Dutch Church, a French Church, and a Lu-
'hiran Churchy and a Free-fchool procur'd to be erect-
ed by the prefent Governour. The Minifter of the
EngUJb Church is the Reverend Mr. William Vefey. The
jCity has a County belonging to it. For the whole
'^rovince di New-Tork is divided into i ©Counties •, five
them, viz.,Aibuny^Vl)ler^DvtchefsyOrange^2iVid King'i
unty, are inhabited by the Dutch^ and Perfons

(A ^ "^

ijo! The Hijtory cf New- York. i

of Dutch Exlra£lion. The five other Counties are.!
Queens County, Suffolk County, Chefler County!;
£fchmo7id County, and New-TorL ' ;

The Walls before-mention'd in the^ Defcriptior;
of this City were {landing when *twas call'd New\
j4mj}€rdamj but its chief Defence now is Anne Foft
and two new Batteries, one on each Side of tht:
Narrows^ to fecure the Place by Sea. The Fort is ir
good Order*, and there are now two Companies ol.
Foot inGarrilon in it, the Governour's and Captaifi;
Feter Matthews'?.

We have before made mention cf the Town o
Albatiy, There is a ftrong Stone Fort begun by th^l
Lord Cornhury^ in the room of the Old Fort, whicf'
was only flockado'd. The Town of Albany is moft;
ly inhabited by ihQ Dutch '^ it is near 150 Miles from
New-Tork. The Province being above 1 70 Miles in
Length, our former Computation was too l"hort
Her Majefty has been gracioudy pleas'd to fend a Mi-
nil'ter here *, and the Reprefentatives for this Coun.
ty in the AlTembly, defir'd they might have a Cliurch
ct England Pallor lr.^\'^^ rho \\\^ Inhabitants are ge
nerally Dutch. Here the Governour often has Con
ferences with the Indian Kings ^ and a famous one
was holden in the Year t 702. niy Lord Cornhny bein^
prefent, as alfo Col. Tctcr Schuyler^ Major Dif^
Wcffels^ Commiilioners for treating with the /W/W/j.
John Bleecher^ VSq\ Mayor of New-Tork.^ J, Abeel:
Efq-, Recorder, John Roofcboom ^ Efq^ Alderman!
David Schuyler^ Efq', Alderman, John Schuyler^ Efq:
Alderman, and Mr Richard Levin^ftonj Secretary for
Indian Affairs. Hilletie van Olinda^ an old Dutch
Woman, was Interpreters. The firll that had Audi-
ence were 2 Sachems of t]\Q Canada Indians^ five Sa-
chems of the Iwightxvights and Tionondade Indians ^i\\tx\
tiie Sachems of the five Nations, in Confederacy with
the Englifl}^ the Oneydes^ the Onontages^ ths Cayouges^
the S.'w/f.ve.f, and the Maqua.u *, where mutual Prefents
were made, and Affairs of Trade fettled. Here are
two Companies in Garrilbn, Lieutenant Governour
Richard Ir/goldshy\ and Captain Weems's ^ and the
Garrifon is often reinforc'd by Detachments from
New-'TorL

The Hijlory of New- York. i j i

II , ,At Schene^ada^ of which we have already fpoken,
^ is. an old Fort, out of Repair, and the Pallifadoes ve-
f ry rotten. The Garrifon here is Part of that at
AthafTy- This Place is much more populous than be-
j fore the Frew/? deftroy*d it. Other Forts are on
the Frontiers, as the Half'tnoon^ Nejiigaun.y and
SaraBoge, - \*'\.'. '^

Indeed the EngUfi cannot be too careful of the
Defence of their Frontiers here, confidering what a
powerful Enemy they have ditCanada-^ and 'tis faid the
I Expedition lately undertaken by Monfieur Herher-
\ yille againft Nevis^ &c, was intended againfl; Nexv^
I York : For when Mr. Nanfan was Deputy Go-
: vernour, a French Man of War, as we are informed,
[ Was fuffer'd to enter the Harbour, which the Captaifi
[ order'd to be founded, and gave Information of it
I to the Court of France, The Stores '3it New-Tork
j were in lucha Condition, that the Inhabitants were
very glad they had no want of any ^ for had they
been put to the, Trial, they doubted whether they
Ihould have been able to have made fo good a Defence
as they would otherwife have done. *,;'^ .

[ We muft defire the Gentlemen of New-Tork not
[to expert thatwefhould efpoufe their Fatflions : If
j we have been betray'd by fome Peribas to fpeak too
* Favourably of Ltjiey^ from their Mifreprefentations,
i we fhall not rake into the Afhes of the dead, and
j affront my Lord Bellomont\ Memory, out of Com-
.plaifance to others. . ^';..',^

I We have been informed, fince the firfl: Part of thi>
I Account of New-Tork was written, that Col. Lejley\
\ Ufurpation happened before Col. Fletcher's Goverp^
j aiient, and confequently that my Lord Bcllomont fue
! ceeded Col. Slaughter -^ but the Fad is true, and as
to Chronology, if we Tometimes err, 'tis the Fault
of fuch as undertook to furnilh us with Memoir^.:
We fpar'd no Pains to have the beft *, and the
World will fee," by the Names of the Gentlemen,
from whom we had our Informations, that we could
not have better Authorities. ^ •

Kingston lies between Albany and Nejv-Tork^ on
the Weil- fide of the River. The Houfesare flragling,
except about loo, which compofe the main Town-
In the County of Weft-Chefler^ we muft note < -s

JJ2 The Hiflory of Ncvz-Yovk.

Parifh at leaft, that of Decham^ is not yet laid out,
and perhaps the Name is hiiftaken. There's but one
Church in this County, at Wefi-Chefier Town, but
there's a fettled Maintenance for two Minifters, at
50/. yearly each', one for Wc/t-Chefter, of which
Mr. Barton is Reaor, and one for Rye.

We have nothing more to fay of Richmond Coun-
ty and Town, but that it has an Aliow^ance for a Mi-
tiifter at 40 /. a Year. ^

If we take another View of Long-Ijland^ we muft
correft an Error in its Situation, which is a Print-
Fault, for *tis South-Eaft from NewTorh, as AVw-*
Ertgland is North-Eaft. The llland is 150 Miles
long, and contains Quetns County, Suffolk County^
and Richmond County. Tis fometimes call'd iV^/^«^
Jfland. In Queen's County are two Churches, fup-
ply'd with Incumbants. Jamaica^ of w^hich the Re-
verend Mr. William Vrquhart is Minifter, he has jo /.
1 Year, by Subfcription, from the Torkfhire Clergy^
and 15 /. for Books. The Town confifts of about
40 Houfes. The other Church is at Hempfteady of
which the Reverend Mr. John Thomas is Reftor,
who has the fame Income from England^ rais'd by
the Society for propagating the Gofpel, as Mr. Vr-
quhart has, and both of them are allow'd 60 /. a
Year a piece in New-Tor k.

Tis in the Plain near this Town, caird thence
Hempjiead Plain, that the Races are generally run 3
and the Breed of Horfes being famous here, the
Militia Regiment in this County is Horfe.

Svjfolk County has two Towns in it, Oyfier^
Bay, where are 50 Houfes*, and in Huntington as
niany, but no Church built. There are abundance
of DifTenters, Independants and Quakers,

Having nothing more to lay of the Hiftory of New-
Torky we fhall proceed to that of the Jerfeys^ having
firft given a Lift of the Chief Officers, Civil anj
Military.

Thi Right Honourable Edward Lord Vifcount
Cornbury^ Governour,

Vem

The Hfiory of New-York.

«JJ

Peter Schuyler y Efq*,
William Lawrence^ E fq ^
Gerardus Beckman^ Efq^
Rip V(pj Daray Efq,
Caleb Heathcoty Efq^
Thomas Wcnhamy Efq^
Willi an van Ranflau^ Eiq*,
Roger Mompe[fon^ Efq*,
John Bar bar ley Efq*,
Adolphus Phillips^ Efq^

I

^ Counlsllors,

Chief Juflice and Judge Advocate,^o^<rr MompefonyECq'-j
Second Judge, Robert Mllxvardy Eiq^
Attorney General, Sampfon Shelton Broughton^ Efqj
Secretary, 6'^t?rgff Clarky Efqj

The Names of the ASSEM B LY.

William NicollSy Efq^ Speaker,

Stephen de La^ceyy Efq j
Henry Beekmariy Efq*,
Thoma6 Gar tony Efq*,
Mynderp Schttylery Efq^
IhomiVi Codringtony Efqj
7o/3« Jacyhny Efq^
Matthew Howely Efq*,
JohnAbeely Efq*,

Kilian van Renfalaery E{q;
John Stillwelly Efq-,
Abraham Lake many Efq^
7^M //w»r, Efq-,
3VfP^ P^rdyy Efq-,
m///'rf/«M^///^f,E(q,
Daniel White heady Efq',
7<?/?;? 'y^w^ Cortlandpy Efq^

£i/frr B anker y Efq*,

Clerk of the AlTembly, Mr. Gabriel Ludlow,

rhe Militia Regiments are commanded by the followt

ing Colonels.
ATfnT-rorj^ County, Col. W.Paretrec^Mzy or of the City,
Suffolk ConnVfy Col Smith.
King's County, Col. Beekman.
4lbany County, Col. Schuyler,
^^eens County, a Regiment of Horfe, Col, WiUct.

Regular Troops, 4 Companies, 100 Men each,
r Company, commanded by ihsLovdCornbury,
I Company, by th^ Lieut. Govern. Ric, Jngoldsbyy Efq*,
] Company, by Cap. ^Fffwj.
\ Company, by Cap. Peter Matthews.
Engineer, Mr. Reldknap.

KJ

THE

m

THE

HISTORY

O F

NE W-JERSEY.

;u

^ HIS Country, before the Surrender made 1^

*^ the late Proprietors of the Government, ii
- to Her prefent Majefty's Hands, was dividei
into two diftind Provinces, but as 'tis now under onj
Governour, and one Council *, fo we give it but on^
Kame. •

The fir ft Difcoverers of this Country wer2^he£«r^^
lijf) ', and the firft of them Captain Hudfon, Tis iii-
ctuded in Nova-Belgia^ by Mr. Delaet, The InM(
getittyO^ firft Inhabitants of this Territory, were the
Nardticongi^ on x}iQ ' North Side of Raman River
The Minquaas^ the Capitanaffes^ the Gacheos^ and tfa||t

Del: Serine aas on the South. The latter inhabited thfi
Country up almoft as high as the Falls of the Rive|(
The firft £w/'cpf.'z;-?j that iettled here were the Swedes^

Robbi.. who had three Towns, Chriflina^ call'd by Indians^ An
dofioka^ Elfmhiirgh and Gottembwg. Their Settle-
ments were chiefly on the South fide of the River, and
on the Frontiers of Perifylzariia^ oppofite tc
which Province there's a Place, to this Day, call'd
Yon"Etfmhmgh, 'But the Swedes m.'ide very little oj
their Plantation. And the Dutch^ always induftriouj
ih their Trade, work'd them fo far out of it ;> that
Berghc7j^ the Northern Part of iv^^ip-Jnytj, wasalmoft
entirely planted by the Hollanders. King Ch.rrles II.
v.iio, like his PredecelTors, look'd upon the Continent

. • of

The Hifiory of New-Jcrfey. i j 5

of America^ from Canada to Florida^ to be his Right,

incerted this Traft in the Grant he made to the Duke

'! of Tor^, X\\^ 1 2th of Af archil 66\, But the EtigliJJj never

' fettled to the South of Hudfon\ Ri^r, on that fide

Maryland^ till feveral Years after the Duke had in-^
ivefted this Province in "John Lord Bcrkly^ and Sir
\ George Canarett^ by the Name of Nova C-i^farea ^ their
[Charter bears Dare the 2\th of June^ 166^ : The
jLord Berhlys Adignee, Sir George Cartarett agreed to
•divide the whole Country into two Parts. Eaft New
0'erfey^ or that Part which borders on NeTV-Tork^ fell
ItoSii' George Cartarett 'j ?.ndWefi-Jcyfey^ or that Part

which borders on Penfylvanla^ to ihQ Lord Berkly,
IBut before we enter farther into the Hifiory of thefe
■ two Provinces, it will be convenient to give a Geo-
(graphical Defcription of them, that the Reader may

have a better Idea of the Places we fpeak of.

New-Jerfey contains all that Country, to ufe the

Words of the Patent, ly'u-ig to the Wcjiward of Long-
jlflandrtw^ Manhattas-Iiland, or New- York, andhomd- somis,
led on the Eafhy Part by the main Sea^ and part by Hud-
\{oViS River ^ and extended Southward to the fnainOccan^
d6 far as Cape May, at the Mouth of Delaware River ^
and to the Northvpard^cU far as the Nor thennoft Branch of
the faid^ay or River of Delaware, which is 4.1 Degrees
and 40 Minutes of Latitude ^ and crojjing over thence in
\a fir eight Line to Hudfon'j River ^ in 41 Degrees of La-
^Pitude ', which faid TraB of Land was then call'd Nova
iCaefaria, or New-Jerfey, ^j/ ^// •, and thus we fee it
jhas the main Sea on the South Eafl, the RiwQtDelaware
jto the Weft, Hudfon's River to the Eaft, the main
iLand to the North, and lies between ^9 and 40 Degrees
jOf North Latitude : It extends it leif in Lengtn on
I the Sea Coafts, and along Hudfuns River about 120
i Miles *, and is almoft as broad as Ion 14 where 'cis bro^id-
ieft. We mull: now take fome Notice of the two Pro-
jyinces diiiinftly.
i • Thebiggeft and bed inhabited of thefe was Enft- ^^

Jerfey^ which extended Eaflward and Northward, all '
• along the Sea Coaft and Hudfon's River, from Little •* ' ^'
I Egg Harbour to that Part of Hudfons River, which
I is in 41 Degrees of Northern Laticiide *, and South-
iward and Weftv/ard is disnded from IVcft-JerJcy by a
i Line of Partition, pacing froi^ £^g Harbour to Co^-

K 4 n*c*

I J 6 The Hiftory of Ne w- Jerfey.

wick River, Stony Brook, and the South Branch of ^4-
ritan River. It extends in Length along Hudfon*s Ri-
ver, and on the Sea Coafts 100 Miles. In Breadth
'tis very unequal, being in fome Places crowded by
Weft-Jerfey •, but 'tis however the moft valuable Part
of this Country. It was divided into Counties *, as
Bergen County, on Hudfon's River *, EJfex County,
Middle fex County, on the North Side of Raritan Ri-
ver :, and Monmouth County on the South. We ihall
begin with
Bcrghcn Btrghen County. It lies on Hudfon's River over a-
Countj. gainft NeW'Tork^ and was the firft planted of any part
of this Traft. This, as well as the other Parts or the
Jerfeys^ is extremely well watered with Rivers *, befides
that of Hud for? J there are Hachnfack River, Tafaick Ki*
ver, and feveral lefs Streams. The chief Town is
Berghcn^ and indeed the only Town in the County,
for the reft of it is 0^'^Plantations. Within the
Precinfts of this Townfhip, are loooo Acres of Land
caft out ^ that is, aflign'd over by the Proprietors to
Tenants in Fee \ and in the County are loooo Acres
caft out. The Town is not very large, however it has
3 50 Inhabitants, Aioft of them Dutch^ who have been
iettled there above 40 Years. In the County are
reckon 'd a like Number of Inhabitants, by w^ich we
underftand JV!en,Women,and Children. BerghenToviti
ftands on tjie Weftern Point of the Neck of Land,
which, v/ith Staten Ii]anJ, forms a Sound.
Bfiex Ejjcx County is of Note for Eltz.abeth Town, which

Ccumy. lies three Miles within a Creek, oppofite to the Weft
End of Staten I [land. Here the Englljh fettled firft,,
and this Place has thriv'd moft, notwithftanding the
Endeavours that have been us*d to make a Capital of
Verth. It has 250 Families in it, and 40000 Acres of
Ground caft out. Here the Proprietors have a Planta-
tion, which goes by the Name of their Earm^ the
Government of the Provinces manag*d. Courts kept,
AfiTemblies held, and the greateft Part of the Trade
of the Colony carry 'd on.

Newark is the moft compaft Towm in t\iQ Jeyfeys\
it lies 5 or 7 Miles Northward from EtisLoheth Town,
confjfts of about 100 Families, and has jocoo Acres of
land laid out to be cultivated. The Weftern Part
of this County is v,ater'd by Kamay River*, upoii

--.''. wnicju

7he Hifiory of New- Jerfey. i j 7

! which is a Saw-Mill •, and Northward is a Ridge of %. ,
Mountains, call'd the Blew Hills. The next Coun-
ty, is

Middlefexy the moft populous and flourifhing for Middlefer
i its Out Plantations, tho the Capital of the Country, Coumj,
\ Perth City, which flands in it, does hardly yet deferve
, the Name of a Village. In this Divifion of the Pro-
; vince are two Towns :

Pifcattaway^ which 1^5 about 6 Miles up Raritan
River. It has 80 Families, and 40000 Acres of
Land caft out. Seven or eight Miles from hence is
I Woodbridge^z. goodTown on aCreek within th^Soimd^
formed by Staten\^d,n6, and this County. It has 120
Families, and 30000 Acres of Land laid out for Plan-
; tations. The Weftern Part of Middlefex County is
watered by Milfione River, which runs thro* a very
pleafant and fruitful Country, belonging to Mr. Will,
I Dockwra of London j to whom that City owes the ufe-
ful Invention of the Penny^Poft. The Proprietors
confidering the happy Situation of Perth City, or-
dered their Agents to ufe their utmoft Endeavours to
procure Inhabitants to remove thither ', but Elizabeth
Town kept them, as we Ihall hereafter again ob-
ferve.

Perth Amboy takes its Name from James DrvTnmotjd^
Earl of Perth^ and Amboy Point, on which it ftands.
Tis a fwect, wholefome, and commodious Place, at
, the Mouth of the River Raritan^ which runs into San-
I dyhookB3ij, able to contain 500 Ships, and is never
frozen. According to the Proprietors Proje£V, they
were to fet out fuch a Spot of Ground there, and di-
vide it into 150 equal Shares, for Purchafers to build
I upon. They referv'd + Acres for a Market-Place, and
I three Acres for publick Wharfage. A Town was
I accordingly fet out, and the Scots Proprietors were
' very induftrious to have it built. The Governour*s^
Houfe was one of the firft, and there are now about
40 Houfes more fcatter'd up and down ^ to which is
I given the pompous Name of Perth City. Two or
; three of thefe are Stone Houfes. The whole Plan of
the Town confifts of 1070 Acres *, and there are two
' good Roads from it to Pifcattaway and Woodbridge,
I But notwitfiftanding 'tis fo commodious for Trade,
i rtat Shipsin one Tide can coii;e Up to the l?ort, ana

I J 8 The Hiflory of New - Jerfey .

lie at the Merchants Doors, tho of 500 Tun Burthen j
yet we do not find that Perth City defcrves that
Name better than St. James City in Virglma^ which
is not To big as Kemijb Town in Middlefex^ in Eng-
land, Twas intended there fhould have been a Mar-*
ket here, but there is now no Occafion for one. AH
along the River Raritcm^ the Country is thick of
Plantations •, the chief of which were fet out to two
of the Proprietors, Mr. Robert Barclay^ and Mr. WilL
Dockwra, From hence we crofs the River, and come to
Monmouth County : Where we firft meet with
Mon- MiddUton^ a pretty good Town, confifting of looT
|^^° Families, and 30000 Acres of Ground, in what they
^^'•'' call here 0«/ Plantations- Tis about 10 or 12 Miles
over Land, to the Northward of Shrewsbury^ and 2s
Miles to the Southward oi Ptfcattaway. Not far off, the
Shoar winds it felf about like a Hook j and, being.
fandy, gives Name to all the Bay.

Shrewsbury is the moft Southern Town of the Pro-
vince, and reckoned the chief Town of the Shire. It
contains about ks'o Families, and 50000 Acres of Out-
Plantations belong to its Divifion. Tis fituated on
the Side of a frefh Water Stream, thence call'd Shrews*
hiry River, not far from its Mouth. Between xh.\%
Town and Middleton is an Iron Work *, but we do
not underfland it. has been any great Benefit to the
Proprietors. Co\ Morris is building a Church at the^
Falls. There's a new Town in this County, call'd,

Freehold^ which has not been laid out, and inha-
bited long. It does not contain as yet above 40 Fa-
milies •, and as to its Owf-Plantations, we fuppofe they
are much the fame in Number with the reft, and may
confift of about 30000 Acres.

We have not divided t\\Q Counties into Parifhes,
and that for a very good Rcaibn, there being none,
ror indeed a Church in the whole Province, worthy
that Name. But there are feveral Congregations of
Church of England Men, as at Shrewsbury^ A/nhoyy
Eliz.abeth Town, and Freehold^vfho^^ Minifter is Mr,
John Beak^ his Income is 5y /. a Year *, and a Church
nhu]\d'\r]g2it Salem, As for,
Weft- ^^cft: Jerfey^ We can only give a general Account

Jcrfcy. of It ^ for it is not divided into Shii^s, as Eafi-New-
Jerfey is *, tho Dr. G.v, when he was Proprietary, or-

. der'd

The H'tftory of New- Jerfey. i j 9

der'd feven Counties to be laid out •, as Cape- May
County, Salham County, Gloucefler County, &c. but
his SuccefTors did not go on with his Proje£l. Tho
Wefi'Jerfey has not fo many Towns, nor is fo well
planted and inhabited, the Number of its navigable
Creeks renders this Province as commodious for Trade
as the other. They lie at a convenient Diftance, and
fome of them run up a good way into the Country.
:. The moft Eafterly Point of Land in Weji-Jerfey^ is
Cape-May^ at the Mouth of Delaware Bay, and over
againft Svffex County, in Pevfylvania* The Traft of
Land between this and Little Egg Harbour, which di-
vides Eaft and Weft Nexv-Jerfey^ goes by the Name of
Cape- May Cotmty *, but we do not underftand, that
there is now any other Divifion of this Province ho-
noured with the Name of a Covnty,

Here are feveral ftragling Houles on this Neck of
Land, the chief of which is Gat's Hall ^ but there's
yet no Town. Moft of the Inhabitants are Fifher-
pien, there being a Whalery at the Mouth of the
Bay, on this as well as the oppofite Shoar. Next to
Cape-May is Maurice River, between that and Coheri'
zy : Tis the biggeft in all the Country. Next to it
is Cohetizyy a fmall River, but deep and navigable fos
fmall Craft. Ten or twelve Miles up this River, is
Cohenzy Town ^ where are about 80 Families. From
Maurice River, the next Stream to Cape- May ^ the
Bav and River of Delaware waters all the South-Eaft,
South, and South-Weft Part of Wejhjerfey. The
Plantations, fome of which are fo clofe, that they
have afTum'd the Name of a Town, lie all along on
that Bay2ind River ^ and moft of them on Creeks. \

Amioch is a fort of a Town, and has a little Creek •

belonging to it. Next to it, nearer the Mouth of
Delaware River, is Gibbon's Creek", next, Afioways
^Creek ^ and then ¥ ort Elfimburgh^ at tlie River's Mouth,
and over againft New-Cafile County, in Fenfylvania ;
It formerly belong'd to the Swedes. Near it the Ri- j

ver Salham falls into the Delaware. There's a Town ^

about half way up this River towards its Head, from
whence it takes its Name. Tis 20 Miles from Cohen^
zy^ and contains about 120 Families. One of the ;.

Counties, laid out by the former Proprietary, was
from this Place call'd Salem, :j

%,' Fin's '■},

140 The Hiftory of New-Jcrfey.

Fms*s Point and Town, if it may be fo calPd, liej
over againft New-Cafile Town. Next to it is Namen
Creek, then Racoon Creek, then jilmon Creek, Low
Ifland, and ^T^/J Creek •, the latter oppofite to CM^r,
in Penfylvania *, then Great Manto Creek, then Wood-
berry RivcYyGreen Bank,and then Gloucefter Creek,and
Cooper' s> Point,over zgdindPhiladelphia on thcDelaware,
Gloucefier is a good Town, and gave Name to a Coun-
ty in the above- men tion'd Proprietary's Divifionof the
Province. It contains near i oo Houfes \ the Country
about it is very pleafant. Above this is Pamhakin
Creek, then Northampton oxRancocos River*, and then
BurlingtonTovfnj theCapitalof this Province^ above
thirty Miles from which there are few or no Planta-
tions. In this Town the Courts and Ajjemblies of Wefi-
Jerfeyus'd to be kept. It contains about 200 Fami^
lies, and has an anfwerable Number of Acres laid out
by the Proprietary to the Under-Scrvants. The Hou'*
fes here are well built, and almpft all of Brick. The
Market affords Plenty of all forts of Provifions. It
gave Name to one of the feven before-m en tion'd
Counties. Above this Town is another, caird Mai-
denheady below the Falls alfo, containing 40 or 50
Families ^ 'tis built on Dr. Cox's Lands : And there's
another fmall Town above the Falls. About 4.0 Miles
higher is the Country of the Minifincks^ an Indian
Nation. The Soil being very fertile thereabouts, 'tis
expelled this Traft will be next inhabited, it border-
ing upon New'Torky and has Communication with it,
by Means of the River ty£fopH6 \ which having wa-
tered it, flows into Hudfons River, near Kingfton,
This Province has alfo an eafy Communication with
Maryland^ there being a River within its Limits
which runs not above eight Miles from the Bottom of
Chefeapeak Bay ^ and there was oncea Projeft on Foot
to cut thro' that eight Miles, but Virginia and Mary-
land opposed it fo vehemently, that it did not fuc-
ceed. •

The Trade of Wefl Ncw-Jerfeyy and Eafi-Jerfey^ as
alfo the Soil and Conveniences of Rivers and Creeks,
are much the fame^ except that IVefi-Jerfeyy by its
Situation on Delaware River, abounds more in the
latter.

J Both

The Hiftory of New-Jerfey. r4i

Both thefe Provinces, as to the Soil and kiv^The soil,
have a near Relation with that of Penfylvania \ Tn<ic, &c
as airo to its Trade and Produ£ls. The Coun-
try yields Plenty of all forts of Grain ^ and the
Inhabitants are faid to have been fo fcrupulous,
that they would not enter upon it, before they
had given the Indians (ome Satisfaftion : But
there needed not fo much Nicety *, for *tis cer-
tainly very lawful for any Man to poflefs him-
felf of any Land that is defart and uninhabited, as-
this was towards the Sea-Coaft efpecially. The few
Indians that are to be met with in the JerfeySy are ra-
ther a Help than an Injury to th^ Inhabitants, who
with their Number was much greater. The Englijh
are lb numerous in comparifon of the Indians^ that
if it was in the Nature of the latter, they
durfl: not offer the leaffc Injuftice to the New-Comers,
for they might fpon be extirpated by them, it being
computed, that there are lo or 12000 Souls of the
Engtijh in this Province, and of thefe about 2000
Men fit to bear Arms, and not 200 Indians in
all.

Twill beneedlefs to enter into the Particulars of
the Produ^s of thefe Provinces, fince, as we have
faid, it has fo much Relation to Penfyivania. Pro-
vifions are the chief Trade here, which are thence
exported to the Sugar Iflands. They have alfo feme
Furs, Skins, and Tobacco, for an EngU/h Market \
and Oil, Fifh, and other Provifions for Portugal^
Sfain^ and the Canaries, Ships may be built here
cneap and conveniently at Perth Amhoy : But New-
England carries away that b?;neficial Trade from all
the reft of the Englijh Colonies, on the Northern
Continent of America, This Place was at firft as
likely to be foon inhabited as any, but its Pro-
grefs has not been as promifing as its Begin-
ning.

New'Tork and Penfyivania have much the Advan-
t tage of it for Populoufnefs and Trade 1 and in-
\ deed New-Tork is its beft Market, for buying or
i felling any confiderable Quantities of Goods of any
I fort.

; We have already hinted concerning the Smith-
! ing Forge that is iet up near MiddUton. Tis cer-
' tain

141 The Hifiory of New-Jerfey.

tain, Iron has been made thtrre •, but that Projeft
has lately fail'd ', and notwithilanding all that is
(aid of the Iron and Copper of New-England^ and
the Minerals all over that Continent, we do not
find thvU any of the Mines of America have been
worth working, except thofe of Mexico and Veru,
We fliall now return to the Hiflorical Events relating
to the Beginning, Progreisj and prefent State of iyTnp-

l^ijlorj. The Lord Berkley^ about twelve Years after thf
Duke granted this Province to him and Sir George Car-
tarctty affign'd his Right to

The fir ft Proprietary in Jerfey^ under the Lord Berlley,^
who were,

WilL Fen, Efq^

Mr. Gawen Laurie, of London, Merchant^

Mt. Nicholas Luc 06, and

Mr. Edward Byllyng,

Thefe not long after agreed upon the Partition of thi
Province with Sir George Cartarett: And this Propri*^.
tary dying, the Earl of Bath, and others his Execuf
tors, with the Confent of his Widow, the Lady Carr
tarett^ aflign'd over his Share, which was the Northerq
Divifion, Feb. 2, i58i. to

TirflTro' The Firft Proprietaries of Eaji-New-Jerfey.

prietaries ;

in Eaft. ^ Will. Fen, Efq^ Mr. Thomas Wilcox.

Jerfey. Rob. Wefi, Efq^ Mr. Jmbrofe Rigg,

^ Mr. Tho. Rudyard. Mr. Hugh HartJJjorn,

Mr. Samuel Groom, ^ Mr. Clement Flumfte4*

^ Mr. Tho. Hart, ^ Mr. Tljo. Cooper. ^

* Mr. Rich. Mew. Mr. John Hay ward. \

And from this Time the two Provinces have had
their diftinifl Governours. The Proprietaries Toon af-
ter fuld Shares of Eajt-iuw-jerfcy to the Perfons foj

lowing, vi7^.

qu ::

Jamef:

The Hifiory of Ncw-Jer(ey. 145

James^ Earl of Vertk Mr. G^twen Lawrie.

John Drvmmond^ Efq*, Mr. Edward Byllyng,

Sir George Mackenz^y, Mr. Will. Gibfon.

iiob. Barclay, 7o(Vry, Mr.! ho. Barker^ ?Mer-

David Barclay., 5 Efqrs. Mr Walter Berjthall.j\ ch^t^

Robert G'ourdorjy E^q'-y Mr. Rob. Turner^! of Dub-

Mr. Robert Burnet. Mr. Tho. I^arne^^lm^ Mer*

Mr. Peter Sonmam.^ oiLon- Mr. ThomM Cox.,

don., Merchant. Mr. WilL Dockrvra,
Mr. James Braine,

Who, with the fix Proprietaries diftinauifh'd in
the fecond Lift by the Ajiracifms., procar'd a Confir-
mation of their Patent by another from the Duke of
Tork., dated the i+th of March., i582. by which they
were inverted with all the Powers and Privileges,
which the Duke had granted to Sir George Cartarett ^
or indeed, which the King had granted to his Royal
Brother himfelf. And we by thefe Lifts perceive,
that all the Pattentees of the Lord Berkley's Divifion,
, or Wejl-New-Jerfey., were Proprietaries of Eaj^-
\ Nerv-Jcrfey, except Mr. Nichol;^ Lvca^ *, yet they did
not procure any Conjuniffcion of the two Provinces ^
on the contrary, feparate Governours were appointed
over each of them ', and the firft Governour of Eaji- Mr. Bar-
: NeW'Jerfcy vfdiS Robert Barclay., Efq", by Commiflion,clay C^o-
: dated the 17th of July, His Deputy was Gawenvsmour*
I Laurie., Efq',

I ' The Scots were at that time as much perfecuted for
1 their Religion as the EngUJJj *, and Mr. Barclay., the
Head of the Quakers in that Kingdom, and alfo in
I England., thought fit to remove hither with his Fa-
1 niily.

I We muft note, that moft of the firft EngliJJ) Inha- ^^yy^ ^
I bitants in this Country were Biffenters, and moft of jjq^ Z^/,^.
' them Quakers and Anabaptifts. Thefe People are gQ-biums.
; nerally induftrious : Be their Hypocrify to themfelves
I if they are Hypocrites^ but we muft do them the Ju-
! ftice to own, that they are the fitteft to inhabit a
i new-difcover'd Country, as profelling Induftry, and
I Ihunning thofe publick Vices which beget Idlenefs and
i Want. Their Enemies drove great Numbers of them
I out of England^ and the Jerfeys had their Share of

them :

144 ^^^ HfJforyofNQW'J^rCQy.

them : The People here are for this Reafon Diffentert
to this Day, there being but two Church of England
Miniftersin both the Provinces^ and this maybe one
Reafon why there are no Parifh Churches^ which
the Inhabitants may be afraid to build, leaft it might
be a Temptation for more Orthodox Divines to come
among them.

A Gentleman asking one of the Proprietaries, //
there were no Lawyers in this Country ? Was anfwer'd,
i^o :■ And then, if there were no Phyficians f The Pro-
prietary reply 'd. No : Nor Tarfonsy adds the Gentle-
man ? No^ fays the Proprietary : Upon which the o*
ther cry'd, What a happy Place mufi this be^ and how
worthy the Name of Paradice ! We do not perhaps
differ more from this Gentleman than we agree withi
him.

The Proprietors, in the fame Year, made Mr. Geo,
Lockhart Marfhal, and Mr. William Dockwra Regifter
and Secretary, in which Office he continues to this
Day ^ and 'tis to him the Writer of this Hifiory owes,
in a great meafure, the iVlemoirs relating to this
Colony,

The Proprietaries made a Deed amongfl: themfclvesj
to prevent Survivorfhip, and agreed upon Confiitutionu
ot general ConceJJions^ for the Management of the Pro-j
vince, as to laying out Land for Countiesy Tribes^]
Townsy and Parijhes, They referv'd one part in feven'
for themfelves, and refolv'd to difpofe of the reft on
the following Terms : Every Mafier of a Family was
to have jo Acres of Land fet out, and 25 for his Wife^
and each of his Children and Servants^ paying 1 2 d.
a Head to the Regifiery or his Deputy y for regiftring
them as foon as landed, ServantSy when their Times
expir'dy were to have 30 Acres. All Perfons to
P^yj^^' an Acre Quit-Rent y or purchafe their Free-
holds at ^ OS. for every Lot of 1^ Acres fo taken vpy and
JO m proportion for a greater or lefs Number of Acres.^
All Perfons were ohligd to fettle in feme ToivnJJjipy and\
to have Land ajfigrfd there for Houje and Gardeny everk
one bemg ohligd by the Conceifions to build a Houfk
in feven Tears time. The Rate of any Parcel of LanA
^f^r^^, ^^^^ds for 100 Acres y and none were to purA
chafe above 1000 Acres: But this Part of i\iQ Confii]
tutton has not, we fuppofe, been punaually kept 5

neithesL

The Hifiory of New-Jerfey. 145

neither has Land always continu'd at 10 /. the 100
Acres *, for 'tis certain, Land has been fold here for
20 /. an Acre, and very often for 50, 70, and 80 /.
the 100 Acres, as it lay convenient for Townfhips and
Trade, and as it was in Goodnefs.

Mr. Barclay^ the firft Governour of Eaji-New-
Jerfey^ had made his Name famous among his Bre-
thren the Quakers by his Writings : he did not go
over immediately, fo the Government was exercis'd
by his Deputy^ Gawen Lawrie^ Efq*, who had a Coun- ^
cil non\\nnQAh^ t\iQ Proprietaries to ailifthim: Butj^^^^g
it feems he did not pleafe his Principals \ whether j^eputyGo'
or not it was, that being a Proprietary of Weft-New- ysrnor*
Jerfey, he was not willing the Province he governed
Ihould thrive too fall, or whether he did not think
the Orders he received from the Proprietaries were
for the Advantage of the Colony^ is not determinable
, by us *, but fure we are he difobey'd them in an Ar-
' ticle,which was of the laftConfequence for the Good of
I the Province. September 14. 16-83. the Proprietaries
I wrote to Mr. Larvrie and the Council^ to remove the
j Seat of Government, and the Courts from Eliz,aheth
I Town to Amhoy Point, and there to fettle, that by
> their Prefence People might be encourag'd to build
i Perth City, which was then laid out, and great Ad-
I vantages proposed to all fuch as would inhabit it. It
; lay fo commodious for Shipping, that the Concerned
j did not doubt, if their Orders were obey'd, they
[! ihould in a few Years fee a City there, which would
il at leaft have been a Rival to New-Tork and Philadel-
phia^ Mr. Lawrie^ by difobeying the Proprietaries,
! gave- thofe two Cities an Opportunity to get the
,.ftart of Perth' Amhoy fo far, that the Inhabitants of
ilEafl-New-Jerfey defpairing ever to come near them,
[I have difcontinu'd their Building ^ and this Town,
I which was intended to be the Capital of this Colony j
lies now among the Number of its V^illages,

We find Mr. BarcLty continu'd Governour till the
Year 1^85. when the Right Honourable the Lord Nealfke Lord.
Campbel^ Uncle to his Grace the prelent Duke of^r-Neal
£y/f , was appointed Governour : In whofe time George Campbcl
Keith came over to Eaft-New-Jerfey^ and tiuv^ht 2iGovemor.
School there. He was alfo appointed Swveyo- Gctie-
ral^ on Account of his Skill in the Mathemacicks.

L He

146 Tf^H^fioryofNcw-Jtvi'cY.

He flaid there two or three Years, and then went to
fome other ^American Colony : This is the Man, who,
when he return'd to England j renounc'd his Enthufi- .
ajlick Errors, and embrac'd the Orthodox Religion
of the Anglicans Church : After which he bcjcame a i
regular Minifter, was prefented to a Benefice *, and
has made himfelf talkt off by his Difputes with the
Quakers^ and theirs with him *, for they have not
ituck to charge him with deferting them for a world-
ly Intereft. When he left Jerfey^ Mr. John Reed was
made Surveyor General. Since this he was fent over
by the Society for propagating the Gofpcl, as a Miili-
onary to convert the Indians^ and make Profelytes to
the Church o^ England : 'Tis'faid in the Society's
Paper, That he has brought great Comfort to the Church,
There is now a Minifter of St. Mary's Btirlington^ whoi
is Mr. John Talbot^ Ailiftant to Mr. Keith in his Mil-i
fion : He has 60 L a Year from the Society.
-, In the Year 1696, Qo\. Andrew Hamilton was ap^^
^\l pointed Governour of this Province : In which Poft
^^(yuTmr. ^^ ^i<^ "^^ continue long f, for in 15^7. we find Jf-
Jeremy ' ^'^^^ ^^'^F^i E^Q^ was fent from England with that
Baffe, f/j; CharaiPf er, which he alfo kept but a little while:
Govcnm. for Col. Hamilton procured Mr. Bajfe to be recall'd,
Col. Ha- and himfelf re-iniiated in his Government *, which;
miiton vv^as of as fhort Duration as Mr. Bajfe\ for the lat-i
^M^\ ter in a Year's Time or lefs w^as refror'd.
Mr. Bafie ^iis Succeffor, and the laft Covernour of Eafi-New*
O^An- J'-^f^y-i ^^^ ^^^- Andrew Bowne^ who continu'd in
drew ^^^^ ^^^^ ^5 ^^"§ ^^ ^^^ Proprietaries Power lafted.i
Browne This Office, confidering the Cheapnefs of the Coun*,
Governor, try, was as good as the fame in fome other Colonies^*
where the Saliery and Advantages are greater, for the,
Governour cannot here make fairly above 500 /.
Year of his Government.

This Colony continu'd to thrive under all thefc;
Governours *, and notwithftanding the Majority ofi
the Proprietaries and Proprietors were Quakers^ a Peo-
ple who aff.^1: a peculiar Tamenefs of :)pirit^ and de-
clare againft l-ighting, yet a Militia has been form'd,,
and at a late Mufter 1400 flout Men appear'd in.
Arms, Col. l\:oma.s Cox,, Son of Dr. Cca-, commanding
t:.';.'n. The Number of S >uls in this Provmce is.
C-;ucuted to be 12000, and Weji-JSleM'Jerj'ey 8000.

We

; The Hijlory of Nevv-Jerfey. 147

j .We niuft now take fbme Notice of thofe Events vVeft-

that relate to the latter: Tis true^ we do not nieetjerfey.

with many, and thofe not very important*, butfuch

as they are, we fhall communicate them to the

iReader.

\ Governours were fettled in this Province much

about the fame time that the Proprietaries of the o-

ither appointed Perfonsto govern E a fi- New- J er fey. T\iQ

'firft Governour ofWefi-New-Jerfey \W2isEdwardBylly?ig^ Edward

Efq-, one of the Proprietaries^ who was put into thatByllyng,

Office, A. D. 1583. and continu'd in it feveral Years.-^/^; ^o^

lAfter which the greatefl part of the Province was '^^''"<^^-

fold to Dr. Daniel Cox J one of the Members of the/);, j)^.

College of Phyfitians, who took the Government intoniei Cox

|his own Hands ', but being then in very great Bufinefs Govsmor,

!in his Profeflion, he did not think fit to leave it for

the Profits of his Province, and govern'd the Colo-

jtiy always by a Deputy. In the Year 16 90, his Pra-

ftice diminifhing in England^ he refolv'd on a Voyage

ro his American Territories, and was a<flua]ly gone

is far as Salisbury^ in his way to Plimouth^ to em-

ibark there for this Country, but he was difTwaded

!by a Friend from his intended Voyage :, and returning

to London^ fold the bed part of his Propriety to Sir

Thomas Lane^ and others, for above 9000 L a Sum of

iMoney which has not often been known to be given in

London for an Eftate in either of the Englip) Colo- ^

'lies on the Continent o{ America. What l\\t{^ Pur-

bhafers did with their Province, we have not heard ^

iDut we find they thought it convenient, for the Good '

bf the Colony, to make a Surrender of their Pattenty^^P^^^^^

to the Qijeen, refervingall their Rights to themrelves,r;^',7-g;;^rfi.

jsxcept the Sovereignty, which was refl:or'd to the

Crown. The Proprietaries of Eaji-Nevj-Jerjey did

'ihe fame*, for on the 22do^Aprdy 1702. Mr. IVilL

IDockwra^ in their Name, and Sir Thom.ts Lane in the

>Jime of the Proprietaries oiWeji-New-Jerfey^ waited

m her Majefty, and made a formal Surrender of the

ijQvereignty to her. The Queen immediately ^p-ff^giord

'wonted my Lord Cornhury to be Governour, and thiS(^ornbury

.ord made the late Governour, Mr. Jeremy Bajfe^ Governor.

ns Secretary.

The Two Provinces, which had h^^n. divided 26
Tears, became united, and now goes by the Nam^ of

L 2 ^ej9^

1 48 The Hipry of New- Jerfcy. ■

New-Jerfey'^ the Government being by a GovemoUry
Council and Jffembly : The Governour choofes,
his Council out of each, and appoints a Lieutenant-'
Governour. In the Year 1705. Mr. Scrgeanr Hook
made a Purchafe of 3 7 jo Acres of Land, in Wcfi-Jerfey^\
upon Delaware River, and gave the loth part of it asl :
a Glebe to the Church. The Names of the prefent
Officers are,

The Right Honourable the Lord \\ko\xntCornhwy^

Governour.

Kichard hgoldshyy Efq^ Lieutenant-Governour.

Lewis Morris y Efq^
Col. Andrew Bowne^^
Thomas Revelj Efq*,
Francis Davenport^ Efq,

Daniel Leeds^ Eiq^
Willia?n Sandfordy Efq*,
Co). Robert Ouarryy and
Teter Sonmam^ Merchant,.

Tis remarkable, that Col. Robert Quarry^ is nol
only a Counfellor here, but alfo z.t New^or\ Penjyf^
vania^ Alaryland^ and Virginia,

Secretary and Regifler, Mr. William Doclwra.
Secretary to the Governour, Mr. Jeremy Bajfe.

THB

149

THE

HISTORY

O F

P EN SYLVAN I A.

THIS is not theleaftconfiderableofour ^-
merkan Colonies *, and for the few Years
that the Tra^Sl of Land, which goes by this
Name, has been inhabited, we believe
.none has thriv'd more, nor is more rich and po^
pulous.

The Proprietary^ William Pen^ Efq*, is the Son oilhs Vropl
Sir William Pen^ who commanded the EngUJJj Fleer, in st^rj,
Conjundlion with other Admirals, in the time of the
Rump -J whom Oliver fent with Col. Venables to H'fpa-
niola ^ and tho that Expedition fail'd through the ill
Conduft of f^enablesy Mr. Pert^ for he was not then
Knighted, was generally faid to have behav'd himfclf
with equal Wifdom and Courage. He afterwards
fell in with the Royaltjis upon the King's Re/lorario??^
and commanded the Fleet under the Duke of Torky
in the firfl Dutch War, having fometime before re-
ceived the Honour of Knighthood f, and dying not long
after, was bury'd in Redcliff-Chmcch in Brifiol, For
the Services he had done the King and Nation, his Son,
the ingenious William Pen^ Efq', follicited a Gram of
this Province^ but having declar'dhimfelfthe//^?^/^
qf the People in England^ c^Wd Quakers^ h.e met wit!)

L 3 gre^f

1 50 The Hiftory of Penfylvania. '^

great Difficulties in obtaining this Pattern *, which he
at lafl procured, bearing Date the 4th o{Marchj 1 ^Sf.
and gave his Name to the whole Country, which is
from him call'd Tenfylvania in the Original Grant^
by the King's Authority. But before we proceed fur-
ther in its Hiftory, we muft give the Reader fome.
Idea of the Frov'mce.

Penfylvania con lifts of all that TraEt of Land in Ame-
rica, with all Jflands thereunto belonging •, that is to fay^
from the Beginning of the fortieth Degree of North La--
titude^ unto the forty third Degree of North Latitude ^
whofe E aft em Bounds^ from 1 2 Englifti Afiles above
Newcaftie (^alias Delaware-Toir^^j runs all along vpon

"Bounds, the Side of DtldiVidLi'ii- River. So that 'tis bounded on
the Eaft by the River and B2iy o^ Delaware^ and the
Eaftern Sea ^ on the North, by Weft Nerv-Jerfey^ or
rather NewTork^ for it goes a great way above the
Jerfeys •, on the Weft, by the Indian Nations about the
Heads of Sufquahanaugh and Delaware Rivers •, and on
the South by Maryland ^ and reaches from Pensberry,
near the Falls of Delaware River, to Cape Hinlcpe^
at ttiQ Mouth of Delaware Bay, near 1 50 Miles : But
it runs along like a Strip of Land, being very much
crowded in Breadth by Maryland,

We fhould have made mention of the fir ft Inhabi-
tants of this Country, and the firft Difcoverers ;, but
what we have particularly to fay of either the one or
the other, we ftiall relate in the further ProieruL'on of
this Hiftory, and continue our Geographical Dfcrip-
ticnofit.

The River Delaware is navigable 500 Miles at leaft,
in fmall Veftcls ^ fo high Mr. Pen has gone up it him-^
felf, as he was pleas'd to acquaint ^he Writer of this
Treatife. It rifes in the Mountdns, in tne Weftn'n
Parrs of this Continent, near the /rc^ wo -/f, and runs"
parallel with Sifquahanavgh River in Maryland *, the

livers. latter falling into the Bay of Chefeapeak^ not far from
v;here Delaware River difcharges it felf into the Bay,
that b^ars its Name. Some Ships bound for Penfyha-
wa^^rA ihxough Chefeapeak Bay, ihe Head falling with-
in thij Latitude. They both divide themfelves, near'
the Fr.Ils, into two great Branches ^ and between them
«ows thQ Schcolkill, which runs into the X)f/^n7^r^at^
PhiladelphhL Thefe are the only Rivers of Note m

this

The Hijlory c/Penfylvania. I J i

this Province *, the reft are rather Creeks than Rivers"^
the Southfide of the Delavrare abounding with them,
as well as the North j of which we have fpoken in the
laft Article,

We do not find any Counties in the Wcjiern Part of
this Country *, the fiifi: Town we com- to below
the Falls, is Newton '^ and next to it is Perisberry^ over
againft Burling! '^n^ in IVcfl Ntw-Jerfey. H-rr.^'s a
fmall Creek, but never a on^ at Newton, This pirt of
the DciawirreiscAY^ the F,efljes. The next Creek is
Nefhimcnck^ then Pvtqueffm^ then Pemm ipeka'^ be-
tween which and Towcauny Creek, is I'ranctford j
which feems to be a Dutch Vill'g-, or ^ Swedifi j
for both Swedes and Dutch inhabit feveral Places in
fenfylvania. The Sip^^f/ ieated themfelves moftly in
the Creeks I have been ipeaking of, about the Frejhes,
The Dutch planted near the Bay. This Place is alfo
eaird Oxford^ and here is a Church of England Con-
gregation, fupply'd hy i\itM\m\{QXsoi Philadelphia^
there being none yet lent to the Town, which confifls
of about I JO Houfes. From Towcauny^ having pait
Mill-Ci'Qtk^ we come to

Philadelphia^ the Capital of this Colony, dignify'd Philadel-
with the Name of a City, 'Tis indeed moft commo-phia.
diouily fituated between tw^o navigable Rivers, the
Delaware and Schoclkill. It has two Fronts on the
Water*, one on the Eaft-fide, facing the 5<:^W^//j'',
and the other on the Wefi^ facing the Delaware.
The Eallern Part is moft populous on account of the
Schoolkill^ which isboatable loo Miles above j:he Falls,
Each Front of the City, as it v»'as laid our, v;as a Mile
long, and two from River to River. The Street that
runs along the Rivqv Schoolkill is three Quarters of a
Mile in length. The Houfes are very ftately *, the
Wharfs and Warehoufes numerous and convenient.
And as Philadelphia fiourifti'd fo much at tirft, that
there were near loo Houfes and Cottages within lefs
than a Years time, fo fince the Foundation of this City,
j4. D.16S2, it has made anfwerable Progrefs*, the
Number of Houfes being computed to be 1200 now-'
They are generally welt built, and have large Or-
chards and Gardens. The Land on which it ftands is
high and firm, and the Conveniency of Coves, Docks,
and Springs, has very much contributed to- the Com-

L 4^ nicrce

1

1 52 The Hijlory of Penfylvania. ; '

merce of this Place, where many rich Merchants nowi
live ; and we have "been informed, fome of them are 1
fo wealthy, that they keep their Coaches, The Town-
was laid out, and a Draught taken of it by I'Mr. Tho,
Holme^ Surveyor General of the Province, which lies'
now before me \ it feems to be a very fair Plan, and,;
if it was all built, would make a great and beautiful
City •, the Streets being broad, and fo long all of them,
that they reach from River to River ^ a Compafs or
Ground which is large enough to make a City for all
the Inhabitants of the Northern Colonies, perhaps:
not excluding New-England, Ships may ride here in
^ or 7 Fathom Water, with very good Anchorage.
The Land about it is a dry, wholefom Level. All
Owners of 1000 Acres of Ground and upwards, have
their Houfes in the two Fronts, facing the Rivers,
and in the High-fir eet^ running from the Middle of
one Front to the Middle of the other^ Every Ow-
ner of 5000 Acres has about an Acre in Front •, and
the fmaller Purchafers, about half an Acre in the
backward Streets, By which means the leaft has
Room enough for a Houfe, Garden and fmall Orchard.
Th^ High-fir eet is 100 Foot broad*, fo is thQ Broad-
fireety which is in the middle of the City, running
from North to South. In the Center is a Square of
to Acres, for the State-houfe, Market- houfe. School-
houfe, and chief Meeting-houfe for the Quakers : The
Lord Proprietary being of that Profeifion, 'tis not
ftrange, that moil: of the firfl £;?^///; Inhabitants were
of the fame Opinion. The Persecution rais'd by the
Topifi ftftion and their .Adherents in England^ a-
gainffc Frotefiam D i ([enter s^ was very hot when Mr.
Pen obtain 'd a Grant of this Territory, and the
Quakers flock'd to it, as an Azylvm^ from the Rage of
their Enemies. But fince the glorious Revolutiony
People have tranfported themfelvesto the Plantations^
to enrich, and not to fave themfelves from Injuflice
and Violence at home.

Men of all Principles have fettled in this Place^ as
well as others •, and there are fo many Orthodox
Profeffors, that there's a great Church in Philadelphia^
. for the Exercife of Religion, according to the Difci-
plineof the Church of England'^ and fome of theni
have clanipur'd lately very much tor an C?r^^», to the\

great

The Hiflory of Penfylvanla. 1 5 j

great Offence of the Brethren, , We do not ufe this
Word out of Contempt, but to avoid that of Difiw^i^
orij which is too fcandalons for a ferious Hiftory. The
Church here is call'd Chrift-Churchy and the Congre-
gation is very numerous. His late Majefty was pleas'd
to allow the Minifter ^ol.per Annum^ befides the vo-
luntary Subfcriptions of the Inhabitants. The School-
mafter has alfo an Allowance of 30/. per Annum, The
; Pattent for them was taken out at the Charge of the
Society before-mention'd. Here arc befides this feve-
ral Meeting-houfes, as a Quaker's, Presbyterian, A-
nabaptift, and a 5Trf.^/^ Church. The Reverend Mr.
Evans is now Minifter of Philadelphia. His Afliftant
IS Mr, Thomas-^ Schoolmafter, Mr. Club, There are
at lead 700 Perfons of the Orthodox Church.

In each Quarter of this City is a Square of 8 Acres,
to be for the like Ufes as Moorfields in London : And in
the Plan there are Eight Streets, that run from Front
to Front, parallel with High-ftreet^ and Twenty
Streets, that run crofs the City from fide to fide ♦, both
of which are 30 Foot broad. But we cannot fuppofe
that near a tenth Part of this Ground is taken up, con-
fidering all the eight Streets are 2;Miles, and the
Twenty, one Mile long,^ befides the Fronts, and
High'flreet and Broad-ftreet, The Dock is form'd by
an Inlet of the River Delaware^ at the South Corner
of the Front, and has a Bridge over it at its Entrance.
Several Creeks run into the City out of the two
Rivers.
Here the AfTemblies and Courts of Judicature are
H k^pt, and the Trade and Bufinefs of the Province is
i' chiefly manag'd, as in all Capitals. Here is a beautiful
Key,above aooFoot fquare *, to which a Ship of jooTun
may lay her Broad-fide. Herearemoft forts of Trades
and Mechanicks, as well as Merchants and Planters^
and confidering 'tis the youngeft Capital in our Eng-
liJJ) America^ 'tis far from being the leaft confide-
rable. It gives Name to the Country about it •, for
the remaining part of Philadelphia is divided into
Shires, there being 5 more befides Philadelphia Coun-
ty y as Buckingham^ Chejier, JVewcafile^ Kent^ and
Suffex.

At a little Diftance from Philadelphia^ is a plealant
Hill, very vs^ell W^ooded, on the Banks of the ^^r^^o^-

kill.

154 *^^^ Hijtory of Penfylvania.

hll^ caird Fair Mount, Wioco^ half a Mile from the
Town, is a Swediflj Settlement ^ where the People oJj,
that Nation have a Meeting-hovfe for religious Wor-(
fhip: They have another at Tenecum, But whethef
thefe Places are in Buckingham or Philadelphia Coun
ty, we have not learn'd. Indeed where there are (c
few Inhabitants, there's more Vanity and Oftentatl
on in dividing the Country into Shires, than real lift
and Neceffity *, and if we do it, 'tis purely out of Com-
plaifance to the Humour of the People.

Within Land lies Radnor or Welflj Town, finely [i-
tuated, and well built, containing near 50 Families
In this Place is a Congregation of Church of Eng}.
land-Men , but no fettled Minifter. In thefe
two Counties are feveral other Creeks^ 2isDarh
Creek, &c, Amorjland lies between that and another
nameleCs Creek. From whence, pafling by Ridloyer^
WQ come to Chejler Town, which alfo gives Name to,
a County. The Number of Families in this Divifion.
as well as in the others, I have not heard *, but by the
Computation of the Number of Souls in all the Pro-
vince, they cannot exceed 200. This Place is alfo!
caird Vplandsj and has a Church, dedicated to St.
Paul, with a numerous Congregation of Orthodox
ProfefTors, whofe Minifter is Mr. Hen, Nlcholls^ his
Income paid by the before-mention'd Society, 50 /. a
Year. They are about erefling a School here, de-
pendent on the Minifter. There's another littk
Town at the Mouth of a Creek, call'd Chichefler:
Below that is a great Creek, which we may be fure
belong'd to the jDz/fc/?, by the Name that is given it^
Brcmdywine, Here's Room enough to lay up th|
whole Navy Royal of England^ there being from fou
to eight Fathom Water in this Creek. Beiweer
Brandy wine and Chrifilnay is an Iron Mill: What A^
vantage it has been to the Proprietors we know no^
and lappo^e we ftiould have heard of it, had it beei
con fid er able. £

Next to Brandywine is Chriflina Creek *, wher^
when the Swedes inhabited this and the other Side o
the Delaware^ they had a Town which ferv'd theij
inftead of a Capital^ and the Governour refided
if we may give Credit to Monfieur Rohbe^ in his Ac-
count of, La Nouvelle Srvede^ which included part o|

The Hiftory of Penfylvania. 1 5 j

this Country, and part of thQ Jerfeys, This is a very
large Creek ^ but the Village is inconfiderable. The
Swedes had however a Church here not long ago.
Between this and the next Creek is Newcaftle Town •,
from whence the adjoining County takes its Name.
•Tis inhabited by Englifl) and Dutchy and is the next
I'ownfor Bignefs and Trade to Philadelphia^ contain-
ing 300 Families. Here's a Church built, and a Con-
gregation, moft of Jwhich are Weljb, Mr. Rofs was
lately Minifter. The Dutch have a Church in this
Town.

Next to it is St. George% then Blachhird Creek ^
md over againft it lies a little Ifland, caird Road Ifland,
in the Delaware ^ where there is in that Place i o Fa-
thom Water. Apaquamany Creek is honour'd with
the Name of a River. There's another Creek, fo cali*d,
knd they are diftinguifh'd from one another by the
iName of North and South. The Inhabitants have built a
Church, but 'tis not endow'd or fupply'd with a Mi-
Qifter- Pairing by Bomb ays Point, and Duck Creek,
ive come to Kent County ', in which are Cranehroo\^
Dover ^ Murden^ and Mifpellivin Creeks. At Do^
ver is a Church of England Congregation^ the Mini-
fter, Mr. Thomas Crawford^ who has 50 /. a Year,
paid by the Society. In the Bay of Delaware^ which
is here about 7 Leagues over, G?^^r Creek is by fome
DJignify'd with the Name of a River. 'Tis the firft
in Stijfex County, where we find Flum Point and Lew-
RT Creek.

The Villages hereabouts are very thin, thQEnglifb
iflhabiting that part of the Province that lies on the
upper Rivers ^ and fince their Settlements in Penfyl-
vmia^ the Dutch and Swedes have made very little or
rvo Progreis in their Plantations, whereas the Englijb
have encreas'd fo much, that there are now above
^5000 Souls of that Nation in this Colony*, and their
t^umbers are yearly augmented. About three Miles
below Lewis's Creek is the Line of P^^rtition^vfhich di-
vides Pf?7/)//t'.^;^i.^ from Maryland. T\i^ Society of h^-
venturers we fhalj have Occafion to fpeak of hereafter,
hid 2i Whalery nQzic Lewis's Town, but this will more
properly be mention 'd, when we come to treat of the
Trade of the Place,

We

1

X ^6 The Hijlory of Penfylvania. i

Wcfhall avoid needlefs Repetitions *, and when wc
have given the Rtader an Idea of the hdlans in any
one Part of America^ of the Soil, Climate, and Trade,
if that Idea will ferve for any other, we fhall be
glad to fave him the Trouble of reading it under an-
other Article. But tho 'tis probable, the NewTork
and yirginio/i Indians have a great deal of Agreement,
as to their Language, Manners, and Cuftoms, with
thofe of penfylvania^ as the Climate and Soil of the
latter agree with thofe ofF^lrginia and New-Tork \ yet
we having a very particular Account of thefe things
written by Mr. Pen himfelf, in a Letter, dated the
i<^th o^ Augiiji^ 1583. at Phiiadelphia^ 'twill not be
unwelcome to the Curious, to fee what he has faidof
this Country. To w^liich we fhall add, what others
have alfo written, or told us, as far as wc could d&i
pend on th^ir Authority.
Climate We fhall begin with the Climate and Soil, and treat
AvdSfil, ftrft cf the Climate. We fee by its Latitude that
*tis at a like Diftance from the Sun with Naples in Ita-
ly^ and MontpclUer in France. The Air is fweet and
cle xr, the Heavens ferene, and Mr. Pen^ who had feen
the Southern Parts of France^ compares the Face of
them in Penfylvania to that in thofe Provinces. The
Fall begins about the 24.th oiOBober^ and lafls rill the
Beginning of December.^ being like a mild Spring in
England. Frofly Weather and extream cold Seafons^
have been known there, as in the Year i58i. but thci
Sky was always cleir, and the Air dry, colJ, piercingj,
and hungry. The River Delaware was then frozen
over, tho it is near two Miles broad at Philadelphia,
From Alarch to Jufie the Spring lafts, without Gufis of
Wind, refrelh'd with gentle Showers, and a fine
Sky *, but the Weather there, as well as in England^
is more inconftant than in the other Seafons. The
Heats are extraordinary in the Summer Months, Jw/y,
Ai^giffi^ and September^ but mitigated by cool Breezes,
TherWind is South- Weft during the Summer, but
generally North- Wefterly, Spring, Fall, and Winter.
If Eailerly or Southerly Winds raifes Mifts, Foggs,
or Vapours, in two Hours time they are blown
away.

The Soil of this Tra£l of Land is various : In fom<;'
Places *tis a yellow and black Sand, poor and rich \

The Hijlorj of Penfylvanla. 157

in others, a loomy Gravel ^ in others, a fafl: fat
Earth, like the f^ales in England^ efpecially by Inland
Brooks and Rivers, where the Lands are generally three
to one richer than thofe that lye by Navigable Rivers.
There's al(b another Soil in many parts of the Pro-
vince, as a black Hazel Mould on a Stony bottom.
The Earth is not only fruitful and fat, but eafy to
be clear'd, becaufe the Roots of th^Trees lye almofl:
on the Surface of the Ground.

We have already obferv'd \\o\s Tenfylvama2iho\xi\^sSiiviri^
in Rivers, the Waters of which are good, both the
Rivers and Brooks having gravelly and llony Bottoms.
There are alfo Mineral Waters, that operate in the
fame manner with thofe of Barnet and North halL
Thefe Springs are about two Miles from Philadel-
phia,

The Natural Produ^ of the Country, of Vegetables, Pr(?i«(7.
are Trees, Fruits, Plants, Flowers. The Trees ofTrees.
mod Note are the Black Walnut, Cedar, Cyprcfs,
Chefnut, Poplar, Gumwood, Hickory, SafTafras, A(h,
Beech, and Oak of feveral forts, as Red, White aod
Black, SpaniJJ) Cheftnur, and Swamp, the molt dura-
ble of all. Here are fome excellent Shrubs, as Shu-
mack, Snakeroot, SafiTaparella, Calamus Arramaticusy
Jallop and Spruce Cranberries.

The Fruits that grow naturally in the Woods, are fmits,
the White and Black Mulberry, Cheftnuts, Wall-
nuts, Plums, Strawberries, Hurtleberries, and Grapes
of feveral kinds. The great Red Grape, call'd the
Fox-Grape^ is commended by Mr. Ten *, and he thinks
it would make excellent Wine, if not fo fweet, yet
little inferior to Frontinidc ^ it tafts like that Grape,
but differs in Colour. There's a M^ite kind of Muf-
cadel, and a little Black Grape, like the Clufter-Grape
in England. Peaches are prodigioufly plentiful in this
Province, and as good as any in England^ except the
Newington Peach.

The artificial Produce of the Country is Wheat, ^^^»-
Barley, Oats, Rye, Peafe, Beans, Squaflies, Pumkins,
Water-Melons, Muf-Melons, Apples, Pears, Plums,
Cherries, Apricocks, Carrots, Turnips, Parfnips,
Cabbiges, Colworts, Potatoes, Radifhes as bigg as
Parfnips, Onions, Cucumbers^ asalfo Qumces, Cur-
rants, Indian Corn, Hemp, Flax, and Tobacco, of
which more hersaftsr* -As

I jg The Hijlory of Pcnfylvania,

As to the Fertility of the Soil, this Inftance of it i

fufficient to prove it : One Mr. Edward Jones^ whof

Plantation was on the Schooikill in the Infancy of tb

Colony, had, with ordinary Cultivation, for one Grai

of Engdflj Barley, feventy Stalks and Ears of that Corn

'Tis common from one Bulhel Ibwn here to rea

40, often JO, and fometimes ^o. Three Pecks c

WheatTows an Atre.

'Animals. Of Living Creatures, Fifh, Fowl, and Beads

the Wood, there are divers forts, fome for Food an

Profit, and fome for Profit only. For Food as well a

Profit, are the Elk, as big as a fmall Ox, Deer bigget

than ours in England^ Beaver, Racoon, Rabbit!

Squirrels \ and fome eat young Bear, and commen

it, but 'tis likely their Tafts are as barbarous as theiC

Food, Here's Plenty of Oxen, Cows, and Sheep, ioi

foniuch that fome Farmers have 3 and 400 in

Flock. Th€ Creatures for Profit only, by Skin op

Fur, or for Carriage and Sale, are the Wild-Cat^

Panther, Otter, Wolf, Fox, Fifher, Minx, Musk

Raf, and, to name the nobleft laft, Horfes, fomd

very good and fhapely enough, which are exported to

Barhadoes J and is one of the beft Merchandife

fhip'd off from hence for that, or the other Sugar

Idands. *-

Fovfl Of Fowl. Here is- the Land-Turtle^ ( 40 or s

Pound Weight) Pheafants, Heath-Birds, Pidgeon^

Patridges, and Black-Birds in fuch Flotks, that the^

Seff Will, sven darken the Air,; A certain Inhabitant of th

Bradford 'f Province writes, Thit Pidgeons fettle in*;fuch prod^

Letter^ gious Multitudes, rhey make the large Arfns of Tret

^^ti^^ ^" ^^^^y ^^ hreaky and ?nore have been kill'd at L

^°^5» Shot^ than there were Corns of Shot in the Pelce. Q

Water-Fowl, here are Swanf,Geefe, White and Greyi

Brands, Ducks, and Teal, Snipe, and Curleus ii

great Numbers *, but the Duck and Teal excel any d

their kind in other Countries,

^W^» .This, as well as other y4);;m(;^;2 Provinces, abound

with Fifh, which the Bay and River of Delawan

moft plentifully fupply them with. Sturgeon, Hec^

rings, Roch, Shat, Catshead, Sheepshead, Eles,'

Smelts, and Pearch are caught in Abundancei

in the Bay, and in the River below the Frefljes ^ andl

Trout in the Inland Rivers. Oyfters, Cnbbi,Cockl es

Conks,

I The Hiftory of Penfylvania. 159

iConks, and Mufcles are plenty here. Some Oyfters
:are 6 Inches long, and Cockles as big as Stewing-
Oyfters, with which a rich Broth is made •, hut we
hope the Labour, Temperance, Continence, Health
land Virtue of this People render the ufe of fuch Broths
very rare. Whale'Vi\h\v\g has been attempted here
by the Society, of which I ihall lay more in its due
[Place : A Company o{ Whalers were employ'd, Whales
canght, and Oyl made *, but that Trade was of no
\(v.\g Continuance, it being found to he expenfive and
laacertain.

t There are divers. Medicinal Plants to cure Svyel-P/^r*.
nlings, Burnings, Cuts, &c. and feveral that fmell
very pleafantly, as the Wild Mirtle and others.

The Woods are adorn'd with Flowers, excel- f/ow^r/»
ent both for Colour, Greatnefs, Figure, and Va-
'iety.

The ancient Inhabitants of this Territory come Indians.

, lext to be treated of. The Indians are generally

; :all, ftreight, well-built, and of fingular Proportion.

: 2{ Complexion black, but by Defign, as the Gypfies

n England' They anoint themfelves with Bears Fat

:larify'd *, and ufing no Defence againfl the Sun or

IVeather, their Skins are fwarthy. Their Eye is

:ttle and black. As to their Faces, Mr. Pen fays.

The thick Lip and flat Nofe^ fo frequent with the Eaft-

dians and Blacks, are not common to them *, for I have

icri as comely European- //^^ Faces among them of both

^exesy as on our Side the Sea ^ and truly an Italian Com-

nexion has not much more of the White ^ and the Nofes

•f feveral of them have as much of the Roman.

Their Language is lofty, yet harrow *, the Accent

nd Emphafis of fame of their Words are Great and

■Jweet, as 03:orockon^ Rancocas^ Ori^on^ Shakarneron^

^oqueffmy all Names of Places, and very founding.

Vntn for Sweetnefs, there are tlieir Anna Mother,

'Imm Brother, Netap Friend, Vfque Oret very good,

'one Bread, Metfe Eat, matta no, hatta to have, paya

lo come. TamanCy Secans^ Menanfe^ Secatereus^ the

.Barnes of Perfons. Their Phrafe for / have not^ is

Metta ne hatta^ not I have.

As to their Manners, and Cudoms, they wafh their
!^hildren in Water as loon as born, and plunge them
ften in the Rivers while they are young, to harden

them.

.

i6o The Hifiory of Penfy Ivania.

them. They wrap them up in a Clout, and lay thei
on a'ftreight thin Board, a little more than th
Length or Breadth of the Child, which they fwaddl
faft on the Board to make it flreight : This is th
Reafon that all Indians have flat Heads. Thus the
carry them at their Backs. At nine Months En
the Children commonly go. They wear only a fma
Clout round their Waft, till they are big. The Bo]
fifh till they are fifteen, then they hunt •, and hj
ving given fome Proofs of their Manhood by a go
Return of Skins, may marry, elfe 'tis a Shame
think of a Wife. The Girls live with their Mothe
help hough the Ground, plant Corn, and carry Bu|
thens *, and, fays my Author, They do well to ufe thei
to that youngs which they muji do when they ar& eld ;
for the Wives are the true Servants of the Hmhand
otherwife the Men are very affeBionate to them, Wi
men marry at 15 or 14, Men at 17 or 18. The
Houfes are Matts, or Barks of Trees fet on Poles, lite
an Englifl) Barn, out of the Power of the Winds, fca
they are hardly higher than a Man. They lye or
Reeds or Grafs. When they travel, they lodge it
the Woods, about a great Fire, with the Mantle o
Duffils they wear by Day wrapt about them. Theii
Food is Indian Corn, which they drefs feveral ways
Beans and Peafe, Flefh and Fifh out of the Wood?
and Rivers. They treat the Europeans^ who con
among them, very civilly, and give them the be
Place and firft Cut. They fit moftly on the Ground^
clofe to their Heels, their Legs upright ^ and aft«J
having faluted their European Vifiters or Vifiter wit!
an Itah^ or Good be to youy perhaps fay not a Wor
more, but obferve all PafTages. They are pleas'd
you give them any thing, but never beg *, and J
they are not ask'd to eat, go away luUenly. "^

They conceal their Refentments as much as thi
can, and are fuppos'd to do it on Account of the Re«
venge that has been praftis'd among them •, for in bot
their Refentments and their Revenge they are not ci
cetied by the Italians ', an Inftance of which happen*!
while Mr. Pen was in the Country : A King's Daugl
ter thi: king her felf il-ghted by her Hubband, m fa
fering ...o.her Woman ;o lie Jowa between then
rofe up, went out, pluck'd a Rout oui of th

Ground

The Hiftory 0/ Penfylvania. 161

Ground, and eat it, upon which (he immediately
d/d. Her Husband made an Offering to her Kin-
dred according to Cuftom, for an Atonement, and
Liberty of Marriage. At the Aime time two other
Husbands did it to the Kindred of their Wives that
dy*i a natural Death : Vox till Widowers have thus
; aton'd, they muft not marry again. Some of the
, young Women fell their laft Favours before Marri-
age, to riife Money for a Portion*, but after they
, are marry'd, they remain chafl, and never admit
! their Husband*s Embraces when they are with Child,
i In the Month they touch no Meat, and eat with a
Stick, left they fhould defile it, nor admit their Huf-
I bands till that Time is expir'd.
\ May not {omtEuropean Wives learn of thefe Barha-
j rians *, and is it not Vanity in any one People to call
, another barbarous, becaufe their* Cuftoms diffen?
!. They are very liberal, infomuch that if an European
I gives any of them a fine Gown cr Coat, it may pals
twenty Hands before it fticks. They are the merri-
eft Creatures living, feailing and dancing perpetu-
ally. Wealth circulates liki; Blood among them ^
all Parts partake-, yet they are exa6l Obferversof
Property. They covet little, becaufe they want but
little. If they are ignorant of our Pleafures, they
alfo know nothing o{ our Pains. Their Hunting,
Fiftiing, and Fowling feed them, and their Sports are
their Subfiftance. They eat twice a Day, Morning
and Evening. Their Seats and Tables are on the
Ground. They have learnt Drunkennefs of the £w-
Yopeans^ and are wretched Obji'fts when drunk.
When they are fick they drink a Teran, or Decoifti'-
on of fome Roots in Spring- Water ^ and if they eat
Flefh, it mull: be of the Female of any Creature.
They have a great Opinion of Cold Baths and Sweat-
ings : An Inflance of which we fhall report, it being
very extraordinary, and the Truth of it is not to be
qucfi:ion*d j for the Gentleman who told it to us,
was the very Perfon that faw it. Mr. Pen, in the
Year 1683. travelling into the Back Countries, to
make Difcoveries, came to a Wigwam, where the
Captain General of that Nation liv'd ^ for they have
fucn an Officer, befides their Sachem or King, who
commands the Army, and leads them to Battle:

M The

1 62 The Hiftorj of Penfylvania.

The Captain General happened to be at that time ill
of a Fever, and was about to try their ufu a I Remedy
to cure himielf. His Wife to that end had prepared
a little Bagnio upon the Ground, without E)oors,
into which he crept. This Bagnio was like an Oven :
and his Wife, to heat it, put feveral great hot Stones
on each fide of it, which gave the Man an extream
Sweat, while he fat or lay along in this Oven or
Bagi'iio. She made a Hole through the Ice of the Ri-
ver, it being frofty Weather, and the Bagnio on the
River's Bank. This Hole or Paflage fhe dug with an
Axe, the Ice being very thick. When the Pailage
was prepar'd, the Man came out of his Oven, the
Drops of Sweat running down his Face and Body,
leapt into ths River, and duckt himfelf twice. He
then crv^pt through his Oven, and fo went to his
Wigwam, where laying himfelf down by a Fire,
he gradually cool'd himfelf, and was afterwards as well
as ever. . . ,

Thus far we have told this Story, to fhew what O-
pinion the Indians have of Sweating 2in6. Cold Baths V
The remriining part of it is to give the Reader
an Idea of their Manners and Underftanding *, and(
being afTur'd by Mr. Fen himfelf, that the foliowingi
Relation is true, we recommend it as fuch to the;
World, for we cannot have, better Authority.

While the Captain General was in the Bagnio, he
firfl' fang all the A£ls of the Nation he was of, to divert
him froln the Troublefomenefs of the Heat *, theii
£hofe of his An ce dors, v/ho were Nobles and Gene-
jals in the Country -^ and lafi: of all, his own. Afteifl
which he fell into this Rhapfody : What is the Matters
vntb vs Indians^ that we are thus fick in our own Air^\
and thefe Strangers well ? ^Tis as if they were lent hithef\
to inherit our Land in our jieeds *, but the Reafon Is plain^i
they lo^'e the great God^ and we do not. A Refledi-
on very furprizing in a Barbarian *, but Mr. Pen
heard it, and attefled it to be Matter of Fa£ltothe
Hiftorian.

If they die, they are bury'd, Men or Womeir^j
with their Apparel *, and the nearefl of Kin throWJ
feme valuable Thing into their Graves, as Tokens ofi
their Love. Their Mourning is blacking of theii
Faces, which they continue a whole Year. The]

ar«1

The Hiftory of Pcnfylvania. ' 16}

are nice in the Choice of the Graves of their Dead *,
for, left they fhould be loft by Time, they pick off
the Grafs that grows upon them. They believe a
God and Immortality, fiying. There is a great King^
who made them, who dwells in a glorious Country^ to the
Southward of them -^ and the Souls of the Good Jhall go
thither J where they Jhall live again.

Their Worfhip confifts of Sacrifices and Songs,
They feaft one another in Harveft-Time, and invite
the Europeans fometimes. Mr. Pen was at one of their
Entertainments, on a green Bank by a Spring, un-
der ftiady Trees. There were 20 Bucks kill'd, with
hot Cakes of new Corn, Wheat and Beans, which
they make up in a fquare Form *, then they dance.
Thofe that go to thefe Feafts niuft carry a fmall Pre-
fent in their Money *, it may be fix Pence, which is
made of the Bone of a Fifti : The Black is with them
as Gold^ the White as Silver j and they call it all
Wampum, /

Their Government is by Kings or Sachems, and ^j^j^JiMMi
chofe by Succeftion, but always of the Mother's fide,
yet no Woman inherits. The Reafbn they render
for this way of Defcent, is, that their IfTuemay not
be fpurious. Every King has his Council, confifting
of all the old and wife Men of his Nation, which per-
1 haps is two Hundred. Nothing of Moment is under-
taken, be it War, Peace, felling of Land, or Traf-
fick, without advifing with them *, and which is more,
with the young Men too. 'lis admirable^ fays my
Author, to confider how powerful the Kings are^ and
how they move by tl'j Breath of their People. And in
thofe Monarchies where the true Endi of Govern-
ment are maintain'd, no Power will be thought too
much for the Prince, nor no Privileges too great for
the People. The Simplicity of thefe Indian Monar-
chies give us a better Idea of the Origin of Power,
[ than all that the Filmers^ the Lejleys^ and the infa-
1 nious Supporters of Tyranny have fhewn us in their
I Sophiflical Arguments.

j Their Juftice is pecuniary •, in cafe of any wrong or
I evil Fa6l, be it Murder it felf, they atone by Feafis
1 and Prefents of their Wampum •, which is proportion'd
I to the C^aality of the Offence, or Perfon injured, or
of the bcx they are of: For in cafe they kill a Wo-

M 2 man.

164 - T^^J^ Hiftory of Penfylvania.

nian, they pay double \ and the Reafon they render,
is That Jhc breeds Children^ which Men cannot do.
This Argument is asfalf^ asfimple *, for (he could not
breed them if a Man did not get them, and his Life is
therefore as valuable as the Woman's. They feldom
fall out if fober \ and if drunk, they forgive it, fay-
ing, It was the Drinkj and not the Man that abus'd

tbetn.

Mr. Ten believes them to be of JewiJJ) Race, but
that Suppofition is too chimerical, and we fhould not
much mend the Matter, if we repeated the Argu-
ments that fome make ufe of to vindicate this Conje-
fture.

Their Way of living is fimple, butnafty ^ and we
fhould wonder if they had learnt any Delicacy of the
New Comers. They have been very civil and friendly
to the EnglljJ}^ who never loft Man, Woman, ori
Child by them ^ w^hich neither the Colony of MaA
ryland nor that oVFirginla can fay, no more than thej
great Colony of iV(PTr-£»^/^W. This Fricndlhip andl
Civility of the Tenfylvanian Indians are imputed to
Mr. Fen^ the Proprietary's extream Humanity andl
Eounty to them, he having laid out Tome Thoufandil
of l^ounds to inftru(^, fupport and oblige them. There
are 10 Indian Nations within the Limits of his Pro-
vince*, ani the Number of Souls of thefe Barbarians
are computed to beaboutd'ooo.

We have met with very few Events relating to thii
Colony : They have had no Wars either with th«
Indians or French^ and confequently little Aft ion has
happen'd here. Mr. Ten having obtain'd the beforei
mentioned Pattent, invited ^feveral Perfons to puf
chafe Lands of them, as he, itfeen-js, purchased of th<
Indians, The Swedes^ who had encroach'd upon thi
Butch^ thefirft Planters here, as well as at iVfirTcr^
iettl'd upon or near the FrefiesofthQ River Delaware.
The Flnns^ or Inhabitants of Finland^ were part a
the SwediJ/j Colony, and they apply'd themfelv©
chiefly to Husbandry; The King of Sweden^ to proi
ted his Subjects in thefe Parts, appointed a Governoui
here, who had often Difputes with iht Governoui
that prefided over the Dutch. The latter apply'c
themlelves moftly to Traffick^ living upon or nea^
the Bay •, and by the Neighbourhood of New-Tor}

wer«

The Hijlory of Penfylvanla. 165

were too powerful for the Swedes^ who finding they
cou'd not maintain their Ground, fubmirted to their
ftronger Neighbours. Accordingly John Riz^eing the
\ Swedifij Governour made a Iformal Surrender of the
Country, A,D,i6^^, to Peter Styrefant^ Governour
for th^ States of Holland, After which this Province
icontinu'd fubjedt to that Republick till the Englifh
i drove the Dutch out of New Amfierdam^ or Ne-m
' Tork^ and made the PofTeHion of i\\Q^t Territories
i eafy to Mr. P^;?, when he had obtain'd a Grant of
them : For both Swedes and Dutch are undsr his Go-
vernment. ,

There were a few Englifh here before this Gentle-
I man fent over the firfl Adventurers under his Pat-
[tent *, their Governour ^as Col. William Mark-
ham his Nephew, to whom both Dutch and Swedes CoL WiU
fubmitted *, and when the Lord Proprietary caaie Markham
thither himfelf, he kat this Charafter of them to ^^^pi^yGQ-,
England \ ' They are a plain, ftrong, indiillrious '''''^''''^"''*
' People, yet have made no great Progrefs in Culture

* or Propagation of Fruit-Trees, as if they delir'd

* rather to have enough, than Plenty or Traffick.

* The Indians made them the more carelefs by fur-

* nifhing them with the means of Profit, as Skins and

* Furs, for Rum, and fuch ftrong Liquors. As they
' are a People proper and ftrong of Body, fo they

* have fine Children, and almoft every Houfe full ^

* 'tis rare to find one of them without three or four

* Boys, and as many Girls *, fome have fix, feven, and

^ 6ight Sons, and few young Men are more fober ^

* and laborious. The Number of thefe Inhabitants
of Swedi/h or Dutch Extva.O:iony may be about 3000
Souls. Mr. Pen^ before he went over to Penfylvanla^
fold 20000 Acres to a certain Society, Mr. Nicholas
Moor^ Mr. James Claypool^ Mr. Phillip Ferd^ and
others^ who had a whole Street, and one fide of a
Street, laid out for them in Philadelphia^- ^nd ^00
Acres of Land in the City- Liberties. This Society
erected a Tannery, a Saw-Mill, a Glafs-Houfe, and
a Whalery. They had a Prefiden: in London: Their
Officers were a Prefident, Deputy, Treafurer, Agent,
Secretary, Surveyor, 12 CommitLce-Men, Chirur-
gions, Faclors, Clerks, Ovcrieers, xMefTenger?, Por-
ters, Butchers, Water-men, Car-men, and other in-

M 3 ferior

i66 The Hiftory of Penfylvania.

ferior Mechanicks and Labourers. And having men*
tion'd this Sale of 20000 Acres, 'twill not be impro-
p«;r to report what were the Proprietary's Conditions
of Sale: ^wj/^rj purchas'd after the Rate of 20/. for
a thoufand Acres, and i /. or the Value of it yearly,
for 100 Acres. Renters were to pay i s, an Acre
yearly, not exceeding 200 Acres*, and Servants were
to have 50 Acres when their Times were expired,
whether Men or Women. The Owner was alfo al-
lowed yo Acres a Head for fuch Servants.

We have hinted before, there were few Englifhl
when Mr. Ten went over to take on him the Govern-
ment of his Province, which was in the Year i58ic
He carry'd along with him, and there came to himi
in the firft Year near 2000 Souls, and before theNew-
Comers built Houfes, they ran up Huts for their Re-
ception. Thefe Huts were generally 30 Foot lonSj,
and 18 Foot broad, with a Partition near the Mid-
dle, and another to divide one end of the Houfe into
two fmall Rooms. For this ufe they took eight Trets
of about I ^ Inches fquare, cut off ten Pofts of about
1 5r Foot long, upon which the Houfe ftood, and ±
Pieces, a of 20 and 2 of 18 Foot long, for Plates to
lay a-top of thole Pofts. They had loGiefts of 20
Foot long, to bear the Lofts^ and 2 falfe Plates of 30
Foot long to lie on the Ends of the Giefis^ for theJ?^/-
rm to be fix'd upon. There were 12 Pair of Raf-
ters of about 20 Foot, to bear the Roof of the Houfe.
with Windbeanis, Braces, Studds, &c. They u^'d
Clapboard for the Covering of the Houfe-Ends and
Sides, and for the Loft ^ this Clapboard is riv'd
leather edg'd 5 |- Foot long, and if well drawn, lies:
clofe and fmooth. They lin'd the Lodging-Roorui
with it, and nll'd it up between, which made it very
warm. The Lower Flowr was Earth, the Upper

u p r ^^^^ ^^^^"^ ^^^'"'^ Dwellings ferv'd only tilj
^^^Penfylvamans',NQx^kit\tdi2i\:in\Q\ And then ha-
ving fell'd their Tree?, cleared and cultivated their
f^'^"?r ^,ais*d Stf>cks, and planted a great part of
tlieir 1 urcnafes, they began to leave their Cottages
tor itately as well as convenient Houfes, and to imi-
wmiim n J J^'^i^itants of the other Colonies 'in thC'
Pen 1/V ^'^'",^>'"{; ^^^ their Buildings. As foon as Mr. Tm
O.vcrmur ' ^^ ^^^^"^^^ "P^^ Treaties with the Indiaril

Kingsi

The Hiftory of Penfylvanla. 167

i Kings to buy Land. The Natives being few, and not
I able to cultivate or defend a great Country, which
i the Englifh cou'd eafily have taken from them, were
I willing enough to part with their Lands for a fmall
Confideration : Twenty Miles of Ground might have
been purchas'd for a Trifle. But when the E:igli(h
flock'd thither, thefe Indians were not fo ignorint,
but they knew their Intereft-, that the Land would be
wanted, and confequently worth more \ accordingly
they rais'd the Price ten times as much as it was ac
firft. The Proprietary, in the LettwT before-men-
tioned, gives us an Account of the Audience he had
of the King, which 'tis probable the Reader Vv^ill be
defirous to be acquainted with, there being '"jiiie-
thing in it worthy his Curiofity : ' I have hid Occa-

* fion, fays Mr. Pen^ to be in Council with them,

* upon Treaties for Landj and to adjufl: the Terms

* of Trade, their Order is thus^' The Kiig fits in
' the middle of an Half-Moon, and has his Council,
' the Old and Wife, on each hand ', behind thenijor at

* a little diftance fits the younger Fry in the fame Fi-
^ gure. Having confulted and refolv'd their Bufmefs,

* the King commanded one of them to fpeak tome -,

* Heftood up, came to me, and in his King's Name
' faluted me, taking me by the Hand, and telling me,
' He was ordered by his King to [peak to mc^ and that

* now it was not he^ hut the King that [poke y bccaufs
''what he fljould fay was the Kings /Wad. He firft
' pray'd me to excufe thcm^ that they had nut com"
' ply'd with me in a former Meeting, He fcard there

* might he fome Fault in the Interpreter^ being neither

* Indian nor EnglifJj'^ bejides it was the Indian Ciijiom

* to deliberate before theyrefclve'^ and that if the young
' People and Owners of the Land had been as ready as
.* he^ I had not met withfo much Delay. Having thiis
< introduced his Matter, he fell to the Bounds of the
' Land they had agreed to difpofe of, and to the

During the Time this Per Ton {poke, riot a
f them was obferv'd to whifper or fmile.

Pricv
*.Man of

.' The Old were Grave, th^ Y^ung Reverend iii tht:ir:
5 Deportment. When they fpok.^ which was but
f icldom, 'twas warmly and elegantly. I havene-
f ver Teen more natural Sagacity, confidering them
f without the Help of Tradition i and he will de-

68 The Hifiorj of Penfylvanla.

' feive the Name of Wife that is too hard for them ia

* any Treaty about a TlrtHi^ they underfland. When

* the Purchaie was agreed. Great Promifes pafl be^

* tween us uf Kindnefs and good Neighbourhood^ and

* that the Indians and EngliJ}? mufl live in Love as long
*• as the Sm gave Light, After which another made a
' Speech to the Indians, in the Name of all the Sa"
*- chems or Kings, fir ft to tell them what was

* done, next to charge and command them, To love

' the Chrifiians^ and particularly to live in Peace with \
*• tne^ and the People under my Government \ That ma- ■

* ny Governours had been in the River^ hut that no Go' \

* vernour had come himfelfto live and ft ay here before \ \

* and having now fuch an one that had treated them

* TPf/Z, they fhould never do him or his any wrong. At

* every Sentence of which they fhouted, and faid

* Amm in their way. By Govemour living himfelf
among them, they meant Proprietary : For they had
had feveral Dutch and Swedifh Governours in Dela^
ware River. The Land thus bought was enter'd up-
on by the Under-Purchafers, who purchased by the
loo or the looo Acres what the Proprietary bought by,
Miles. When the Country began to be a little plan-
ted, almoft as far as the Bay's Mouth, 'twas laid
out into the fix Counties we have fpoken of, which
with the chief Tovvns or Villages chole Reprefenta-
tives in the AlTembly. For we muft oblerve that hj
theConfiitutions in the Pattent, the Proprietary wai
impower'd, with the Confent of the People, to make

. 'any Laws for the Publick Good. Thefe Conftituti-
Jj ons were. That the Govemour and People have a Lc'
gijlative Power^ fo that no Law can he made^ nor Ado'
ney rais'd^ but by the Confent of the Inhabitants \\
Xhat the Rights and Freedom of England be in Porci\
there \ That 7naking no Imw againfi Allegiance^ the Go'^
vernour and People might enaB what Laws they pleased
for the Goodj Profperity and Security of the Province^i
&c. All the Inhabitants, as well Swedes and Dutch,
as Englijhy were very well pleas'd with Mr. Pen'% co-'
ming thither in Perlbn, and the Fcrejaners receiv'dl
him with as much Joy and Refpeft as his own Coun-*
try-men. He held two General Affemblies, and with)
fuch Unanimity and Difpatch, that tho they fat but?
three Weeks, they pafi: 70 Laws without one DiP^

The Hiftory of Penfy 1 vania. 1 69

fent in any material thing. They prefented the Tro^
prtetary with an Impoft on certain Goods imported
and exported, which Mr. Pe^ very generoufly remit-
ted to the Province, and the Traders to it : People
now went from all Parts of England to Penfylvania j
as from London^ Leverpool^ and Briflol efpecially. For
the Weft oi England abounding with Diffenters, and
with a lewd Herd of Perfecutors, more than other
Counties, they fhipt themfelves in that Port in great
) Numbers for Philadelphia. In the Yeari<?82. Mr.
Thomas Goldney and Mr. John Duddleftone^ two Tra-
ders in that City, fitted out the Vnlccrn^ a Ship of
300 Tuns, for this Voyage, to carry Pa ffengers anl
G<^ods to the new Colony. The En<jmies of whic'i
t' reported, Mr. Pen was not only dead, but that he
I ^y'dsi Jefuity in his Government. Upon which Mr.
I Ford his Agent in England^ gave publick Notice in the
I Caz.€tteydl\\\% being alive and in good Health. The
} AnfwerMr. Pen wrote to his Friends when he heard
what was reported of him, is very ingenious* / find
fome Perfonsy fays he, have had fo little Wit^ and fo
much Malice^ as to report 7ny Death *, and to mend the
Matter .^ dead ajefuit too I One might have reafonahly
hop^d that this Diflaricej like Deaths wou'd have been a
Protection againfi Spite and Envy *, and indeed Ahfence
being a kind of Deaths ought alike to fecure the Name
of the Ah fent as the Deady becaufe they are equally una*
ble as fuch to defend themfelves. But they thai intend
Mifchiefy do not vfe to follow good Rules to effefi it.
However to the great Sorrow and Shame of the Inventors^
I am ftill altve^ and no Jefinr : I perceive many frivo"
lous and idle Stories have been invented fine e my Depar-
ture from England, which perhaps by this time are no
more Mive than I am dead. He was vifited by the
Kings, Queens, and Great Men of the Country, and
fettled the Affairs of the Province with equal Wifdom
and Difpatch. He eftablifh'd Courts of Juftice in
. .every County with proper Officers, as Jufticesof the
Peace, Sheriffs, Clerks, Conftables, &c. Which
Courts were to be holden every two Months- But
'!to prevent Law-Suits and Debates among this peace-
a"ble People, there were three Peace-makers chofen
by every County- Court, in the nature of common
Arhitraxors^ vo hear* and end Differences between

Maa

1 1^ The fSftory of Penfilvania.

Man and Man *, and every Spring and Fall there's an
Orphans Court in each County, to infpedl and regU'
late the Affairs of Orphans and Widows,

Things being thus fettled, the Colony thrived apace,
and Merchants came thither to drive on a Trade with
the Sugar Iflaftds, which is very advantagious \ forte
thofe Iflands the Tenfylvanlans (end Corn, Beef, Pork,
Fifh, Pipe-Staves, take their Growth, and carry it
for England^ and return with Englifi Goods. Horfes
and live Cattle they alfo export to the Southern Plan-
tations, and fend their Furs to England^ where, or in
other Parts of Europe^ they find a quick Vent. Here
are other Commodities, as Hides, Tallow, Sheep,
and Wooll, all in Demand in the Sugar Iflands. The
Indians help them to their Furs, as Peltry, Minx,
Racoons, and Martins *, with which profitable Trades
this Colony fiourifh'd as much as any ^ and Mr. Pen^
before he came away, might mufter 2500 Fighting
Men, there being above 5000 Souls in all, A. D. i <?84.
fo much was the Colony encreas'd in his Time. Tis
true, he carry'd over with him 2000 Souls in 1 8 or
20 Ships, which was a noble Foundation for a Settle-
ment, and fome of them were Perfons of Eftates, who
fled from the Perfecution at home, to enjoy the Peace
of their Confciences, and the Privileges of the
Laws of this Province*, the Government of which
was then a fort of Republick^ and an excellent Form
was drawn up by that Great Lawyer, Sir IVill- Jonfs^
and other famous Men of the Long Robe. The Go-
vernment was indeed, as that of other Colonies,
by Governour, Council, and AlTembly •, but the
Council was not nam'd by the Proprietary *, the In-
habitants of every Shire chofe two or more for each,
as they did Knights of the Shire : Neither had the Af^
fembly Power to debate Laws, but the Conftitution
gave them the negative Voice. The Governour and
Council drew up what Laws they thought were for
the Good of the Colony, and having drawn them up,
affix'd them in a publick Place, where all the People
might fee them, and judge of them, as to their Ne-
cedity or Convenience *, and the AlTembly, whom
they chofe, pafs'd or reje^fi-ed them arbitrarily, as the ,
Governour in other Provinces rejefts or pafTes Laws
there •, fo that the Ccnftitotion of Venfylvania was at

firft

The Hiftory «?/ Penfylvania. lyi

firfi: Democratic al, Mr. Fen had all the Laws fo framed,
that no Difference was made in Opinion^ where Property
made no Difference. All EleOions were by Ballot,
and the Form of this Government, which vyas found-
ed on what was excellent in the beft German and o-
ther foreign Conftitutions of Common-We.ilths, was
fuch, that every Man's Property, Privileges, and Li-
berties, Spiritual and Temporal, were perfedly fe-
cur*d : But fuch is the Weaknefs of Human Nature,
that being it lelf imperfe^l, it cannot relifii Perfedion •,
and the nearer any thing approaches to it in this
World, the more likely it is to difguft People. This
Form was too fine for the heavy Intelle6ls of fome of
the grofs Vulgar. They valu'd themfelves, and with
good Reafon in the main, on being EngUfhmen^ and
Korn'd, as they faid, to give their Opinions and Votes
in the dark •, they would do nothing which they durft
not own, and their Fore-heads and Voices ihould al-
ways agree with one another. Thus they clamour'd
againft that Part of the Conftitution which fecur'd
the reft, the Eleftion by Ballot^ and never gave over
clamouring till it was abolifh'd, and the firft Order
of Government broken in upon in the moft efTential
Parts of It. Upon which Fa£lions of courfe com-
menc'd, and Difcontents and Tumults followed, to
the great Difturbance and Detriment of the Colony :
But this happening afterwards, fhould alfo have been
reported in a later part of this Hiftory, if we had
not been defirous to give one View of this Conftitu-
tion, and of the Fate that attended it.

Mr. Ten ftay'd in Penfylvania two Years, and would
not then have remov'd to England^ had not the Perfe-
cution againft the DifTenters rag'd fo violently, that
he could not think of enjoying Peace in America^
while his Brethren in England were fo cruelly dealt
with in Europe, He knew he had an Intereft in the
Court of England^ and was willing to employ it for
the Safety, Eafe, and Welfare of his Friends *, fo ha-
ving made a League of Amity with 19 Indian Na-
tions, between them and all the EngUjJj in America^
having eftablifti'd good Laws, and it^^ his Capital
fb well inhabited, that there were then near 3 00
Houf^s, and 2500 Souls in it, befides 20 other Town- .
ihips, he return'd lo England^ leaving William Mark-
ham^

172

Thomas
Lloyd,
£fq; Pre-
pdent-

Colonel

Fletcher,
Govenour

Capiibt

Blackwcl],

Govemour

The Hijlory of Pcnfylvania.

hantj Efq,' Secretary *, Mr. Ihomas Holmes^ Surveyor!
General -^ and the Adminiftration in the Hands of thet
Council, whofe Prefident was Thomas Lloyd^ Efqvl
who by Virtue of his Office held the Government,
feveral Years, tho he had no Commiflion then to be
Deputy or Lieutenant Governour *, Mn Pen kept
the cliief Govern men t always himfelf, as Lord Pro*
prietary.

What Service this Gentleman did the Quakers^ in
King James\ Reign, and how far that Prince gave himi
his Ear, is well known to all that are acquainted with!
the Hiilory of thofe times, fiill frelh in our Me-i
mories.

Mr. Ten\ Enemies wore very free of their Scandal,
and ftuck at no Calumny to blacken him after the Re-.
volutiun. There was great Appearance ofhishavingj
been a Favourite in the preceding Keign, and 'twasi
not likely ■ he ftiould be one in the next \ however,*
whether he was nor too feverely dealt with to be treat-
ed as an Enemy, let the impartial Reader judge. His
Prerogative of appointing a Governour in Penfylvania
was taken from him, and his Majefty King William^
the Hid gave a Commiflion to Col. Fletcher^ to bej
Governour of this Province, about the Year 1690J
which Poft he enjoy'd two Years, and then Mr. Penj\
whofe Innocence of the things laid to his Charge^
began to be better known, recover'd his Right ofi
nominating a Perfon to govern his Colony, and h©
accordingly appointed Capt. Blackwell^ who had been
formerly Pay-Mafler of the Army in England^ to b^j
Deputy Governour of Penfylvania, This Gentleman*|r
Son, Sir Lambert Blackwell^ was lately Envoy eXi

traordinary from her Majeliy to feveral Courts ii

Italy,

Capt. Blackwell governed the Province with equal
Prudence and Succefs •, it now thriv'd apace, itsCom^
merce and Inhabitants inereas'd, and about this tim(
the' Penfylvanlans began to fall a little into the T<
bacco Trade, which is fo confiderable at prefentj
,that 14 Ships have been loaden with that Commodity,
from Petjfylvania to London^ and other Parts of EnA
^and, ■

The Hijlory of Penfylvania. 17 j

To Capt. Blackwell fucceeded Thomas Lloyd^Efq-^ asThomas
Deputy Governour, and his Adminiftration prov'd as Lloy<^>^/25
fuccefsful ashis Piedeceflors. It had been doubtlefs ^'^i'"-^^
for the Intereft of the Colony, as well as for Mr. Pen's ^^'^'^'^^^'
own Advantage, if he had refided upon the Place, and
govern 'd the Colony himfelf. Faftions perhaps would
not have got to fuch a Head fo Toon as they did. The
Authority of a Proprietary might have reftrain'd the
lofole.jce ot fome Bigots, and others, whofe Zeal is
as blind as *tis furious.
Mr. Lloyd dying, Mr. Preappointed his Nephew jj[ l^j"^
uCo\, Markham to be again Deputy Governour of the ^^'^'"^
Province, and he held the Government till the Lord (^o'Jtfrwoar
Proprietary arriv'd himfelf the fecond time at Pr«- win. Pen,
fylvania^ which was in the Year 169%, f/*^. go-

The Perfecution ceafing in England^ the Quakers vemowr,
; ;here found the Country began to be fettled by People,
[who came thither to mend their Fortunes, and not
to enjoy the Liberty of their Confciences, for that
;. they had at home. Thefe Men being of the 0»*t-hodox
1 Religion of x\\Q Church of England^ Freshyreriam^ and
. Anabaptifls^ would have had d. Militia kitVd^ but the
. Quakers being the Majority, were againfl it, their
Principles not allowing them the ufe of Arms : How-
ever, fuch as were of another Opinion, were allow 'd
to train themfelve?, and take fuch Military Care,
for their Defence, as confifted with the Peace of the
Colony.

Mr. Pen ftay'd here two Years, and then return 'd
to England^ leaving the Colony in an extraordinary
flourifhing Condition. We muft not omit that he
j I had a long Suit with the Lord Baltimore^ for the
J. South Eaftern Parts of his Province, call'd, 77?^ Vjrec
'] Lower Counties^ New Cafile^ Kenty ^nd Suffex^ but that
Lord could make nothing of it. The Proprietary no- ^^i y^nd.
niinated Col. Andrew Hamilton to be Deputy Gover- Hamilton*,
nour, and return'd to England m the Year 1 700. Deputy

We have fpoken of this Gentleman in the Article Governour
of the Jerfeys: Tis certain his Government gave
Difcontent to feveral Leading Men in Penfylva-
nia^ all Parties there were in a Ferment, and
; Matters ran fo high, that we have been in-
! form a they came to Executions •, but not ha-
ving been able to learn the Particulars, we fball be

filent.

1^4 The Hijlory of Penfylvania.

filent. Whether this Man, by favouring the Ortho-
dox, and thofe that Tided with them, provok'd the o^
thers, who were the Majority, we cannot decide,
but he Teems to have diTcharg'd his Truft unhappily,
and not to have been very much lamented when he
dy'd, which happen'd in the Year 1704.

By theTe Difl:ra£lions, all Mr. Pen's firft and fine
Conftitution was deftroy'd \ and this Province, like
others, became govern'd by a Governour, Council,
and Affembly, each having much the Tame Powers and
Privileges with the Governours, Councils, and Af
femblies of the other Colonies.

On the Death of Col. Hamilton^ Mr. Ten Tent ovet
Col John ^^^- 7^^^ Evans to be Deputy Governour, and he
Evans,Z?e- ^^s approv'd by the Queen \ for the Lords Proprie-j
pmy Go- taries, all over America^ are by a late A£l of Parlia-i
vernour^ ment oblig'd to have rhe Royal Approbation for al!
XliQ Governours they Tend to America,

We fhall not enter into any Enquiries into the Caa
fes of the Trouble that has been given Mr. Ven lateb
about his Province of Penjylvania \ it appears to uj
by what we have heard of it from others, for fron!
himfelf we had never any Information concerning it
that he has been involved in it by his Bounty, to the
Indians^ his Generofity in minding the publick Affair^
of the Colony more than his own private ones, hi
Humanity to thoTe that have not made Tuitable R«3
turns, his Confidence in thoTe that havebetray'd hinij
and the Rigor of the Tevereft Equity j a Word tha
borders the neareft to Injuftice of any. 'Tis certainb
the Duty of this Colony to maintain the Prcpric
tary, who has laid out his All for the Maintenana
of them, in the PoiTellion of his Territory *, and thJ
Publick in Gratitude ought to make good what thej
reap the Benefit of. This is all Taid out of Juflice t<
the Merit of this Gentleman, without his Know-
ledge, other wife 'twould have been without his Conj
Tent.

In the Geographical DeTcription oTthis Province w<
have made iome Omiflions, which from better Infor
mation we (hall now correft.

The Province properly calTd Fenfylvanla confifl
o:ily of the three Upp^r Counties, Buckingham^ Phi
Ltdeiphiay and Cbejier^ for no more are within thi

Graa

The Hifiory of Penfylvania . 175

Grant made by King Charles to Mr. Pen \ and the

, Length, of that Country is about 150 or 200 Miles,

j as we have faid already ^ but then there are the Three
Lower Counties, Newcafile, Kent^ and Suffexj

i which Mr. Pen enjoys by a Grant from the Duke of
Yorh^ for they were within his PattentofiVeii7-r<?r)^,

ij the Jerfeys^ &c. But being granted to the Proprieta-

iry of the Upper Counties, he includes them withia
the fame Government. Neverthelefs he has a Right
to make them a feparate Government if he pleafes,
holding them by a feparate Charter.

Th.^ fhree upper Counties, ox Penfylvania, proper-
ly fo call'd, end at Marcus Hooky 4 Miles below Che-
jler. The Three Lower Counties run about 120
Miles along the Coaft, and are about 30 Miles deep
towards Maryland,

I The Mar/hes on the Bay of Delaware are ascom-

timodious and fertile as any in theWorld, notwith-
flanding this Diftin£lion of Upper and Lower, fince
all ^\Ti Counties are under one Government, have
the fame Lord Proprietary, and the lame Gover-
nour, they are commonly call'dby the fame Name,
and are known to tlie World by the general Appellati-
on of penfylvania. We fhall treat of them in Order,
in this Addition to our oth-=^r Obfervations, as they
Hand from Wefl to Eaft, beginning with the Falls

, Townfiip.

The whole Country within Mr. Pen's Grants,
From the Falls Townjhlp^ and higher, to 20 Miles be-
tow Cape Hinlopen^ or Cape William^ is in Length
^bout 330 Miles, and in Breadth 200. The firft
County we come to, travelling from the Falls to the
Mouth of the Delaware^ is,
Buckingham-County y where the firjfl Town is call'd,

] xh^ Falls TownpApy and con fills of 20 or 30 Houles.

; iNext to it is,

Brifiolly the Capital of the County, confiding of
ibout 50 Houfes, lymg over d^diind BurUngtony in
Veft New-Jerfey, ' Lis famous for the Mills there of
everal forts, built by Mr. Samuel Carpentary an emi-
nent Planter in the Country, formerly a Barhadoes
Merchant. It lies about 20 Miles from Philadel-
'ohia,

Pennj'

176 The Hijlory of Penfylvania.

Vennsberry is a Manner belonging to ^////^w P^w,^
Efq^ the Lord Proprietary, who has built a very fine
Seat there, both in its own Nature and Situation, as
well as in its Improvement. The Ld. Cornhury^ when he
was Governour of New-Tork^ (he being reqjjov'd from
that Government fince our writing the Hiftoryof|
that Province, and the Right Honourable the Lord
Lovelace put in his Place) vifited this Manner, and
w^as extreamly pleas'd with the Houfe, Orchards and |
Gardens. Tis feated in a treble Ifland, the Delaware \
running three times about it. The Houfe is builtJ!
with Brick, and (lands high and dry, having i $ A-l
cres of very good OrchardsJ producing better Pare^]
tnains and G^d en -Pippins than any in England^ by
-the Confefiion of good Judges here*, for Mr. Pf»l
brought fome of them with him to England, There)
arc 10 or 12 Townflnps more in this County,!
which fends 6 Members to the AfTembly ^ one ol
whom, Jofeph Grovpden^ Efq^ is at this time their
Speaker. He has bt;eri very inflrumental i '
planting and fettling this County ^ for which, a
many other things, it is very much indebted to '
Care and Services. Next to it is,

Philadelphia County, where the firll Town
come to, is FranEiford^ already mentioned. 'Tis
big as Brijlcl^ and well built. As to the City of, '

Philadelphia^ we have in the former Part of thi
Chapter or Head, difcours'd of it at large *, to whici
we have only to add, that the Streets there are ver
broad, and their Names denote the feveral forts o
Timber that are common in Penfylvania : As Mulher\
ry-fireet^ Sajfafrasjlreet^ Chefnut-fireet^ Walnutftreet,
Beach-fireet^ jijh-fireet^ Plne-flreet^ Cedar-fireets
There are others ^ zs^ King- fir eety Broad flreet^ High
fireet^ &c. '

The Court-Houfe is built of Brick, and under it'i
a Prifon. There are feveral Huuies on the Keys
worth each 4 or 5000 Pounds, and 15 Ships havi
been on the Stocks at a time. 'Tis iuppos'd 100 Ship)
have been built in this City. The Cellars or Ware]
houfes upon the Keys are made into the River wit
great Induftry, and fome of them are 3 Stories higl
This City is now in a fiourifhing State. Here an,
two Fairs a Year, and two Markets a Week. Th<

Building!

The Hi/lory (?/ Penfylvanii. 177

Buildings encreafe Yearly, and it has the Honour to
fend Members to the AfTembly, which meets here, as
has been elfewhere obferv'd.

Abington and Dublin are two pretty little Towns
in this County j but the moft confiderable next to
fhiladelphia^ is,

German Town^ a Corporation of High and Low

Dutch. There are above 200 Houfes in it. Peach-

Trees are planted all along before the Doors, which

i in the time of Bloom make a beautiful Road for a,

I Mile together. The Town is very plea fan t and airy,

'being wonderfully clear'd from Tree?. In this

' County, and on the other fide of the River Schoolkill

is the

Welfl}'TraEb^ confiding of about 40000 Acres of
Land, planted by Weljhmen^ or at leaft laid out to
, them. This Traft is thick of Townfiiips ^ as Radnor
before-mention'd, Haverford Wefi, Merioneth^ and
others. 'Tis very populous, and the People are very
induftrious *, by which means this Country is better
clear'd than any other part of the County. The In-
habitants have many fine Plantations of Corn, and
breed Abundance of Cattle, infomnch that they
are looked upon to be as thriving and wealthy as
any in the Province: And this muft always be faid'of
tWelJhy that where-ever they come, 'tis not their
ault it". they do not live, and live well too^ for
ey fcldom fpare for Labour, which feldom fails of
uccefs.

Mountjoy^ in this County, is a Manner belonging
;o a Daughter of Mr. Fen^ the Proprietary, and in
:his Mannor the firfl Lime-ftone was dug that ever
as found in America,

The County of Philadelphia is remarkable for its

cellent Gravel, which is very rare tobe met with

all the American Continent. It fends 6 Members

:o the Afiembly. The next County to it is,

Chefler-County^ fo call'd, becaufe the People who

rft fettrd here, came for the mofl: part from Chejhite

n England, The firft Town in it is Newton: 'Tis

all, and confifts not of above 20 or 30 Houfes.

here are others a great deal bigger, as, 1

N Che-

1 7 8 The Hijlory of Penfylvanla.

dsefi^rj the Capital of the County, confiftinfti
of above loo Houfes. Here's a very good Road I
for Shipping *, the whole Navy Royal might ride
here ^ the Delaware^ on v^hich it (lands, being
in this Place three Miles over. Here is aCourt-
Houfe and a Prifon, but neither of them com'*
mendable for the Finenefsof the Strufture. Here's
filfo a Church, as has been already obferv'd. Next
Co it is,

Chichejker^ built on a navigable Creek, fo call'i
It conlifts of about loo Houfes. Concordis another
Town in this County, where are {everal other Town-i
ihips, and the Country is well planted. Four Miles
below Chefler is Marcus Hook^ the Boundary of the
Three Vpper Counties, properly call'd Penfylvania^
bccaufe fo term'd in Mr. Fen's firft Grant. But the
Three Lower Counties go alfo by that Name. The
County of Chefler fends 6 Members to the Aflemblj,
The next to it is,

Newcaflle Comtyy in which is a Hill , cali'd
Iron Hiiij from the Iron Ore found there.
The Mill before-mention'd is a Miflake, there be*
ing none ere<n:ed for that life, as we can underi
ftand upon later Enquiries. The Capital of thij|
County, I

NewcafiUy is finely feated and built upon the Dela-^
VDore ^ it (lands high. The Dutch were the firj
Planters in this Neighbourhood, and the firft Inhabi-
tants of this Town, which they cali'd Amftel ^ frond
Amftel^ the River that gives Name to Amfleldam^ oi
Amflerdam^ the Capital City ofthQVniud Provinces—
Here is a Court-Houfe, and 2500 Souls are compute '
to inhabit here.

Philpot Creek is fo large, that the Royal Fleet
England might ride there. St. George's is a pretT
Village, 10 Miles below Newcaflle, There's ano
ther Townlhip, cali'd Apaqtiamany, The Countr
within 12 Miles about the Capital of this County
North and Wed, is the proper Signiory of Ne%
cjflle. There are 6 Members chofen in this Counl
for the Aflembly. The next is,

Kc?jt Covmy^ very fruitful, but not fo well plaai
ted as the others. Dover is its Capital. Twas fo^j
merly cail'd St. "Johns, Tis thin of Houfes, aw

doei

The Hijtory of Penfylvania. 1 79

does HQt confift even now of above 30 or 40 Fami-
lies. This County is fettl'd like Virgwia^ not in
Town (hips, but in fcatter'd Plantations. It con-
tains many Trafts of excellent Land, and fends
6 Members to the Aflembly. Next to it is,

Sujfcx County^ which Mr. Ten fo call'd, from his
-own Seat in that County in England, The Capital

Lewes,, a handfome, large Town, (landing on the
lovely Bank of a River, between the Town and the
Sea, which makes the Harbour.

Below this Place, at the Mouth of Delaware
Bay, is Cape Hinlopen^ or Cape William \ and 20
Miles below that Cape James , the farthermod
Bounds of the Province of Penjyhama» 'Tis faid,
this Cape takes its Name from King James the
Firft j in whofe time it was known, but the Country
not well difcover'd.

The Line of Partition between Venfylvania and
.Maryland is imaginary. The Whalery we fpoke of
I was at Cape William,

SujJ'ex is not full of Town/hips^ but like Kent^ is in-
^habited by Planters, fcatter'd up and down, as they
thought befl for their Convenience. It fends fix
Members to the AfTembly.

Thus we have given the Reader as full an Ac-
i:ount, as we could get by the beft Information of
Venfylvania^ which was, to ufe the Proprietary's
Dwn Words, made at once a Country : For 'tis cer-
':ain, no Colony in America came to fuch Perfcfti-
■m in fo little time, both in Trade, Settlements,
!ind Numbers. Every one of the fix Counties has a
l^uarterly and Monthly Sellions and Aflizes twice a
Year.

'\ There's a Sheriff, or Sheriffs, for each Shire
5^)r County, and Juftice is frequently and regularly
lldminiftred. The fix Counties ruaalong2o or 30
' i^iles upon the Pavers and Bays, and backwards, as
i3r as they are planted j in feme Places above 20
'vliles.

Mr. Ven referves five Mannors in each County,
5 his particular Propriety. The Inhabitants con-
i'c of People of almo-t all Nations and Religions \
ut the Opinion of the Quakers prevails fo far, that

K 2 they

i?o The Hijiorj of Penfylvania.

they are by much the Majority, as the Engilfl) are
of all the other Nations. And the Erjglijf.\ Dutchy
Swedes^ trench^ Indians^ and Negroes in the Pro-
vince of Penjylvania^ may modeftly be computed at
3 jooo Souls.

Tho we have already made fome mention of the
Climate and Soil, yet having fomething to add by
further Enquiry, we (hall do it in this Place.

The Summers here are not much hotter than'
\n England^ at leaft not for above one Week \ wheni
the Heat is fenfibly more violent. The Earth a^j
bounds in Mines, Samplers of moft forts of Ore;
having been taken up in every County, and no Coun-j
try in the World is better ftor'd with Rivers and'
. Creeks, moft of them navigable for Ships of Bur-
then, andallofthemfory^^i^/Z/Cr^/f.

Tho not above a thirtieth Part of this Province is
inhabited or planted, yet 'tis cleared every where
more than the other Parts of America in Poffeffion of
the EngliffL

We fhall conclude what we have to fay on this
Head, with a fliort, but clear Account of it,, abftra-
ded from a Letter the Proprietary, William Ten^
Eiq j did the Hiftorian the Honour to write him.

* We confume about 18000/. yearly q{ Englifi.

* Growth, and return of our Productions diredly.
^ and by way of the Iflands, what augments the Re

* venue of the Crown 30000 Pound. The Hij '
' lands of Virginia and Maryland are very profitabli!

* ones, having moderate Hills, and large Vales

* full of Springs and little Rivers, emptying them

* felves into the two great Rivers, Safquehanagh anc

* Delaware 'y where Ships of the largeft Burthci

* may ride. Its Length is about 300 Miles ^ it
' Breadth 200. All Provifions are reafonable, ba

* Labour dear, which makes it a good poor Man'

* Country \ Husbandmen and Mechanicks gettinj
' 15 and 20/. Wages per Amium for their Worl<
' befides Diet •, fuch as Carpenters, Smiths, Joinen
' Taylors, Shoe- aiakers, Cart-wrights, and Husbanc

* men, c^c,

■4 '

> (!

The Hijlory of Peiifylvania. 1 8 1

By which the Reader may fee, that the Tempta-
tion for People to go thither, to mend their For-
tunes, to.live pleafantly and plentifully, isfo^reat,
that 'tis not to be doubted but this Province will get
the ftart of all the other E?iglifl} Settlements on tfie
Continent of America.

We fhall conclude this Hiflory and Account of
Tenfilvania^ with a Li(l of the chief Officers of this
Colony.

The Proprietary of P-enfylvanidy William
Pen^ Efquire.

The Lieutenant-Governour, Col. John Evans,

Edward Shipper J Efq*, ^

Sam. Carpenter^ Efq*, j

William Trem^ Efq^ I

Thomas Story^ Efq^ [Members of the

Richard HJl^ Efq^ | Council.

William Rodney, Efq*, I

fCalebPeufyy Efq^ J

James Logan J Efq*, j

Speaker of the AfTembly, Jofeph Grorvdcny Efq:.

Mailer of the Rolls, Thomas Story^ Efq^

William Clarkj Efqj y

Edward Shippen, Eiq^ f Tud^es.

jojeph Growden^ Efq^ C ^

WilUamGuefi^ Efq-, -J

Judge of the Admiralty, Col. Robert Quarry.
Treafurer, Samuel Carpenter.^ Efq^
Secretary to the Government, James Logan^
\ Efq-,
Attorney General, R, Lowther^ Efqi
Regifter, Peter EvanSj Efq*,

N 3 Sur-

I Sz The Hifiory of Penfylvania.

* Surveyor General lately, Mr, Edward Teming-
tan.

Clerk of the Peace for the >

Town and County oi y^ Robert jifliton^ Efq^
Philadelphia, J

^ This Office is novo managU by the Vnder'Surveyors , Aceoutr
ubls tit xh Secretary,

T H E

■t*^

THE

HISTORY

O F

MARYLAND.

CHAP. I.

€ontAining an Account of its Difcovery^
Settlement^ Progrefs^ and prefent State.

T'

HIS Province was always reckoned a Part of
rirginlay till the Year" 1531. when King
Charles made a Grant of it to Gearge Cal-

vert^ Lord BaltemorCj of which we have

made fome mention in the Hiitory of r/rgm/^ ;, when
and by whom 'twas difcover'd, will there be fecn.
George Lord Baltemore not living to fee his Grant
I made out, his Son Cacil'mi Calvert^ Baron of Baltemore
i in the Kingdom of Ireland^ took it out in his own
i Name, and it bears Date the 20th of Jwje^ 1532.
j We cannot better afcertain the Bounds of this Coun-
l^ry, than by making ufe of the Words ot the Pattent.
! 'Tts all that Part of a Peninfula, lying between the Ocean
I 9n the JEafi. and the Bay of Chefeap^xk o'a the IVefi.
' N ^ am

iSj

184 Th^ Hifiory of Maryland.

and divided from the other Part by a Right Line drawn
from the Cape calPd Watkins Point, (Jituate in the aforC' ;
faid Bay near the River of Wighco) on the Wefi^ unto
the main Ocean on the Eaftj and between that Bound on '
the Souths unto that part ^/Delaware Bay on the Norths :
which lies under the ^oth Degree of Northern Latitude y
&c. And all that TraB of Land from the aforefaid
Bay of Delaware, in a right Line by the Degree afore-
faid J to th^ true Meridian of the firfi Fountain of the
River Patowmeck, and from thence tending towards
the South^ to the farther Bank of the aforefaid River^
and following the Weji and South Side of it to a certain
Place call'd Cinquack, fituate near the Mouth of the
faid River ^ where it falls into the Bay of Chefeapeak,
and from thence by a fir eight Line to the aforefaid Cape
call'd Watkins Point, &c.

The King himfelfjWhen he fign*d the Pattent, was
pleas'd to give this Province the Name of Maryland^
in Honour of his belov'd Wife Henrietta Maria^
Daughter of Henry the IVth of France, The Lord
Baltimore held it of the Crown of England^ in com-
mon Soccage, as of his Majefty's Honour of Windfory
holding and paying yearly for ever two Indian Arrows
o[ thole Parts at the Caftl^ of Windfor. The Power
of this Proprietary is as Sovereign as that of any in
America. -

Maryland lies between 3 7 and 40 Degrees North
Latitude, is bounded on the North by Penfylvania^
Eaft by Delaware Bay and the Atlantick Ocean,
South by Virginia^ from whence 'tis divided by the
River Patowmeck^ and Weft by the Indian Na-
tions. . .

The Lord Baltimore having obtained this Grant,
refolv'd to go thither in Perfon j but afterwards
changing his Mind, he appointed his Brother Leo^
nard Calvert J Efq*, to go Governour in his ftead, with
whom he joined in Commiflion Jeremy Hawley^ Efq^
and Thomas Cornwallis^ Efq-, The firft Colony that
was fent to Maryland^ was in the Year 16 $1^ and
confifted of about 200 People. The Chief of thefe
Adventurers were Gentlemen of good Families, and
Roman Catholicks •, for Perfons of that Religion being
niade uneajy in England^ 2.s well as Proteftant Dif-
ftnters, they tranfported thea)felves to this Province,

hoping

The Hi/lory of M^LvyhnA. i8^

hoping to enjoy there the Liberty of their Confcien-
ces, under a Proprietary of their own Profeflion, as
the Lord Baltimore was. Ihefc Adventurers faird
from Cowes in the I/le of Wight the 2 2d o{ November^
! and having ftop'd at Barbadoes and St. Chrifiophers
I Ibmetime, arriv'd at Point Comfort in Virginia^ the
24th of February following. The Na mes of the prin-
cipal Perfons among them were as follows ;

Leonard Calvert^ Efq*, Govern our.

feSX } Ef'l^i Afliftants.
Geo. Calvert^ Efq*, Brother to the Governour.
Richard Gerard^ Efq*,
Edward Winter^ Efq^
Frederick Winter^ Efq^
Henry Wifeman^ Efqj
Mr. John Saunders,
/ Mr. Edward Cranfield.

Mr. Henry Green,
Mr. Nicholas Fairfax,
Mr. John Baxter^
Mr. Thomas Dorrel,
Capt. John Hill,
Mr.JohnMedcalfe, and
Mr. William Saire.

■ They carry'd Letters in their Favour from his Ma-
jefty to the Governour o^Firglniay who treated them
in his Province with great Humanity. On the 3d of
March they left Pomt Comfort^ and came to Patowmeck
River, which is about 24 Leagues diftant. The Go-
vernour caii'd the South Point of the River St Grego-
riesy and the North Point St. Michaels, Sailing up
Patowmeck 1 4 Leagues, they came to Heron iffand,
and anchor'd under a neighbouring Ifle, to which they
gave the Name of St. Clements, Here Mr. Calvert^
in his fuperftitious way, {Qt up a Crofs, and took
PofTeilion of the Country for our Saviour^ and for
our Sovereign Lord the King of England. He went
4 Leagues higher up the River, with two Pinnaces,
to make Difcoveries 5 and landing on the South Side,
found the Indians were fled for Fear. Thence he
^il'd 9 Leagues higher, and came to Patowmeck

Town,

1 86 The Hifi orjf of Maryland.

Town, wKere the Werowance being a Child, u^r-
chihau his Uncle govern'd his Territories in his Mi-
nority, and received the Englijh in a friendly manner*
From Patowmeck the Govcrnour went to Plfcattaway^
about 20 Leagues higher, where he found many In-
dians afiPembled, and among them an EngUflj-
man^ Captain Henry Fleet^ who had liv'd there ieve-
ral Years in great Efteem with the Natives. Capt.
Fleet brought the Werowance or Prince aboard the
Oovernour's Pinnace, to treat with him. Mr. Cal-
"jert ask'd him. Whether he was wilUng he and his
People fhould fettle in his Country, in cafe they found
a Place convenient for them. The Werowance re-
ply'd, I will not bid you go ^ neither wiillbid you fiay^
but you may life your own Difcretion. The Indians find-
ing ihQ Werowance ftay'd aboard longer than they
expe£):ed, crowded down to the Water-fide, to look
after him, fearing the Engliflj had kill'd him, and they
were not fatisfy'd till he fhew'd himfelf to them to
appeafe them. The Natives who fled from St. Clc
merits Ifle, when they faw the Englijh came as Friends,
return'd to their Habitations v and the Governour not
thinking it advifeable to fettle fo high up the River, ,|
in the Infancy of the Colony, fent his Pinnaces down 1
the River, and went with Capt. Fleet to a River on
the North Side of Patowmeck^ within 4 or 5 Leagues
of its Mouth, which he cali'd St. George's River. He
went up 4 Leagues in his Long-Boat, and came to the
Town of Toamaco '^ from whence the Indians of that
Neighbourhood are call'd Toamacoes» The Governour
landed, and treated with the Werowance there, ac-
quainting him with the Occafionof his Coming*, to
which the Indian (aid liftle, but inviting him to his
Houfe, entertain'd him very kindly, and gave him his
own Bed to lie on. The next Day he fhew'd him i\\Q
Country ^ and the Governour determining to make ;
the firft Settlement there, ordered his Ship and Pinna-
ces to come thither to him. To make his Entry the
more fafe and peaceable, he prefented the Werowance
Jtnd Wifos, or principal Men of the Town, with fome
Englijh Cloth, Axes, Houghs^ and Knives, which they
accepted very kindly, and freely confented that he
and his Company fhould dwell m one Part of their '
Town, referving the other for themfelves. Thofe

I The Hifiory of Maryland. 1 87

' Indians^ who inhabited that Part which was aflign'd

thtEngli/h^ readily abandon 'd their Houfes to them,

and Mr. Calvert immediately fet Hands to work to

1 plant Corn. The Natives agreed further to leave the

whole Town to the Englifh as Toon as their Harveft

was in, which they did accordingly, and hoxV Indians

: and Englijh promis'd to live friendly together. Ifany

! Injury was done on either parr, the Nation offending

' was to make Satisfaftion. Thus on the 27th ofMarch^

i(5"34. the Governour took PofTeffion of the Town,

i and nam'd it St. Maries.

I There happen'd an Event, which very much facili'
I tated this Treaty with the Indians. The Safquehanocks^
; a Warlike People, dwelling between Chefeapeak Bay
' and Delaware Bay, were wont to make Incurfions oil
their Neighbours, partly for Dominion, and partly
I for Booty, of which the Women were mod defir'd by
j them. The Toamacoes fearing thefe Safquehanocks^
I had a Year before the Englijh arriv'd refolv'd to defert
their Habitations, and remove higher into the Coun-
j try *, many of them were aftually gone, and -the
reft preparing to follow them. The Ship and Pin-
naces arriving at the Town, the Indians were amaz'd
and terrify 'd at the Sight of them, efpecially when
they heard their Cannon thunder, when they came
to an Anchor.

The firft thing Mr. Calvert did Vv^as to fix a Court
I of Guard, and ere^V a Store-houfe •, and he had not
I been there many Days, before Sir John Harvey^ Go-
I vernour of Virginia^ came thither to vifit him, as did
; feveral Indian Werowances, and many other Indians
1 from feveral parts of the Continent : Among others
I came the King of Vatuxent^ and being carry'd aboard
i the Ship then at Anchor in the River, was plac'd be-
i tween the Governour of Virginia and the Governour
I di Maryland^ at an Entertainment made for him and
i others. A Patvxent Indian coming aboard, and fee-
i ing his King thus feated, ftarted back, thinking he
! was furpriz'd ^ he would have leap'd over-board, and
I could not be perfwaded to enter the Cabbin, till the
! Werowance himfelf came and fatisty'd him he wasia
I no Danger. This King had formerly been taken
i Prifoner by the Englijh of Virginia, After the Store-
houfe was finifh'd, and the Ship unladen, Mr, Calvert

or-

1 88 The Hijlory of Maryland.

order'd the Colours to be brought afhore, which wasj
done with great Solemnity, the Gentlemen and theif
Servants attending in Arms \ feveral Volleys of Shot
were fir'd a Ship-board and a-lhore, as alfo the Can-
non, at which the Natives were ftruck with Admira-
tion, fuchat leaft as had not heard the firing of Pieces
of Ordnance before, to whom it could not but be*
dreadful.

The Kings of Patuxent 2ind Toamaco were prefent at
this Ceremony, with many other Indians of Toamaco \ j
and the Werowance of Patuxent took that Occafion'
to advife the Indians of Toamaco to be careful to keep
the League they had made with the EngliJ}), He ftay*d
in the Town feveral Days, and was full of his Indian'
Complements : When he went away he made this
Speech to the Governour *, / love the Englifh fo rvell^
that if they Jhould go about to kill me^ if Ihadfo much
Breath as tofpeak^ I would command the People not to
revenge my Death *, for I know they would not do fuch 4'
things except it were through my own Fault, '

This Infant Colony fupply'd the^nfelves with Indian
Corn at Barhadoes^ which at their firft Arrival they
began to ufe, (to fave their Englijh Store of Meal and
Oat-meal.) The Indian Women perceiving their Ser-
vants did not know how todrefs it, made their Bread^
for them, and taught 'em to do it themfelves. There
was Indian Corn enough in the Country,and thefe new
Adventurers foon after fhip*d off loooo Bufhels for;
New England^ to purchafe Salt Fi(h and other Provi-
fions. While the Indians and Englifl} liv'd at S^t.Maries
together, the Natives went every Day to hunt with'
the new Comers for Dear and Turkies, which wheii
they had caught, they gave to the Englifiy or fold
for Knives, Beads, and fuch Trifles. They alfo
brought them good Store of Fifh, and behav'd them-
felves very kindly, fuffcring their Women andChil-.
dren to come among them, which was a Certain Sigri
of their Confidence in them. *Twas a great Advan-^
tage to the firft Colony mMarylandj that they took
FofTeflion of a Town, about which the Ground was
ready cleared to their Hands, which gave them an'
Opportunity to plant Corn, and make Gardens,'
where they fow'd EngUfi Seeds, and they thriv'd
^vonderfully. They were very induftrious to build

Houfes^

The Hijlory of Maryland. 189

: Houfcs, for they found only Huts *, but before they

i could accomplifh thofe things to their Satisfaction,

Capt. Clcyhourne^ one of the Council off^irgima^ (who

t hacf in view to engrofs all the Trade of thofe Parts

; to himfelf ) threw out Words among the Jndiansy

. which gave them Caufe to fufpeft that the Adventu-

j rers who came to Maryland were not what they pre-

I tended to be, EngllJJjtmn^ but Spaniards^ and Enemies

! to the Firginians. The Natives were fo fimple as not

j to fee he impos'd on them, as they might have foon

I found out by the Likenefs of thQ Englijb in Maryland

I to thofe in yirglnia^ as well in their Garb and Cu-

! ftoms, as their Language and Trade *, yet fuch was

j their Stupidity, that they took what Cleyboume infi-

I nuated for Truth, and grew (hy to the EngUJfj at St.

Maries. The latter alarmed at this Alteration in

I their Carriage, thought of being on their Guard, and

I gave over building Houfes to Tet all Hands to work

I towards eredling a Fort, which was finifh'd in 6

Weeks time, and mounted with Ordnance. After

i that they renew'd their Labour about their Houfes,

and in a Year or two*s time there were jo or 5o at St.

Mary's Town : But.the Humour of Plantations has fo

far hinder'd its Progrefs, that there are not many

more even at this ^Day.

The new Comers furnifh'd themfelves with Hogs,
Poultry, and fome Cows, from Firginia^ and the
Country was fettled with fo much Eafe, and fo many
Conveniences, that it foon became populous and flou-
riftiing ^ for feveral future Companies went thither,
and chiefly Perfons of the Romifl) Church, as has been
hinted. The Country of Toamaco being clear'd en-
tirely of the Natives, the Englifi planted it, and the
Governour gave the River the Name of St. George's^
Thofe that fettled here firft were taken with a Di-
llcmper fomewhat like an Ague, which they call'd
a Seafonlng^ of which for fome Years many dy'd,
for want of good looking to, and through their own
ill Condudl *, but fince the Country has been more
open'd, by the cutting down of the Woods, and that
there is better Accommodation of Diet and Lodging,
with the Improvement of the Inhabitants Knowledge
in applying phyfical Remedies, very few dieofthefe
Seafon'mgs -, and fome that come over from England^
gr clfewhere, never have them at all The

j^^ The Hijiory of Maryland.

The Government of this Colony, when it begJlii
to grow more numerous, was fram'd much after the;
Mod^l of that in England. TheGovernour had his
Council in the Nature of the Houfe of Lords, and
Privy-Council in England'^ and when the Country
was divided into Counties, each had Reprefentativcs
in theAlTembly of the Province, and thefe Reprefen-
tativcs form'd the Lower Houfe •, the Upper Houfe
confiding of the Governour and Council, and fuch
Lords of Mannors, and others, as the Lord Proprie-
tary, or his Lieutenant, from time to time fhall call
thither by Writ. This AfTembly the Proprietary,
or his Deputy, conveen*d, prorogued, or diflblv'd at
Pleafure^ and their Afts being ratify'd by the Pro-
prietary, or his Deputy, were of the fame Force
there, as an A£l of Parliament is in England^ and
cannot pafs, or be repeaPd, without the concurring
AfTent of the Lord Proprietary, or his Deputy, with
the other two Eftates.

Next to this Legiflative Court was creeled the Pro-
vincial Court, which is holden every Quarter in the
City of St. Marys, -This is the chief Court of Judi-
c.uure, where the moft important judicial Caufes are
try'd ^ of which, in the Abfence of the Lord Propri-
etary, the Lieutenant, or Governour and Council,
are Judges, Tliis Courtis for the whole Province ^
but for each particular County there are other infe-
riour Courts, which are held fix times in the Year,
in each of thefe Counties, for Trial of Caufes not rela-
ting to Life, nor exceeding the Value of 3 ooo Weight
of Tobacco, with Appeals from them to the Provin-
cial Court.

Having mentioned the Counties in this Province,
we muft obferve, that as the Number of the Inhabi-
tants encreas'd, Mr. Calvert^ the Governour, thought
fit to divide the Country into Shires*, of which
there were at firft but 10, as 5 on the Weft-fide of
the Bay o[ Chefcapeak^ and s on the Eaft-fide. Thofe
on the Weft fide were St. Mary\ Charles^ Calvert,
Am Arundel^ and Baltimore •, to which has lately
been added Prince George County^ which makes the
whole II in all. Thofe on the Eaft fide were, and
ftill are, Somerfet^ Dorchejicr^ Talbot^ Cecily and
Kent Counties. There were Towns laid out in each

of

The Hijlory <?/ Maryland. ipi

of them, but they never came to Perfe£lion •, and for
the fame Reafon that there are no Towns in f^trgima^
which the Reader will find in the following Pages.

The Governour built a Houfe in St. Mary^s for
himfelf and SucccfTors, and govern*d the Country
till the Diftra^^ions happened in England^ when the
Name of a Papift became fo obnoxious, that 'twas not
likely the Puritans, who were then uppermofl,
would leave any Power in the Hands of a Roman
Catholick. The Parliament afTum'd the Government
of this Province into their own Hands, and appointed

• Efq*, to be their Governour here*, but

upon the King's Reftoration the Lord Baltimore re-
cover'd the Right of his abfolute Propriety ♦, and a-
bout the Year 1 66i, fent over his Son Charles Cat-
vert J E(% the pre fent Lord Baltimore^ to be his Go-
vernour *, and Mr. Calvert liv'd there almoft twenty
Years, a long time after his Father dy*d, and his
Title and Eftate fell to him. By his Wifdom and
Prefence this Colony flourifh'd apace, and there were
computed to be 1 5ooo Souls in Maryland^ fo long a-
goasthc Year i66^.

All the Indian Nations about this Province fubmif-
ted to the Lord Proprietary of Maryland^ and put
thcmfelves under his Protection : So that in the Year
,15^3. one l<faocojjo^ who was chofen Emperor of
i Pifcattaway (that is, he was advanced to an Office of
more Authority than the reft of the Indian Kings
or Werowances) was not thought to be abfblute-
ly confirm'd, till Mr. Charles Calvert^ now Lord
; Baltimore^ approv'd of their Choice.
; The Lord Baltimore was at a vaft Expence to bring
I this Province to itsprefent Perfeftion *, and allowing
ifor his Partiality to the Roman Catholicks, which in a
! great meafurehelpt to lofe him the Government of
I it, he behav'd himfelf with (b much Juftice and Mo-
deration, while he kept the Power in his own Hands,
(that the Inhabitants liv'd eafily and happily under him.
They flourifh'd, and encreas'd in Number and Rich-
jes. He procur'd an Aft of AlTembly, for Liberty of
jConfcicnce to all Perfons who profefs Chriftiamty,
ithoof different Perfwafions. By which means Pro-
Iteftant DifTenters, as well as Papifts, were tempted
|to fettle there *, and that Liberty having never been

in-

19.2 The Hiftory of MivyhinA.

infring'd in any manner, is a fevere Refleftion on thofc
pretended Proteftants in other Colonies, where Dif-
fenters have been opprefs'd •, while here, under a
Popifh Proprietary, they enjoy'd all the Rights, Li-
berties and Privileges of Englljhmen^ as far as the
Laws permitted them.

Butnotwithftanding all his Lord fhip*s Care to pre-
vent any Rupture with the Indians, when they were
at War with the Kirginiansy they committed fomc: .
Hoflilities in the Year 1577. on the Eaft-fide, andj
kill'd 4 Men and a Woman near Nomani^ .which pa^
the Colony in Fears of further Mifchief^ howeve:
that Cloud blew over, thofe that did the Mifchief wcri
punilh'd, and no more Blood was fhcd in the Quar
rel. While the Lord Baltimore liv'd here, he marry'<
one of his Daughters to Col. Diggs^ a Gentleman oS
the Country, of great Intereft in it, and a confidera-i
ble Merchant or Fa£lor alfo. But when the Lord Pro-
prietary remov'd to England^ he did not appoint himi
to be Deputy, but put in another Gentleman, whofe
Name we have not been able to learn, nor that of his
SuccefTor : In whofe Time the Government of Eng-
land took from tht l^oxdi Baltimore th.z.to^ Maryland.
And we muft obferve. King James II. intended to
take it from him before the Revolution, inftigated to
it by Father Peters, What Reafon that Jefuit had to
do the Lord Baltimore fuch a DifTervice, we know
not, and would have thought the Agreement between
Father Peters and this Lord in Religion, might have
influenc'd the Prieft more in his Favour. But *tis ve-
ry certain, that he was the firft Inftrument of the
Lord Proprietary's lofing the Government, and per-
haps the Court might think, that as much as the
Papifts were favour'd in Maryland^ they might hope
for more Favour from a Proprietary of their own
perfecuting Principles. The Lord Baltimore might
nave expefted more than Ju (lice from a King of his
own Religion •, yet his Pattent was then queftion'd,
and 'tis fuppos'd the Prerogative of naming a Gover-
nour would have been taken from him, \{KingJames
had not abdicated his own Government. After the
Revolution, this Lord had no Reafon to look for {'
any thing but ftrift Juftice ^ for 'twas known, he IC
was not a little zealous in oppoling it.

King

The Hiftory of Maryland. 1 9 j

King William xhQWld.oi glorious Memory, being

fettl'd on the Throne, the Steps that were taken for

annexing the Government o^ Maryland to the Crown

in King James's Reign, were with much more Reafon

continu'd *, and after a long and expenfive Difpute at

the Council- Board, the Lord Baltimore was depriv'd of

I that part of his Power, and the King appointed Sir

t Edmund Ajidros to be Governour of Maryland^ who

call'd an AfTembly, which in the Year 1691, paftan

f Aft to recognize King William and Qieen Mary^s

I Title ^ and there having been great Confufion in the

j Courts of Judicature, by Realon of the Alteration in

! the Conftitution of the Government in Maryland^ an

I Aft paft, to make all the Proceedings at Law valid,

( except where there were any Errors in any Procefs

j and Pleas. It provided alfo, that the Year 1 690^ and

, i5pi. fhould not be accounted, concluded and meant

in the Statute of Limitations.

We find Sir Edmund Andros did not aft fo inofFen-
t fively as might be wiih'd in a Governour : For when
Col. Francis Nicholfon^ whom King W^////^w appointed
to fucceed him, came to the Government, in the
Aft which paft to eftablifh and ratify all Aftions,
Suits, Caufes, and Proceedings in all Courts, &c.
and all Officers Civil and, Military, for, in, or by
reafon of any legal Afting or Proceeding in their re-
fpeftive Offices and Stations, from the Accefs of Sit
Edmund Andros^ to the then Governour, Francis Ni-
cholfon^ Efq*, his Arrival, any Claufe, Imperfeftion,
or want of Authority in the (aid Sir Edmund Aidros^
or his Commiiiion notwithftanding, there is this Pro-
vifo *, Provided nothing in this Ati jhall jufiih Sir Edm.
Andros'j taking and difpofing of the Puhlick Revenues^
or debar the Affemhly^cr any other Perfony of their Right
or Claims to the fame,^

The Government of this Province is now the fame
with that of the other Colonies, which are immedi-
ately under the Crown *, by a Governour made by
the Kmg or Queen, a Council nam'd by the fame,
and an AfTembly chofcn by the Eleven Counties*
The Lord Proprietary ftill enjoys the Profits of the
Province, arifing by certain Revenues granted to him
by feveral AfTemblies ^ as a Duty on each Hogihead
of Tobacco exported, and other Incomes , which

O with

I c^4 The Hiftory of Maryland.

with the Sale of Lands uncultivated, and unpurchas'J.
amount to a confiderable Sum yearly ^ and the Duty-
of Tobacco encreafmg, as that Product encreafes,
*tis probable that Revenue will one Day rife to a very
great Sum. Befides this, the Lord Baltimore has a
large Plantation at Mettapany ^ and in the whole, his^
Eftate and Intereft in this Province are very well
worth his Care to maintain them.

About the Year 1692. the Lord BifhopofLWe»
appointed Dr. Thomas ^r^j/to behis CommifTary in
Maryland, That Dodlor went over thither to fettle
the Churches, according to the Rites and Worihip
of the Church oi England, For by an hdi of AlTem-
bly in the fame Year, the Eleven Counties were divi
ded into thirty Parilhes, fixteen of^^vhich arefupply'd
with Miniilers, who have a competent Maintenance
fettrd upon them, with Glebes, and other Advanta
ges. Libraries are fix'd, and many thoufand pra^ll
cal and devotional Books have been difpers'd among
the People, by the afliduousCare of Dr* jBr^j/, whc
(laid there 2 or 3 Years.

Befides thefe Churches, are feveralChappels, andi
the Number of Papifts and DifTenters are not incon-
fiderable. Mr. George Macqueen^ and Mr. Robert
Keithy have been employ'd by the Society for propaga-
ting the Gofpel in foreign Parts, to advance that good
Work here *, but 'tis laid the Quakers and PapTjis e-
qually objlruEt it,

A very ingenious Man, who was in this Province
in Col. Nicholfon's Time, fends this Account of the
State of it to the Royal Society : ' The Inhabitants of
' Maryland are governed by the fame Laws as in £«-

* gland^ except that they have fome Adls of AfTembljii

* relating to particular Cafes, not provided for by th«

* Laws oi England, The Church of £;?^/^?7^ is pret-
' ty well cltdbliih'd among them : Churches are
' built, and there's an Annual Stipend allow'dtoe-
' very Minifter, by a perpetual Law ', which is more
' or lei's according to the Number of Taxables in eack
' Parilh. Every Chriftian Male i (f Years old, and

* Negroes Male and Female above that Age, pay 40-
*- Pound of Tobacco to the Minifter-, which is levy'd

* by the Sheriff among other publick Revenues ^ an!
[ this makes the Revenues of tne Aauifters, one with

* ano*

The Hifiory of Maryland. 195

' another, about 20000 Pound of Tobacco, or 100/.

* Sterling a Year. It has been the Unhappinefsof

* this Country, that they had no Proteftant Minifters

* hardly among them till Governour Nicholfons time
\ fwho has been a great Promoter and Encourager of

* the Clergy) but now and then an itinerant Preacher
:' come over, of very loofe Morals, and fcandalous Be-

* haviour: Sothatwhat with fuch Mens ill Examples,
/ the Roman Priefts Cunning, and the Quakers Bigo-

* try, Religion was in a manner turn'd out of Doors.
^ But by Col, Nicholfon's Prote£lion, the Face of it
I* mended, and the Orthodox Churches were crowd-

* ed as full as they could hold. The People grevv
1* fenfible of the ^<?w//7.> Superftition, and the Enthufi-
'* aiiii of the Quakers : Infomuch that their Parties,
' joining now both together, are very inconfiderablc
} to that of the Church of England. Indeed the Qua-
f kers ftruggle hard to maintain their Footing *, and
!' their Teachers (efpecially of the Female Sex, who
' are the moft zealousj are very free of their Refle-
' dions and Scandal againft the Orthodox Divines
i' and ProfefTors- The People here have not yet fou nd
;' the way of afTociating themfelves in Towns and
'• Corporations, by reafon of the Fewnels of Handi-
'• crafts-Men. There are indeed feveral Places alot-
!• ted for Towns, but hitherto they are only titular
1' onQs, axctpt^nnapolis ^ w^here the Governour re fides
;• Col. Nlcholjon has done his Endeavour to make
;• a Toivn of that Place. There are about 4.0 Dwel-
I' ling Houfes in it, 7 or 8 of which can afford a good
' Lodging and Accomodations for Strangers. There

are alfo a State-Houfe, and a free School, built

with. Brick, which make a great Shew among a

Parcel of Wooden Houfes^ and the Foundation of

a Church is laid, the only Brick Church in Mary^

land. They have two Market Days in a Week \

'\ and had Governour Nicholson continu'd there a few

I Years longer, he had brought it to Perfe£lion.

i Col, Nicholfon mightily promoted the Advance-

jnent of Religion in this Province, as did his Succef-

<\QX Cq\. Nathaniel Blachflon^ with whom theCoun-

jry, tho healthy in its (elf, did not agree, and he was

lorc'd to return to England for the Recovery of his

jiealth: In whofe (lead her Majefty was pleasM to

O 2 mak«

,196 The Hijiory of Maryland.

make Col. William Seymcur Govcrnour of this Pro-j
vince.^ whoin5<fpf. 1 703. embark'd aboard the JDrftf^-i
^f7z/^k Man of War, which, with others, wasappoin-j
ted to convoy the P^irginla and Maryland outward'
bound Fleet •, but being (eparated from the reft by
ftrefs of Wea ther, the Governour put into Barhadoes^
where he arri v'd the idoiFchrucrry, The Ship was'
forc'd offthe Goads of Maryland by contrary Winds,!
and did not arrive in the Bay till April or May^ \ 704.
So that Col. Seymour \N2iSr\Q?i^ 8 Months in his Voy-
age, which is commonly made in d* Weeks. Thiii
Governour has given general Satisfaftion to the Inha-
bitants, and is indeed a Man of Honour, worthy the
Poft her Majefty has been pleased to continue hira in
to this time.

It cannot be expelled that we fhould be able toil
give as perfeft an Account of every Colony, aswca
havedone of Nevp-England^ Virginia^ Carolina^ Bar^
badoes^ md fome others. Our Helps have not been
at all equal, tho our Application has. Thofe Gentle- ;
men to whom we apply 'd, who could have |iven us j
full Information, and neglefted it, are to anwer fori
what is imperfe£l in this Hiflory of Maryland'^ which
is however the largeft that has been publifh'd ^- and
had we been better fupply'd with Memoirs, we fhould
have given a better Account of this Colony, which
we confefs deferv'd it. The Gentlemen concerned in
it will excufe us, when we tell them we have done
curbed, and in another I mpreflion fhall enlarge in
our Hiftory of Maryland^ if they will tranfmit us
Materials, to enable us to do it. We kept this Ac-;
count backward, in hopes of fuch Alliftance *, an3
perhaps thefe Gentlemen will be as angry with them--
ielves as with us, when they fee how induftrious we
have been in the Hiftories of thofc Countries, that
we were fully informed about, and what a Figure
• they make in th^ Br itiJhUm^i^t'm America^ where
Maryland is far from being the leaft confiderabfe
Portion of it. Tis true it does not encreafe much ini
Towns, and thofe that are honoured with the Name,
would not pafs for any thing but little Villages in ci-
ther Countries. This, as has been hinted in Firginia^
is the Humour of the Inhabitants, and all Endeavours
to bring them to build and fettle at jinnapolis^ or

William'

The Hijiory of Maryland. 197

#^wy?^^/-, have b^en inefFeftual. Thofe two Towns
re not bigger than they were, if they hold to be To
ijg, and there are Villages in Tenfylvania which may
ie with them for Number ofHoufes and Inhabitants.
[j The Lord Baltimore difputed at Law with Mr. ?en
[for the Propriety of that Part of Fenfylvanla^ known
■toy the Name of the Three Lower Counties^ as if it had
?*|)een included within his Patten t for Mayyland ;, but
; Mr. Pen has maintain'd his Title, and 'tis probable
»vill always maintain it againft the Lord Baltimore's, to
:hofe Countries, jPfwjfy/x/.^^/^ has lately endeavour'd at
I Tobacco Trade, but Maryland and Virginia will hin-
der the Progrefs of any other Colony in this Com-
modity *, they have been long fettled in it, and can
make enough to fupply all the Markets in the World,
land their minding this Traffick wholly, prevents
' (their falling into that of Provifions (0 much as New
England^ New Torky Penfylvania^ and Carolina j
( jwhich Provinces may flourifh by that Trade and
' Mmuf allure, and leave to F'irginia and Maryland
their Natural Trade, for by their long Continuance
liand Perfeaion in it, it deferves that Name.

C H A P. II.

Containing a Geographical Defcripion of
the Province of Maryland ; an Account
of the Climate^ Soil^ Produ^i^ Animals^
Trade^ and Inhabitants^ Englifh and In-
dian.

^HO* we have given a large Defcription of l^^rgi-
**• niay and the Bay of Chefeapeak^ and have alfo let
out the Bounds of Maryland^ as we find it bounded
in tlie Lord Proprietaries Pattent •, yet having had
fome Years fmce a compleat and diftindl Account of
both Provinces from an ingenious Gentleman, an In-
habitant or the Place, with whom we have been long
acquainted, the Reader will bs better fatisfy'd to fee

O ? wkit

1 9S The Hijlory (?/- Maryland.

vrhat he fays, than to take it from us : Such then 1%
the Defcription communicated to us by Mr. Philemon
Lloyd of Aiaryland \ * The Colony of Virginia and'
Province of Maryland ?.re fituate upon the Bay of
Chefeap?ah^\v}\okMov\t\\ or Inlet is between the Capes
caird Cape Henry and Cape Charles^ and yet fo a<
neither of the Provinces is plac'd on one particular
Side, bur are both of them on each Side water'd b3f:
that commodious Bay, which divides as it were in
half both Governments *, fo that part of the Colo-
ny o^Firglnia is on the Weft Side of the faid Bay
and the other part on the Eaft Side, the Bay running
through the Centre of them. J"he Colony of K/r-
ginia on the Weft Side of the Bay, is divided from
Ai dryland by the great River Patowmeck^ and on th«
Eaft by the River Pohmoal^ whofe Head lies neai
the Sea to the Eastward. The Boundary of th{
Province of Maryland begins at the River of Patov(h
meek-, and runs along the Bay Side Northwards, til
it interfedls a Line drawn Weft from the Mouth o
Delaware Bay, fituate in 40 Degrees North Latitude
having for its Bounds on the Weft high Mountains
and on the Eaft the faid Bay. The Eaftern Sidi
of the Province of Maryland is bounded on the
Weft by the Bay of Chejeapeak^ on tlie Eaft by th«
Main Ocean, on the North by Delaware Bay, anc
on the South by the River Pokomoak^ which is thj
Line of Divifion between it and the Colony of ^rl
ginia. The Province of Maryland is divided inte
II Ccunt'es, ^on the Weftern, and y on the Eaft
ern Side of the Bay. Thofe on the Weftern Sid^
are St.Maries^ CmHes^ Wmc^ George^ Calvert^ Am
Arundel^ and Baltimore Counties. Thofe on tht
Eaftern Side of the Bay are Somerfet^ Dorchefter
Talbct^ Kenr^ and Cenl Counties. This Province
h^s but one City in it, called the City of St. Mary'%
from whence one of the Counties took its Nanie^
being commodioufiy fituate between the Rivers o'
Patowmeck and Patuxcnt. This was formerly tht'
Seat of Government, and theTlace where the Re
pre(entar,";escf the lever^l Counties aftembled, t(
concert and determine things for the Good of th<
Colony. There are alfo two principal Towns
caird by the Names of Ports, as the Port of Anna

, ■ ■ • ' '' ■ ' ■ } ■ ' ■ ' i^^^'

The Hijlory of Maryland. 199

'^ polis^ and the Port of WilUamjiadt. There are fe-

* veral other Towns, but of no Confideration. The

* principal Rivers of this Province are Patowmecky
^ which divides it from the Colony of /^^/:>g/»/j -, Pa-

* tuxent and Severfj on the Wcllern Shore ^ and on

* the other Side are Chiptonh^ Chefier^ and S.ijfjfrof^
; * of greateft Note. The Extent of the Province of
. • Maryland runs further Northward than the Head of
j * t\iQ Ei^ o^ Che fe apeak y being fuuate on both Sides of
If * it.

In fpeaking of the Counties, we fhall begin with
j thofe on the Weft Side of the Bay.
: St. Alary' % is the firft of thefe, and is bounded thus :
j It begins at PointLoo/^-oM^,and extends dAon gPatorvmcck
I River, to the lower Side of Bud's Creek, and fo over
i to the Head of Indian CrQQk in Patuxent River. A'^out
the Year i^^s. fome Medicinal Waters were difco-
ver'd in this County, call'd the Cool Springs^ which
the Government ordered (hould be purchas'd, with
1 the Land about it, and Houfes built for the Enter-
' tainment of the Poor. In the City of St. Marfs
the General Court is holden, for whic h there's a
State-houfe, and the Council is kept the firft Tuef-
day in September^ November^ January^ Murch^ and
Jme^ for Orphans. This City choofes two Citizens
to reprefent the reft in the AlTembly, and the Go-
vernment is by a Mayor, Recorder, Aldermen, and
Common- Council *, tho true it is, fo much Magiftra-
jcy might have been fpar'd, confidering thare are not
above 60 Houfes in it, and fince Annapolis has been
made the Seat of Juftice, and the publick Offices,
there's no great Likelihood that the City of St. Ma-
ry's wHl encreafe much in the Number of its Houfes
and Inhabitants.

Mettapany in this Country is noted only for having
hQQ':\ the Lord Baltimore's Seat, when he dwelt in this
Country. Here he built a handfonie Houfe, tho more
for Convenience than xMagnificence \ it ftands near
the Mouth of the River Patuxenf. In St. Mtry's
County are the Pariilies of St. Johns^ St. aemc?it'?^
and Hervington^ the latter udirping the Name of a
Town.

Charles County Bounds begin on the upper Side
of Indian Crsek and Bud's Creek, where^St. Maryh
^' •' O ^ _ County

too The Hifiory of Maryland.

County ends, and extends to Mattawoman Creek,, inj
eluding all the Land lying on the upper Part of Bud\
Creek and Indian Creek Branche*;. In this County
the chief Places or Parishes are Briftol and Pifcattaway,
Prince George's County is the neweft in the Pro-
vince, being laid out, ^. D, 1695- It includes the
Land from the upper Side of Mattawoman and Swan^..
/ow's Creek, extending upwards hyPatowmecWn the
Weft, and Patuxent River in the Eaft. In this Coun-
ty is the Parifh of Maf^erkont^ and others.

Calvert County borders upon Charles County, from
which 'tis divided by the River Patuxent^ as alfo from
Prince George's County. In this County are three;
Towns or Parifhes, Harrington^ Warrington^ and Cat-
verton,

Ann- Arundel 2ir\d^ Baltimore Counties are divided by
5 mark'd Trees, (landing about a Mile and a Quarter
from Bodkin Creek, on the Weft Side of Chefeapeak
Bay, and this Divifion runs thence Weft, till it crofTcs
the Road from the Mountains of the Mouth o{ Maggaty
River to Rich. Beard's Mill, and fo continues Weft-
ward to 2 mark'd Trees, one for Ann- Arundel^ the
other for Baltimore County, and ftill continues Weft
from Maggaty and Potopfco Rivers, till it comes to a
Mountain ot white Stone, from thence to the main
1 Road to Potopfco Ferry, and two mark'd Pines, writ-

er ten at large on the North Side of the faid Trees BaU

timorey 2iY\d on the South Side Ann- Arundel County ^
from thence Weft North Weft to Elk Ridge Road to
two mark'd Trees there, thtucQ to Patuxent K\^^t.,
and fo up the faid River to the Extent of it, for the
Bounds oi Baltimore County. All the Traft of Land
on the North Side of thefe Divifion-Lines is in Balti-
more County, and all the Land on the South Side in
Am- Arundel County. The chief Town in the Coun-
ty of Ann- Arundel is

Annapolis^ which was formerly call'd Severn^ and
by an Aft of AfTembly, 1 69^^. was made a Port Town,
and a Colleaor and Naval Officer were order'd to
refide there-, the Name oi AnnapolU was then given
it. The County Court was remov'd to this Place,
a Church was order'd to be built within the Port,
which was made a Parifti •, and in the Year 1 699^ the
Port of Annapolis was made the chief Seat of Juftice

within

The Jiijlory of Maryland. 201

i within this Province, for holding AfTemblies, and pro-
i vincial Courts, and all Writs, Pleas, and Procefs re-
turnable to the Provincial, or to the Court of CW-
! cery^ were made returnable to the Port of jinnapclis,
1 All Roads leading through any County to this Port
were by another A61 of AfTembly order'd to be niark'd
j on both Sides with two Notches in a Tree, and where
j the Road to ^ntiafolls broke off from any other
Road, it was to be diftinguilh'd on the Face of
thQ Tree with the Letters u4. A, The AfTem-
bly about 10 Years ago pafs'd an Aft for founding a
I Free-School here, to be callM King Williattis School.
Other Schools were alfo to be erected under his Pa-
i tronage, and the Arch-Bifhop oi Canterbury was *o be
Chancellor of them. Truftees were appointed and
I incorporated by the Name of the RcH^ors, Governours^
I Trvflees^ and Vifitors of the Free-Schools of X-aryl -nd *,
I what has been the EfFeft of this good Bill we
I know not, but believe it is very inconfiderable. The
, firft School that was to be built was to be at Anna-
\ polls. The County Court for Orphans is kept here
the iecond Tvefday in September^ November^ January^
: March-, and June. The Records of the County of
! Ann- Arundel v^'ere remov'd to this Town, where are
: now about 40 Houfes, but it lately has not flourifh'd
\ according to Expeftation \ and while the Planters and
! Merchants in Maryland aifeft to live feparately, as
' they do in Virginia^ there's no great probability of
this Towns making any confiderable Figure.

In Baltimore County is a Parifh or Town fo call'd *,
I but the Houfes are fo difjoin'd in this, and others^
j that the Tovvnfhipsare not worth the Name.
t Thus we have given a fhort View of the Counties
on the Weft Side of the Bay, and muft obferve, that
the great River Safquehanagh falls into that Bay a lit-
tle above Baltimore.

On the Eaft-fide of the Bay are the 5 other Coun-
ties •, the fir ft of which, proceeding from Weft to
Eaft, is,

C^xil County, the Weftern Partof which is fo near
the Delaware^ that the Cut would not be above 8
or I o Miles to join that Bay and River to Chefeapeak.
This County runs along Parallel with Nervcafile and
Ker^t County in Penfylvania. We have not learnt ho w

many

2oa The Hijiory of Maryland.

many Parifhes are in it, and know nothing more of it,
fo we proceed to

Kent Coanty, which runs out like an Ifth-
nnis into the Bay of Chefeapeak, We . know not!
the Name of the Parifhes in it. The next Coun?
ty is

Talbot County, divided from the County of Kent
by a double Line of mark'd Trees. That part of thi^
County that lies on the North Side of Corfeica Creek
is the Southerly Bounds of the County of Kem^ ant,
on the North the County of CaciL Oxford was foD
merly the Capital of this County, but by an Adl
AiTembly in the Year 1^9$. it was ndim*d IViUlaj
ftadt^ and made a Port Town. 100 Acres of Lane
adj.^cent to it was order'd to be purchased, for a eom-
mon Paflure for the Benefit of the Town. The fecond
School that was to be bailt was appointed for thh
Place, and the Roads to it were to be mark'd out in
the like manner with thofe o^ Annapolis, A Colle^lor]
and Naval Officer were order'd to refide here. Befidesj
Oxford^ here are the Parifhes of St. Michael's and Bul\
lingbrook. The next County is ^ I

Dorchefler County. The cl^vi" Parifh is DorchefierA
where the County Court is kept. Tis a fmall Place
of about I o Houfes. The Land here lying on thd
North Side of Nanticoke River, beginning at the]
Mouth of Chlckacoan River, and fo up to the Head^
of it, and from thence to the Head of Andertom
Branch, arid fo down to the North Weft Fork, to th(
Mouth of cie aforefaid Chickacoan River,was by anA£L,
of AfTembly in the Year i<?p8. declar'd to belong tol
TanquaJJj and Annatouqueniy two Indian Kings, and the]
People under their Government, their Heirs andf
SucccfTors for ever, to be holden of the Lord Propri-
etary, under the yearly Rent of one Beaver Skin,
There are more Indian Towns in this than in any o-l
ther of the Counties.

Somerfet County has a ParilTi of the (ame Namej
in it. The Names of the other Parifhes in this and
t\\Q othsr Counties are not come to our Know-
ledge *, and we know nothing particularly remark- .
able in them, fo we fhall proceed to our Account of
yhe Climate, &c.

The Hijiory of Maryland. 2oj

The Climate of this Province, the Soil, Proclu(n','
and all that's mention'd in the Contents of this Chap-
ter, are the fame, in a great meafure, with thofe of
; Virginia : Both here and there the Englljh live at
large at their feveral Plantations, which hinders the
Encreafe of Towns ^ indeed every Plantation is a
I fittlc Town of It felf, and can fubfift it felf with Pro-
i vifions and NecefTaries, every confiderable Planter *$
i Ware-houfe being like a Shop, where he fupplies not .
I only himfelf with what he wants, but the inferior
Planters, Servants, and Labourers, and has Commo-
I dities to barter for Tobacco, or other Goods, there
' being little Money in this Province, and little Occa-
: fion of any, as long as Tobacco anfwers all the ufe§ .
' of Silver and Gold in Trade. There are few Mer-
I chants or Shop-keepers, who may properly be fo
' caird, we mean who are not Planters alfo, but live
! wholly by their Trades. The Tobacco of this Pro-
' vince, calFd Oroonoh^ is ftronger than that of Kirgi-
pia^ and no Lngllfhman^ who has not a very courfe
Relifh in his Smoak, will bear it \ yet 'tis a? profita-
ble to the Planter, a^ to the Trade of the Nation ia
general, being in ci^and in the Eaftern and Nor-
thern Parts of Emope^ where 'tis pre^-^rr'd before the
fweet fcented Tobacco of James and Tork Rivers in
Virginia, The Planters in Maryland fi racing fo good
Vent for their Commodity in foreign Markets, nave
cultivated it fo much, thrt this Province is thought
to produce as much or more Tobacco than that of
f^irginia. The Soil is here at leafl as fruitful, the
Country being a large Plain^ nrd the Hills in it fo
eafy of Arceal',^and of fiich a moderate Height, that
they feem rather an artificial Ornament to it, than
one of the Accidents of Nature. The Abundance of
Rivers and Brooks is no little Help to the Fertility
of the Soil ^ and there's no Grain, Plant, or Tree,
which grows in Virginia^ but thrives as well here.
The Produd:, the Animals, and every thing is the
fame here as there, only the black and yellow Bird,
caird the Baltimore Bird, goes by another Name in
Virginia, It had that given it, becaufe the' Colours
of the Field of the Lord Baltimore's Coat of Ar-ms are
Or and Sable.

^©4 The Hifiory of Maryland.

If the Reader has the Curiofity to know nioreof
this Country in any of the Particulars mentioned in
tht Title of this Chapter, let him fee the Hiftory «f
Virginia on the fame Heads, and there's nothing there
which may not alfo be faid of Maryland^ except it is
1 added here.

The Air of the two Provinces has the fame Agree-
ment *, and if there*s any DiiFeience in the Health of
the one Country and the other, Virginia perhaps has
the Advantage. The Province of Maryland howe-
ver thrives in a greater degree, tho 'tis the younger
Colony, and that is a plain Proof of the Profit of the
courfe Tobacco, preferable to the fweet fcented, or
rather that which is fold to a foreign Market turns
to better Account every way, than what is made for
z home Confumption with more Labour and Coft,
and at laft with lefs Gain.

The Number of Ships trading hither from England^
and other Parts of the£?7g//' Dominions, was compu-
ted to be TOP, above 30 Years ago ;, and wc may i-
magine how many more there come now, from tht?
Increafe of the Inhabitants, who were then calculated
to be Kfooo, and are now judg'd to be 3ooo<> Souls.
The Lord Proprietary had a Mint here, to coin Mo-
ney, but it never was much made ufe of.

As to the Indians, their Language, Manners, an4
Cufloms are the fame with thcfe oiFirginia. At the
firft fettling of -^^ryto^ there were feveral Nation^
of *em, governed by Petty-Kings-, but 'tis thought
there are not now 500 fighting Men of them in all the
Province, if the Account Mr. Hugh Jones tranfmittej
to the Royal Society of it be true : For MnC/ot/fr,
who fome Years before fent the fame Society an Ac-
count of Virginia^ fays, The Indians in the Lord Bal-
timore'j Territories^ at the Head of the Bay^ where
Lowth. ^^^ Englifh were later feated^ are more numerous^ there
^ * ^^*^^* ^ffrV;^ 3000 df the f^ ft ill in fome Towns J but the fe being
voiib p. ''' continual Wars with each other ^ are like fJ)ortly to be
6q2» * reduced to a fmall Number -^ which juftifies Mx» Jones's ,
Relation of their Number in Maryland, fince in Mr.
Glover\ time there was not above 5000 Indian Souls
in all Virginia \ oat of which one cannot reckon there
were many more than 500 fightiag Men. The fame
Mr. Jo?7es gives us a large Account of feveral things
in this Province worth notice. The i

The Hijlory <?/ Maryland. 205

TheBayofC/7f/f/j!pf^^, which runs iV. by W^. about
200 Miles, or more, divides A/^ryte^ as well as /^/r-
ginia^ into two Parts, which the Inhabitants of the
two Provinces call tKe Eaftern and Weftern Shoars.
The Land is generally low on both Sides ^ no Hill that
is to be fcen, or is known by them 50 Yards perpen-
dicular •, but above 100 Miles Weft of them, towards
the Heads of the Rivers, the Ground rifes, and ap-
pears in very high Mountains, and rocky Precipices
running North and South*, from the Top of which
a Man may have a clear Profpeft of both Maryland
and Virginia,

All the Low-land is very woody, like one continu'd
Forreft, no part clear'd, bur what is ckar*d by the
Englljh \ who, tho they are feated pretty clofe one to
another, cannot fee their next Neighbours Houfefor
Trees. Indeed 'tis expe(f>ed that 'twill be otherwife
in a few Years, for the Tobacco Trade deftroys abun-
dance of Timber, both for making of Hogfheads and
building Tobacco Houfes, befides clearing of Ground
yearly tor Planting.

The Soil of Af^ry/^w^ is generally Tandy, and free
from Stone, which makes it very convenient for Tra-
velling, and there-'s no occafion for fhoeing their
Horfes, except in froRy Weather-, and what with
the Goodnels of their little Horfes, and the Smooth-
nefs of ihe Roads, People, upon Gccafion, can tra-
vel 50 Miles in a Summers Afternoon •, and fometimes
100 Miles in a Day •, but then their Miles are not ac-
counted fo long as in England,

The rich and plentiful Gifrs of Nature add much to
the Happinefs of the Place ;, the three Elements affor-
ding Plenty of Food for the life of Man, as Deer,
Fowl, both Water and Land *, and for the Preferva-
tion of Health, many excellent Herbs and Roots, the
Difcovery of whofe Virtue is chiefly owing to the
Indians.

They have Timber of feveral Kinds, good for Buil
ding, and of them feveral forts of Oak *, as Red,
White, Black, Chefnut, Water, Spanilh, and Line
Oaks (which laft bears a Leaf like a WillowJ Cedar
white and red*, the latter ferves only for Pofts and
Groundfillsii the White to rive or fplit into Boards,
that being the freeft from Knots, and goes under the

Nime

2o6 • The Hijlory of Maryland.

Name of C5'prers-, tho 'tis faHelyfoterm'd. There's
a Tree call'd Cyprefs, which is extraordinary large
in Bulk, and bears a Leaf like the Senfitive Plant,
Tisfof, fpungy, will not rivs*, and is fit for no life.
Their Black Walnut is migh'.ily efleem'd by the
Joiners for its Grain and Colour. There's a fort of
Poplar that makes good white Plank. Tisalarge
Tre-e, and bears a Flower like a Tulip. They have
Plenty of Pine, and Dogwood, which is a fine Flow-
^ er-bearing Plant, SafTafras, Locuit, a Tree of quick
Growth, and very durable in Building. Hickery,
of which there are two forts, Red and White *, the
l^itter ferves chiefly for Fire- Wood, being the bed
for that life. There's abundance of Chefnuts and
Chinquapines, another Species of Chefnuts *, a fort
of Elm like a Dutch Elm^ and the Sugar mention'd
in the Hiftory of Firginia^ as well as others nam'd
here. In Maryland is a kind of Elder, whofe Bark is
clofely guarded with Prickles, like a Briar. The
Tulip-bearing-Lawrel and Myrtle of feveral forts,
one of which bears a Berry that is work'd up in tha
Eaflern Shore to a kind of Green Wax, very proper
to make Candles with, ifmix'd with Tallow.

The Humming-Bird and Mocking-Bird are the '
mofl curious Birds in this Province, as well as in the
next *, and the Rattle-ihake in both is the moft noted
of their Reptiles.

The Air is now more wholfome than formerly,
which proceeds from the opening of the Country,
the Air having by that means a freer Motion. The
Summers now are not extream hot, as in the firft
fearing j but their Winters are generally fevere.
The North-Eaft Wind is then veryfharp, and even
cools the Air very much in the Heat of the Summer,
when a fudden North-Weftern Blafl too often ftrikes'
their Labourtiis with Fevers, if they are not careful
to provide for it, by putting on their Cloaths while
they are at work.

There's littk or no Woollen Manufa£lure follow'd
by any of the Inhabitants, except what is done in
Somerfct County. Tobacco is their Meat, Drink,
Cloathing, and Money : Not but that they have both
Spanijh and Englijh Money pretty plenty, which ferves
only for Pockec-Expences, and not for Trade, To-
bacco

The Hijlory e?/ Maryland. , 207

bacco being the Standard of that, as well with the
Planters and others, as with the Merchants. Their
common Drink is Cyder, which is very good *, and
where it is rightly ord^'d, not inferiour to the bed
white Wine. They J ive Wine brought from /T/^-
dera 2ind Fyaliy Rum from Barbadoes'^ Bear, Mault,
Funch and other Wines from England. There's
Plenty of good Grapts growing wild in the Woods,
but no Improvement is made of them.

Moft of the Indians live on the Eaftern Shore,
where they have two or three little Towns : Some of
jthem come over to the other fide in Winter-time, to
hunt for Deer, being generally employ'd by the £;7g-
Uftj, They take Delight in nothing elfe, and 'tis ve-
ry rare that any of them will embrace the Chriftiang
way of Living or Worfhip. The Caufe of their Di-
minifhing proceeded not from any Wars with the
Englifljy for they have had none with them worth
rpeaking of, but from their own oerpetual Difcords
md Wars among themfelves. The Female Sex alfo
have fwept away a great many, infomuch that their
Number is now very inconfiderable.

One thing is obfervable in them, tho they are a
(People very timerous, and cowardly in Fight, yet
when taken Prifoners, and condemn'd, they will die
like Heroes, braving the moft exquifite Tortures that
can be invented, and finging all the time they are up-
on the Rack.

If we have at any time mention'd the fame thing in
two feveral Provinces, we have taken all poflible Care
(lot to defcribeit but in one, that the Reader might not
be tir'd with needleis Repetitions. But it will be ob-
erv'd, that every Nation of thefe Barbarians has
ome particular Cuftoms, which diftinguifh 'em from
:hereft ^ and to make theHiftory of each Province as
berfed as lay in our Power, we have,as far as we cou*d,
llefcrib'd the Manners and Cuftoms of all of them. We
lave nothing more to fay of this Colony, and (hall
:onclude with the Names of the prefcnt Governour
md Council.

Col.

20

8

The Hijlory of Maryland.
Col. WillUm Seymour^ Governour.

Thomas Tenchj Efq^
SamuelToungy Efq*,
John Hammond^ Eiq j
Francis Jenkins^ Efq*,
Edward Lloydy Efq^
William Holland^ Efq,
Kennelau Chittletoriy Efq^
William Courcy^ Efq*^
Thomas Ennals^ Elq^
Robert Quarry^ Efqj
Thomas Grinjeildj
John ConteCj

:^ Members of tf
Gjuncil.

I

Secretary to the Government, Sir Thomas Lawrence*^
Speaker of the Aflembly, Mr. Thomas Smithfon.
Naval-Officer at Annapolis^ Mr. William Bladen.

MML

f

T H

209

THE

HISTORY

OF

V I R G I N I A.

CHAP. I.

Containing the Hifiory of Virginia, from its
Dtjcovery to the Prefent Times,

B

Y the Name of /^rg/«/^, was formerly call'd
all that Traft of Land which reach 'd from
Noremhegua to Florida vjSnd contain'd the

Country, now known torhe Englifh by t}#
Names of NewEnglandj Nerv-Torky New-Jerfey^
Penfilvaniay Mary land j Virginia and Carolina, The Na-
tives caird it Apelehen-^ and 'twas, as 'tis laid, firft
dlfcover'd to the Europeans by Sebafiion Cabot ^ a Geno-
efe Adventurer, who liv'd at 5r//2^«>/ *, and who in the
Year 1+^7. was fent by King Henry VII. to make 14^7.
Difcoveries in the Weft-Indies, CoLumbms SuccelTes //j /Pi/V^
5 Years before, having fet all the Trading Nations 7«
in the World upon Expeditions into America^ in
hopes of fharing the Treafures of the New difcovefd
World with the Spaniards.

The French, whflLWi^ never allow any Nation to •
be before them in ^I^^Pming, pretend this Country
was dilcover'd by Jotsn Verazjjin \ who took pofTefli-

P on

21 lo The Htflory of Virginia.

on of it in the Name of Francis I. that he call'd it Mo*
Hobbe co[a\ and with Canada^ to which he gave the Name
Gcog. of New-France^ added it to the French Dominions.
But this is a Ficlion of their own, exploded by all
Authors who treat of the Difcovery of Virginia : For
v.'hich the Crown o^ England is certainly indebted to
the Care and Expenfe of the famous Sir Walter Raw-
Icigh •, who having, as appears by his admirable
Hiftory of the World, made flrift Enquiries into the-
State of the Univerfe *, and hearing of the prodigious
Profit the Spaniards drew from their Settlements in
the Weft-Indies^ refolv'd upon an Adventure for fur-
ther Difcoveries.

His Miftrefb Queen Eliz^abeth was then too much
employ'd in Europe^ to think of making Attempts for
Acquifitions in J^merica, She was apprehenfiveof a
War with Spain ^ and was bufy'd in protefting the
States of the United Provinces, and the French Pro-
teftants, againft the Tyranny or France and Spain, Sit
J/VWalter ^^^^^^ therefore found himfeif under aneceflityof un^
Rawlei2,h dertaking the Adventure, on the account of private
'undcndes Perfons, who bearing the Charge of it, were to have
«. the Advantage.

1583' To this Purpofe, in the Year 1583. he procures fe-
veral Merchants and Gentlemen to advance large
Sums of Money towards carrying on the Defign:
And in the Year following, obtained Letters Pattents
from the Qi}jen, bearing Date the 25th o^ March j

1584. To p'j[ef>^ plant ^ and enjoy for himfeif^ andfuch
PMfcns as he fijoulcmominate^ themfelves and their Sue
cejjors^ all p.wh Lands ^ Territories^ &c. as theyflwuleL

difcovery not then in the Pojjcjficn of any Chriftiatt\

Nation.

1584. In ^pril^ the Gentlemen and Merchants, by Sir

Walter Rawleigh\ Dire^flion, fitted out two fmall VeP-

fels under the Command of Cdi^l2,mFhilip Amidas^

Amidas and Captain Arthur Barlow^ two of Sir Walter's Ser-

j7?7^ Bar- vants^ who knowing no better Courfe, fail'd away

^y*' ' for the Canaries^ from thence to the Carihbee Iflands,.

^y^g^' ^^nj croiiing the Gulph of Mexico^ made the Coaft of

Florida.

They were fo ignorant of Navigation, that by
Computation of able Seamen, they went above A'i
thoufand Leagues out of their way. Their Voyage

wasi

The Hiftory t?/ Virginia. 211

was however profperous ^ and they anchor*d at the
In-let by Roenoke^ at prefent under the Government
of North Carolina. They landed on certain Iflands on
the Coaft, between Cape Fear and the great Bay of
Chefapeac* They afterwards went afliore on the
Continent, in a Country call'd Wingandacoa *, over
which there reign 'd a King, whofe Name was Wingi*
m. They traded with the Indians^ and made good
Profit of their Truck, the Natives parting with their
Furrs for things of much inferiour Value. With this
Commodity, Safafras and Cedar, they loaded their
two Veflels, and returned home, carrying with them
fome Pearl, which was taken for an evident Sign of
the great Riches of the Country. Amidas and Bar-
low had made a very advantagious Voyage ^ and to
encourage their Owners, the i<iQ\w Weji-hd^a Co/npa^
ny to continue the Trade, they reprefented the Place
they had difcover'd to be fo plentiful, and fodefira-
ble, the Climate fo pleafant and healthy, the Air Co
fweet, the Sky fo fercne, the Woods and Fields fo
fruitful and charming, and every thing fo agreeable,
that all that heard it were taken with the Defcription -,
and fuch as had not Conveniences to live pleaiantly
at home, were tempted to remove to this Para-
dice.

But the Difcovery was in its Infancy, and the En-
glifh then, could only admire, without daring to at-
tempt the enjoying the Sweets of fo delicious a Coun-
try. BeTides the Pleafmtnefs of the Place, and the
Profit of the Trade, Barlow and Aniidas highly ex-
toird the Innocence and good Nature of the Indians,
and the Advantages that might be made by their Igno-
rance, and their Love of the En glifh. To this they
added an inviting Account of the Productions of the
Soil, the Variety of Fruits, Plants and Flowers there,
and their Beauty and Excellence.

They alfo brought over with them (ome Tobacco, Tobxcco
the firft that wasfeen in England^ and two Indians,^'^ .
whofe Names were Wanchefe and Manteo. iroMgU m-

Queen Ellz^abeth was her klf fo well pleas'd with j^^"S"
the Account thefe Adventurers gave of the Country, *^^^*
that fhe honour'd it with the Name o^Vlrgima^ either
becaufe it was firft difcover'd in her Reign, a Virgin
Queen i or, as the Virginians will have it, becauieit

p 2 m

212 The Hifiory of Virginia.

fl:ill feem'd to retain the Virgin Purity and Plenty of the
firji Creation^ and the People their Primitive In-
nocence.

The Englifli Merchants were the more fond of fur-
ther Adventures to America at this time, for that her
Majeirv'^i Ships had lately intercepted a Spaniih VefTel
boLtnd home from Mcxice^ which had Letters aboard,
containing a Defcription of the vaft Treafures that
were dug ont of the iMines there. And the Company
ere^Ved under the i^ufpices of Sir Walter Rawleigh^
who fome affirm gave the Name of Virginia to the*;
Country himfelf, refolv'd on a fe'cond Voyage thi-j
then

Sir Walter intended to have commanded in this Ex-^
pedition himfelf, and to have carry'd with him a fuffi-
cient number of Forces, tohavecompleated his Defign
of making a Settlement there-, but being at that time'
Jealous that his Abfence might be prejudicial to his^
Interefl: at Court, which the Earl of Liecefier fought
all Occafions to lelTen, he committed the Conduft of
this fecond Enterprize to his Lieutenant Sir ^/cW<i
Greenvill *, who on the <?th of April fet fail from Pli"
mouth wnth. feven Ships fitted out by the Company *,
of which himfelf and feveral other Gentlemen were
Members : and this Company was the firft of that
kind that was eftablifh'd in Europe. Thefe King
James incorporated by the Name of the Governour
and Company of the Weft-Indies •, which for their
Male-adminiftration was diiTolv'd by his Son King
Charles I.

Sh' Eichard Cree-nvilly for w^nt of better Informa-
tion, fail'd round by the Weftern and Carihbee If-
lands. He had laden his Ships with Provifion, Arms,
Ammunition, and fpare Men'^-^o fettle a Colony:
With thef-i he took the two Indians, to aflift him in
his N^'gociations with their Countrymen : And having
a profp?rous A^oyage, he arriv'd at Wokokon on the
g i6i\\o{ May^ being the fame place were the Engl ifh
^ ^ ^* had been the Year btfore.

In Au^uft following he began to plant at Roenoke^
an illand about 5 Leagues from the Continent, which'
lies in 36" Degrees of Northern Latitude. He alfc*
made fome little Difcoveries more in the Sound to thQ
Southward ; trading with the Indians for Skins, Furrs,

Pearl,

The Hiflory 0/ Virginia. i?ij

Pearl, and other Conmiodines *, which they barter'd
with him for things of inconfiderable Value.

He left 108 Mon on Rocnoke Idand, under the Com- M/. Ralph
niand of Mr. Rd^h Lane^ and Captain rWdi^ Ainid^tSy Uincfirji-
to keep polTeflion of it ^ and himfelf ireturn'd to Erig- Governor,
land.

As loon as Sir Richard was gone, the Men he left
behind fet themfelves about difcovering the Continent,
and rang'd up and down 80 Miles Southward, and
150 Northward, venturing indi.creetly too high up
the River?, and too far into the Country *, by which
the Indians growing jealous of their Defigns, began
firft to be weary ot their Company, and cut oif their
Straglers when they fell into their Hands-, they alfo
form'd aConfpiracy todeftroy thereft, but were hap-
pily prevented.

The Journals of the Colony's Proceedings were
duly tranfmitted to the Company in E?7gland *, who
was not fo careful as they fhould have been, to f^nd them
Supplies of Provifion : And tJie Englifh not under-
ftanding the Nature of the Climate, had negle£led
to gather Food in Seafon, as the Indians did \ by
which means they were reduc'd to terrible ftreights.
The Natives never after kept Faith with them , but
watch'd all Opportunities to Cut them off! And, as
this oblig'd them to be more wary in their Enterpri-
zes on the Main, fo it hinder'd their receiving any
Supply from them : However they endur'd all with
incredible Refolution, and extended their Difcoveries
near 100 Miles along the Sea-Coafls.

They kept the Indians in awe, by threitning them
with the return of their Companions, and a Reinforce-
ment of Men. But no Ships coming from England
in all that Winter, nor ^n the Spring following, nor
in Summer, tliey defpair'J of being able to lupport
themfelves any longer:, the Natives beginning to de-
(bife them, when they faw ti:*myas it were, aban-
don'd by their Countrymen, and the EngUQi ex-
pefted d iily to be facrific'd to their Cruelty.

In this Diftrefs their chief Employment was to looJc
out to Sea, in hopes of finding fome means of Efcape
or Recruit : Ancl when they were almoil fpent w^ith
Want and Watching, Hunger and Cold, in A'-'.guJt i^s^.
they fpy'd Sir Francis Drake's Fleet, who was returning

P 3 from

214 ^^^^ Hiftory of Virginia.

from an Expedition againfl: the Spaniards in Nortly
America^ and had been commanded by the Queen to
vifir this Plantation in his way, and fee what Encou-
ragement or Aiiiftanceit wanted.

The fight of Sir Franc is\ Fleet was the mofl joyfiil
one tjiat ever the Eyes of the poor Wretches who
were left on RoemkeAtlsind beheld. Their firft Petiti-
on to hijn, was to grant them a Supply of Men and
Provifi'^ns, with a fmall Ship or Bark to attend them ^
that in caic they could not maintain themfelves
where they were, they might embark in it for £»g-
land.

Sir Francis granted their Requeft *, and they fet all
hands to work to fit the Ship he had given them, and
furnifh her with all manner of Stores for a long ftay ;
but a Storm arifing, which drove the Veflel from her
Anchor to Sea, and the Ship lufFering fo much in it,
that fhe was not fit for their ufe, they were fo difcou-
rag'd, that notwithftanding Sir Francis offer'd them
another Ship, they w^ere afraid to ftay, and earneftly
>!/w f>»i of entreated him to take them wath him home, which
the fir/} he did ^ and this put an end to the firft Settle-

In the mean time. Sir W^^/^^r ^^tp/e/^g^ being very
fcliicitous for the Prefervation of his Colony, follicited
the Company to haften their Supplies of Men and
Provifions, refolving to go with them in Perfon:
And fearing the Colony would fufFer by their Delays,
he fitted out the Ship he was to go in with all poilible
fpeed*, and 'when it was ready, fet fail by himfelf :
A Fortnight i^fter, Sir Richard Grecnyill fa iPd again i
from Plimouth^. with three other Ships for Virginia,

Sir Waller fell in with the Land at Cape Hattaras^
a little to :ne Southward of Roenokcj where th- io8
Men fettled ^ w^hom, after ftriiSl (earch, not finding
there, he returned.

The Virginians pofitively affirm, that Sir Walter
Rawleigh made this Voyage in IVrlon, but the Hifto-
ries of thofe Times, and the Authors of the Life of
Sir Walter Rawleigh^ which has been twice written,
make no mention of it. Tis more probable, that the
common Account of it is true, that he fitted out a
Veflel of a hundred Tun, loaded it with NecelTaries,
end difpatch'd it away to relieve hfs little Colony.

Before

i

The Hijlory of Virginia. 215

Before this Ship arriv'd, ths Eng^ifh had abandon'J
their Settlement, and returned with Sir Francis Drake,
And the Mafler of the Vefiel not being able to get
any Information concerning them, made the beft ofhis
way home.

Though the Author of The Hlfiory and Vrefent^
State of p^irgima, alTures us Sir Walter Rarrleigh wcrnt
then himfelf, 'tis not likely a Man of his QiiUry and
Charafter would hazard his Perfon fo fir, in no bet-
ter an Employ than the Mailer of an Advice Boat or
Tender.

When Sir Richard arriv'd, which was a few days
after the departure of the VelTcl we have mentioned,
he found the Ifland Roenoke^ where he left his M jn,
entirely deferred. He knew nothing of Sir Francis
Drake's having been there ^ and thought they had
been all murder'd by the Indians, till Aianteo fi-
tisfy'd him of the contrary :, but he could not tell Navi-
how they got away. However Sir Richard left fifry S^"^ It>
Men more (fome Accounts fay but 15) inthe fame"^^^"^-
Ifland ^ order'd them to build Houfes, giving thorn ^ ^^\
Materials, and two Years Provifion ^ after which he ^^"1^^^^^^"
returned, having affur'd them that they fhould be
fpeedily and conftantly fupply'd.

In the Year following Mr. John White was fent
thither by the Company, with tliree Ships. He
carry'd with him a Supply of Men, and fome Wo-
men, as alfo plentiful Kecruits of Provifions, having
a Com million to fettle there, and to prefide over tiie
Settlement as Govcrnour.

He arriv'd at Roenoke the 22d of July, 1587. but ^5^7]
found no EngUfhmen there •, at which he was very
much troubled. He enquir'd of Aianteo what was
become of them^ this Indian iiiform'd him, that the
Natives fecretly let upon them, kill'd fome, and the ^':/?>'^;' '^•
reft fled into the Woods •, where they were never
heard of afterwards.

To confirjii Manteos Information, the Fort they
had built he found deiiioliih'd, their Huts -mpry, the
place of their Habitation all grown up .vith Weeds ^
and at the Entrance of the Fort the Bones of a dead

Man.

This did not difcourage Mr, John Wt.it eiiom nu-^^;^;^^^
king Attempts towards a third Settlement : So he iat ,s;r//c-

P J, down ment.

2i6 The Hijlorj of Virginia.

dorwti in the fame place, repair'd the Houfes : And
when he had put all things in thebeft Order he'could
Mr. John ^^^ ^^^'^^ Prelervation, he proceeded to conftitute a
White Forni of Government among them, confifting of a
Governor, Governour and twelve Counfellors, incorporated by
the Name of the Governour and Afliftants of the City
ofRawlelgh in Firgima,
On the I uh of Auguji^ Manteo the faithful Indian
Tl)e hd:nn'^*^'o^ chriflen'd, and created by the Governour Lord
Maiiteo of Daffarfunpeak^ an Indian Nation fo call'd, asa Re-
Chificiid, ward of nis Fidelity and Services to the Englifh : And
on the 1 8 th of the fame Month was born the fir ft Child
that was the IfTue of Chriftian Parents in that place^
being the Daughter of iMr. Ananias Dare : She was af-
ter the Name of the Country chriften'd Virginia.

Tis from thefe fmall Beginnings that we are to trace
this Colony, which has encreas'd lb much fince, that
'tis now one of the beft Branches of the Revenue of the
Crown Q^ England.

Good Government and Induftry foon rendered Mr.
White and his Men formidable to the Indians, who
courted their Friendfhip, and made Leagues with
the Corporation, which they kept or broke as
they thought themfelves too weak or too ftrong for
the Engliilb^ who, as much as they leem'd to thrive,
underwent \o many Hardfhips for want of due Sup-
plier? from Europe^ that nothing but the invincible
Conllancy, which is the diftinguifhing Chara^er of
their Nation, could have fupported them in fo much
Mifery : yet fo far were they from repenting of their
Undertaking, or defiring to return, that they difputed
for the Liberty of remaining dXRoenoke :, and oblig'd
Mr. Vf/loite their Governour to return for England,
and follicite the Company to fend them Recruits of
Men and ^^rovifions.

Mr. White undertook to negotiate their Affairs \
and leaving 1 1 5 M^n in the Corporation, fet fail for
Enjaud, where he arrived in (afety, and was two
Ye-^.rs there before he could obtain a Grant of the ne-
cefTary Supplies : \t laft he had three Ships fitted out
for him, with Provifions and more Men for the Co-
lony. ^

He faird from PUmouth in the latter end of the Year
^5^9' 1585?. taking the ufual Courfe round by the Weftern

and

The Hifiory 0/ Virginia. 217

jind Carihbee Iflands *, for no other was then known,
rho they wereskill'd in Navigation, and in the Know-
ledge of the ufe of the Globes, yet they choie rather
tofoliow a prevailing Cuftom, and lail three thouland
Miles about, than to attempt a more direft PafTage.

On the ijtn o^ Auguji he arriv'd at Cape Hattoras^
and landing on the Illand Roemke^ found by Letters
cut on the Trees, in large Roman Chara£lers, that
the Englifh were removed, but he could not tell where-,
They law the Letters C R. O. on ieveral Trees ^
and fearching further, on one of the Pallifadoes of the
Fort which they had quitted, they found cut in large
Capital Letters the Word Croat an •, one of the i Hands
forming the Sound about 20 Leagues Southward of
Roenoke.

On this Advice they reimbark'd in queft of their
Fellows at Croatan'^ but they were Icarce aboard all
of them before a dreadful Storm arofe, which fepara-^" Eiidof
ted the Ships one from another. They lofl their An- ^^^^ ^^^"'^
chors and Cables, and durft not venture in with the '*^^^^'^'
Shores fo they all fhifted for them ielves', and with '''^"'*
various Fortunes arriv'd in England and Ireland.

There were no more Attempts to find and relieve Mr.
the 115 Men Mr. White left at Roenoke for fixteen White
Years following •, and what became of them God only retwm*
knows, for they were never heard of to this Day.
Tis luppos'd the Indians feeing them £orfaken by
tiieir Countrymen, fell upon them jina deflroy'd
diem.

This Misfortune was enough to put a flop to any
! further Enterprizes of this Nature for fome time *,
land 'tis rather a matter of Wonder, that the Englilh
I ever after it attempted a Settlement in Firginia^ than
I that they negkdled it fo long, this being thf;ir third
I Mircarria>;e, and the two laft with mufkc terri-
' Me Circumltances : Thefe were certainly the Rea-
; fbns that the Defign of fettling a Colony there was
I laid afide for (b long a while, and not Sir Walter
\Rawl€igh's Troubles, as the Author of the Hifiory
\ before mentioned pretends *, for Sir Walter from the
jYear 1^90. to the Death o^ Qii^en Eliz^aheth^ was in
ii full Favour at Court, and at the head of feveral fa-
i mous Expeditions.

I In

!

li

21 8 The Hifiory of Virginia.

1502. In the Yoar 1502. in which Queen Elizjiheth dy'A
Captain Captain Bartholomew Gofnold fitted out a fmall Vefle^
Gol'nold'j at Dartmouthj and fet fail in her from that Port, wi "
Voyage. ^ ^ Sailors and PalTengers for Flrgima, He had be
one of the Adventurers in a former Voyage thith( _
was an excellent Mariner, and had found out tha?
there muft be a fhorter cut to that part of Americc
than had hitherto been attempted ^ wherefore he de
fign'd a more direft Courle, and did not (land fo fai
to the Southward, or pafs by the Carilthee Iflands, a;
all former Adventurers had done, by which they noi
only fail'd many hundredsof Leagues out of their Way.^
but were expos'd to the difficult Shores and d.ngerou':
Currents of the Iflands, and the Coafts o^ Florida,

He attain'd his end in avoiding thofe Coafts anc
Currents, and taking a nearer Courfe than any hac
done before him.

He arriv'd in the Latitude of 42 Degrees, and a few
Minutes, to the Northward of Roenoke^ among tht
Iflands, forming the North fide of Afajfachufets Ba^
in New-England •, where not finding the Convenien-
ces he defir'd, he fet fail again j and when he thought
he had got clear of the Land, he fell upon the Bay ol
Cod^ now part of New-England,

By his Method of -Navigation he ftiorten'd his wa|
500 Leagues, and yet went farther about by asman|
more than bur Ships do now.

Captain Gofnold fliay'd fome time on the Coaft,
trading with the Indians for their Furrs, Skins, &€.
with which, Safafras and fome other Commodities^
he loaded his Ship, and returned, having too few Mci5(
in his Company to pretend to a Settlement. Thi^
Voyage was ib healtliy, that neither himfelf nor anjj
of his Crew were in the leaft indifpos'd in all the time;
He was the firfl: that had made it turn to any accoun
fince Barlow and Amidas's \^oyage *, and gave (uch 2f
f;ood Defcription of the commodious Harbours, plea*
unt Places, and profitable Trade he had met withg
that the Englifti once more began to talk of a Planta-
tion in Virginia •, and fevcral Merchants, particularly
the Mayor and fome Aldermen of Brijlolly wit
whom Mr. Hackliiit^ who made a very good Collefli;
on of Voyages to Ajnerica^ was concern'd, fet out
Ships to trade to the fame Places*

Two

The Hijlory of Virginia. 219

I fwo VefTels fitted out by the ^r//?^// Men, fell in
I'wiA the fame Land Captain Gojmid had done, fol-
llow'd his Method and Traffick, and return'd witfi
a rich Lading.

The Brifioll Merchants encouraged by this Adven-
ture, continu'd their Voyages thither, and encreas*d
their Commerce from time to time io much, that
for many Years they were the moft confiderable
Trader? to that Colony, and, confidering the Ine-
[quality of their Numbers, out-did the Londoners by
I much, till the Merchants of Lfi/^rpW/ drove them
out of the Irifh Trade, and rivalled them in that to
' Virginia.

The next Ship that fail'd thither from Englandy^2iS
commanded by Captain Martin Fringe fitted out by Capt.
the Brifloll Men, who came to Whitfan Bay, anchor'd Pring's
there, and traded with the Natives to advantage. Voyage,

The fame Year Captain Gilbert m the EUzxibeth of
London^ made a Voyage to Virginia^ but not with the
like Succels. He traded with the Savages in the Ca-
ribbee Idands, viz,, St. Liicia^ Dominica^ Nevis^ St.
Chrifiophers^ and thence proceeded to the Bay of
Chefepeac in Virginiay being the firft that ^il'd up into
it, and landed there. The Indians kt upon him and
his Company in the Woods, and Captain Gilbert
and + or 5 of his Men were kill'd by their Ar-
rows '-y upon which his Crew return'd home.

The trading Voyages of Gofnold and the Brifioll
Men began to put the Englifh on new Attempts
for a Settlement : But before it could be brought
to pafs, Henry Earl of Southampton^ and Thomxi
Lord Arundel of Warder.^ fitted out a Ship un-
der the Command of Capt. George Weymouth^ who Cipt.
fell upon the Eaftern Parts of Long-ljUnd (as 'tisWey-
now caird) where they landed, and traffick'd wirhmouthV
the Indians, made Trial of the Soil by Englifh Qmxi'VoycLge.
and found the Natives more affable and courteous than
the Inhabitants of thofe other parts of Virginia which
the Englifh had difcover'd *, but the Adventurers be-
ing gready of Gain, over-reach'd the Indian^, impo-
fing on their Ignorance ^ of which they growing jea-
lous, it occafion'd the many Murthers and Maflkcres
that follow in the Courfe of this Hiflory.

Capt.

220 The Hifiory <?f Virginia.

Capt. Weymouth enter'd the River of Powhatan
Southward of the Bay of Chefapeac. He fail'dupa
bove Forty Miles, finding the Channel deep anc
broad, being a Mile over, and 7 to i o Fathom ii
depth, having Creeks on every fide at every hal
Mile Diftance, all deep and fafe •, in which Ships o
500 Tuns may ride in many places, with a Cable or
fhore in the foft Oaze.

As he coafted alonp this River, he traffick'd with
the Natives, bartering his Trifles for their Treafures :
the Indians giving him to the value of 10 or 12/. ir
Furs, Beaver, Otter, and Sable, for five Shilling;
worth of Knives, Combs, Beads and Toyes.

In one place where he traded, he and his Crew hac
like to have been furpriz'd by the Natives, who invi
ting him afhore on pretence of Traffick, plac'd 3 oc
Men with Bows and i\rrows in an Ambufcadej hut
Capt. Weymnmh marcii'd with fo much Caution, and
fo well arm'd, that they durft ncjt attack him. He
fent his Boat 70 Miles up the Fiver, in which his Ship
lay 6 Weeks. While he was there he made trial oii|
the Soil of the Country with EngliOi Grain, which|
he found thriv'd', as it did in other parts of Flrglni^
where the Experiment had been made.

Having laden his Ship with the Commodities of the
Place, fuch as Furrs, Sallifras, and Tobacco, he re-
turn'd to England^ carrying 3 or 4 Savages whom h9
had taken Prilbners with him.

The Account he gave of his Voyage when he came
home, tempted others to adventure thither, but none
had the Courage to think of a Settlement. They had
forgot the 1 1 5 Men whom Mr. White had left at Roe-
noke : Their Pity was too weak for their Avarice,
Trade and Profit was all they thought of*, and thefe
private Adventurers would have put the Defign of a
Colony out of the Peoples head, nad not Capt. Gofnoli
fo effeftually follicited the Settlement of r/>^/^;^ in
the Court of King James^ thatfeveral Gentlemen con-
tributed towards it \ and the King incorporated twft
Companies in one Patent, bearing date the i oth of ^-
\6o6. P'^U ^^06. for two Colonies.
The South The firft Company were Sir Tho.'Gates^ Sir Geor^^
Virginia Summers^ the Reverend Mr. Richard Hacklult^ Pre-
Com^anj. fcend of WefimMer, and Edward Maria Wmgfeildy

^ Efq*,

The Hiftory of Virginia. 221

Efqj who were the London- h^v<tv\Xmtis^ and had li-
berty by tlieir Patent to feat themfelves, and fuch as
fhou'd join with them at any place on the Coaft of
1 yirginia^ between the Degrees of 3+ and 41 of Nor-
:' thern Latitude. They were allow'd to extend their
Bounds from the place of their Plantation 50 Englifti
Miles, each way, and one hundred Miles up in the
Country, direftly from the Sea-Coaft, and none was
permitted to Plantor dwell there without leave of the
Company or their Council.

This Patent included Maryland ^ Vtrginia and Ca^
\rolina^ as they are now diftinguifh'd from each other.
The lecond Company were George PophamyE(q-^ and
1 others, as we ihall (hew in the Hiftory of New Eng-
lland^ thefe were call'd the P//w<?wr^- Ad venturers.
i They had liberty by their Patent to plant and in-
[habit any Part of the Continent between the Degrees
jof 58 and 45 of Northern Latitude, with the like Pri-
jvileges and Bounds as the Firft Company.
[ In this Patent was included New-England^ New-
\Torkj NeW'Jerfey and Penfilvania^ as they are now
divided into leveral Provinces ^ but the whole Coun-
try was then call'd Firglnia^ That which was granted
to the fecond Colony, as well as that which was gran-
ted to the firft. The latter was the earlieft in their Set-
tlement : For in the fame year with the Date of their
Patent, they fitted out two Ships under the Command j ^q^^
of Cdipt.Newport^ who fell in with the Coaft near Cape
Henry ^ the Southermoft Point of the Bay Chefeapeac,

With him went the Honourable Mr.P^rcy, Brother
to the Earl of Northumberland^ Capt. Gojholly Capt.
Smith-f Capt. Ratclijfe^ Capt. Martin^ Mr. IVlngfieldj
of whom the 5 laft were of the Council. They took
a Minifter, and abundance of Handicraft Tradefmen
with them. Capt. Newport rais'd a Fort at the Mouth Cn^'t.
of the River Powhatan. Here he left 1 00 Men, with Newport.
Provifions, Arms, Ammunition, and other Necefla-
ries to make a Settlement •, and this was the firft Co- Fhji Colo-
lony that remain'd on the Place. The firft Company ny that
refolving to profecute their Undertaking vigoroufly, »«^wj"''^-
had taken Capt. John Smith into their Service. He
was a noted Seaman, who from a mean Original
had acquired a great Reputation by his Adventures.
Capr,5^^>^ chearfully undertook the Employment,

and

222 The Hiftory of Virginia.

and ventured his all on that Bottom. The Company
were impower'd by their Patent to choofe a Prefi-
dent and Counfellors to grant Commillions, and ex-
erciie judicial Authority. Accordingly they gave a
Commiftion to the Gentlemen above-mention'd to
eftablifh a Colony in their Territories, and govern
it by a Prefident and Council, who were invefted
with fufficient Authorities and Powers.

The Gentlemen who went over with Capt. Smithy
were very unkind to him, and envying his Zeal and
Experience in Maritime Affairs, the-y us'd him fo ill,
that 'twas thought they intended to put him to Death.

Mu This was carry'd on by the Prefident Mr. Wing-

W ing- fieldj a covetous haughty Perfon, who, while Capt.

field he- Smith was trading and treating with the Indian Kings,

jidcnt, contriv'd his Ruin : Falfe WitnefTes were produced
to Ivs^ear ill Defigns againft him, and he was not only
refus'd to be admitted into the Council, but thrown
into Prifon, where he lay till all the Forgeries of his
Enemies were detefted. He then was admitted a Mem-
ber of the Council -^ Mr. Wingfield was deposed from

Cj/j/.Rad-^^^ Precedency, and Capt, Radclif chofen Prefident.

cliff,* P;e- who knowing Capt. Smith's Ability, left the Admini-

fident. ftration of Affairs to him.

The Company gave Captain Newport^' when he
fet out, orders to Sail to that Part of Firginia^
where Mr. White left his Miferable Colony, tho,
there was no Security of Harbour there. Captaini
Sinith was the Pilot of this little Fleet, and as good
a Seaman as he was, went the old round-about;
way, by the Weftern and Charibbee Iflands, and paft
his o^yn Accounts in Navigation twice or thrice, in-i
fomuch that his Companions began to Defpair of
reaching the Place they were bound for, and to think
of returning to England. But when they were at the
Point of returning, Capt. Smithy with two of hisi
VeiTels, luckily fell in with Plrginia^ at the Mouthi
(^f Chefnpeac Bay. Some Authors diflinguifh Capt.j
Smith's Voyage from Capt. Newport's ^ and affirm,!
that the firil Settlement which remain'd, was made by
Smithy but others make the \'oyage of Capt. New"
port Prior to S7nith's. Leaving this Dilpute to bedeci-,
t ded by the Company's Books, and the yirginiam^ we

proceed in our Hiflory.

Capt,

The Hijiory of Virginia. 225

: Capt. Smithy when he had the Management of Af-
fairs, Duilt a Fort on the Southern Cape, which he
nam'd Cape ,H^nry^ from Prince Henry King James's
iEldeft Son : the Northern he caird Cape Charles^ from
Prince Charles^ afterwards Charles 1. And the River
Powhatan he call'd Jan^es River, after the King's own
iName.

j Before the Prefident and Council proceeded to a Jams-
'Settlement,they made a full Search of J^wf jRiver,and Town
;then the;y unanimoufly pitch'd on a Peninfula, about built,
'50 Miles up the River to build a Town upon, which
,chey caiFd James-Tov^n,

' The Soil about it is very good, the place it
-felf two thirds environ'd by the Main River, which
lafFords good Anchorage, and the other third by a fmall
narrow River, capable of receiving VefTels of 100
|Tuns, by which means the Ground the Town ftands
jupon is a fort of an Ifland. Here they built Caftles and
ia Fort, and might have gone on with Succefs, had not
their own Divifions put a fton to the Growth of their
iSettlement, and given the Indians an Advantage over
them. One hundred and eight Men ftaid upon the
place.

Tis certain that in this year 1607. the Plantation kJ'o/-
, of Virginia was firft fettled by about one hundred
Perfons, and that from thefe fmall Beginnings it rofe
' to the Figure it has fmce made in the Britifh Com-
merce. The two Ships vs^ere fent back by the Pre-
fident and Council to fetch Recruits of Men and Pro-
^ vifions, and in the me .m while thole that remain'dfell
•,to Planting and Sowing, to Building, Fortifying,
^' jand Trading with the Indians, making a prodigious .
;, jProfit by their Traffick. But each private Trader
being at liberty to fell their Goods at what Rates
he pleafe, the Engliih underfold one another, by
which means the Natives who had bought dearer
than their Neighbours, thought they were cheated,
and fo conceiv'd an Averfion to the Engliih in general,
which ended in a National Quarrel.

The Trade w^as further interrupted by a fort

of yellow Dufi-Ifwgloi, which was found to be

, , wafh'd down by a Stream in a Neck of Land on

ithe back of James-Toyvn. This the Engliih

miftook for Gold, and all their Hearts were

': ' fet

224 ^^^ Hijlory e?/ Virginia.

(et upon it, to the negleft of their real Profit by
Traffick, and their Security and Prefervation, by
making Provifion for a time of Neceflity, which then
came upon them •, for while they were all running
mad after this Vifionary Gold :, their Town was burnt,
their Stores confum'd, and they were reduc'd to the
lall Extremities of Wants. Many of them werealfc
deftroy'd by the Indians, none minding their defence,
^ fo much were they infatuated with the Hopes of Moun-
tains of Wealth, by the help of thefe N^w-found-
Sands *, and they already began to defpife the Mines
of Mexico and ?eru^ in comparifon of their own in-
eftimable Stream. In the mean time they laboured
under unfpeakable Difficulties, which however they
bore with patience, being comforted by their golden
Dreams. One of the Ships that had been fent back tc
England for Provifions, returned *, and they loaded
her home with this Tellovo Lufi^ thinking all the
Stowage wafted that was beftow'd on Furrs or Druggs.
and cou'd hardly afford any room for Cedar. Not
long after her departure the other Ship arriv'd,
and her they alfo loaded home with this imaginary
Gold Duft,with Cedar and Clap-board to fill up. Thej
were all fo bufy in Fifhing for the Dirt, that the]
cou'd fpare no time for Difcoveries, till the heat a
their Avarice began to Cool a little, and fome of the
wifer Sort to fufpeft, that according to a good ok
Englifh Proverb, All was not Gold that glifier'd. At
laft Capt. Smthj with part of the Colony, made fe-
veral Difcoveries in J^w^j- River, and up Chefapeac
Bay, with two Sloops which they had brought with
them for that Purpole.
i<fo8. In the fame Year i5o8. the Englifti firft gatherV
Indian Corn of their own Planting, and they might!
have liourifh'd, had not their Feuds, Folly, and Neg-
ligence, hinder'd their Succefs, and been the cauie
of their Future Mifchiefs. For in Capt. 5;w>A3*s ab-
ience. Matters fell into Confufion *, leveral uneafy
people were for deferting the Settlement, and attempt
ted to run away with a liiiall VefTel, which was left
to attend it, but they were prevented.

Capt. Smith in his Expedition among the Savages^,
was lurpriz'd , afTaulted , and taken Prifoner by
them. He was then making Difcovery on the Kivarl

Chico*

The Hifiory of yirgmiz, 225

Chkohomony^ where Oppecamcanoughy a King of that
Nation, fell upon him treacheroufly, and put all his
Men to death, after he had forc'd them to lay
t down their Arms. He not only fpar'd Mr. Smithes
[ Life , but carry 'd him to his Town , feafted
him, prefented him to Powhatan the Chief King of
, the Savages, who wou'd have beheaded him, had he
j not beenfav'd at the Intercellion of Powhatan's Daugh-
ter Pocahonta^ of whom \ve fhall have occafion to (ay
1 more hereafter. Capt. Smith returning to James-
i Town, found the Colony in fuch Diftra£lions, that
I 'twas likely to break up. When he had prevailed upon
them to remain there, Capt. Newport return'd with
, Supplies of Men and Provilions, and they both paid
a Vifit to Powhatan^ who receiv'd them in great State.
Capt. Newport did not (lay long in Virginia^ and Capt.
I Kadciiff refigning his Preridency,Capt.5w/>/7 was una- Capt-
I nimoufly denr'd to accept of that Office. He made a Smith Pre
1 fecond Expedition for Difcoveries, leaving Mr. Scrive- fiicnu
ner Vice-Prefident, but the Affairs of the Settlement
i ftill ran to deflruftion.

In the year following, 1609, John Layden^ and
Anne Burroughs were marry 'd, which was the firfl
Chriftian Marriage in Firglnia^ and in the fame
Year the Prefident and Council at James-Town fen tout
People to make two other Settlements, one at Nan-
famund , under Capt. Martin in James-Kivtt \ and
;the other at Powhatan^ 6 Miles below the Falls of
y^wfj-River , under the Honourable Mr. Weji :
Mr. Martin attempting to feize the King of Nanfa-
mundy was forc'd to fly from his Settlement, and Mr.
Wefl: did not ftay long at his.

I The Colony was by this time fo encreas'd by Recruits
from England^ that the People of Ja7nes'To\\n cou'd
fpare 120 Men for each of thefe Settlements. Not
^long after another Settlement was made at Kiquotan^
it the Mouth of James-KiVQV, Powhatan was an In-
dian Town, and was bought of Powhatan King of
jH^<?rocowj?c:o, for fome Copper.

j The Company mEngland underftanding how preju- '
llicial the Divifions in their Colony were to the ad-
l/ancement of the Settlement, Petitioned the King for ^^'^ D^"
eave to appoint a Governour, which was granted them q'^I^
n a new Patent. Purfuant to this Grant they made the

I

1

226 The HipryMf Vh'giak. :,j

sir Tho. Lord Delaware Governour of the Colony, whofe : 4
Gates, L^/> Brother Mr. IVefl liv'd then in Virginia. My Lord!
George appointed three of the Members of the Society, Sir|
Summers, 77^^;^^;^^- Gates^ Sir George Summers^ and Captain New-]'
K^^' porf, to be Joint Deputy Governours. I

"TJ^^o- Thefe three Gentlemen embark'd in one Ship, and !
vern'ors.' ^^^ ^^^U with eight mure in their Company, loadeni
with Provifions and Neceflaries. The Ship in which I1
the Governours were, being feparated from the reft !
in a Storm, was driv'n afhore, and ftav'd at Bermudai^\%
but the Crew were all fav'd, and the three Gover-i
nours with the reft", who, notwithftandingthe dan-||
oersthey had run, were always jangling, to the great i
detriment of their Affairs.

While they were there, the two Knights had per«^i
petual Quarrels among themfelves, formed Faftions f
and their Differences grew to fuch a height, that they
w^ould not embark in the lame \'effel *, fo they builti
each of them one of Cedar, picking up the Furniture
of their old Ship for Rigging *, and inftead of PitcJi
and Tar, they made ufe otFifh Oil, and Hogs Greafe
mix'd with Lime and Afhes.

Several of the Nine Ships that came out with the
Governours, arriv'd in James-KwQ): '^ and by their
Arrival, encreas'd the Diforder in the Settlements
there*, for, pretending that the new Commiffion
dilfolv'd the old one, they would not fubmit to the
Government they found on the Place •, the fatal Con-
fequcnce of which we fball fee hereafter.

We mull: now return to Capt. Smithy who while

the Company were preparing to difpatch away the

three Governours, and thofe Gentlemen ftay'd at

s Bermudas^ continu'd his making Difcoveries with

great Difficulties and Hazards *, in which he was op«

pos'd by Powhatan *, with whom he made War, and

nad frequent Advantages of the Indians, tho not with*

Cdpt, out Lofs ;, himfelf was twice taken Prifoner by him,

Smith'i once, as was hinted before, as he was making a Di*

Mven- fcovery of the Head of Chickahojnony River, and a*

tiira, nother time by an Ambufcade at O?iawmoment. The

manner of his Treatment among the Indians, and his

Elcape, his Friend (bip with Nautaquavs the King's

Son, and the furprizing Tendernefs of Focahontahii

Daughter for him, when he \\^% about to be executed,

arc

The Hiftory ^/Virginia. 227

re Incidents equally agreeable and furprizing. He
las given a large Account of them in his own Hiftory,
;o which the Reader is refer'd *, only we cannot omit
elating the wonderful Humanity of Pocahoma^ who
hen Mr. Smiths Head was on the Block, and ihe
•uld not prevail with her Father to give him hisTheFriend*
fe, put her own Head upon his, and ventured thei^^P of Po-
ceiving of the Blow to fave him, tho f}iewaithen^^'^o"t:a,
tree thirteen Years old: A remarkable Inftance,^''^/^'^^-^
iw vain we are to our (elves, in thinking that all who ^^^^^j^'
o not refemble us in our Cuftoms are barbarous.
We fhall have occafion in this Chapter to fay (bme-
ing more of this generous Lady, who was the firft
■yirginian that ever fpoke Englifh, or had a Child by
Englifhman, and the fir ft Chriftian of tTiat Nation.
Capt. Smith having twice got out of the Hands of
the Indians, proceeded in advancing the new fettled
Colony, which was now fo numerous, that there
'Were 500 Men in James-Cityy and Plantations up and
down the Country^ but Mr. Smith happening to be
•blown up by the accidental firing of fome Gun-pow- ^^*^^
der in his Boat, was fo wounded that his Life wr.sde-Smith ^<f-
fpair'd of, and his Friends oblig'd him to embark for mrm to
England to be cur'd. England.

He was no fooner gone, but thofe he left behind,
Capt. Radclifdind Capt. Martin^ fell out among them-
felves, and the Confufion encreas'd upon the Arrival
of the Ships belonging to the three Governours Fleet.
The Colony foon mifs'd their late Prefident Mr. Smithy
who by his Wifdom, Vigilance, Courage and Care,
preferv'd the Settlements in good Order. Without
him they had certainly been deftroy'd, either by their
own Lazinefs and Negligence, or the Treachery and
Cruelty of the Indians: He always kept their Grana-
ries full, and by fair means or force oblig'd the Indi-
ans to bring in Corn and Provifions. He aw*d them
fo much by his Valour, that they durft not make any
Attempts againft the Englifti, for wkofe defence he
rais'd Forts and Batteries, and was indeed the Soul of
the Settlement *, for as foon as he left it the People de-
creas'd daily, and by the Treafon of the Natives, or
Want and Hunger, to which they were foon red uc'd,[y^?''-^'^'''^J.
their Numbers were lefTen'd to <?o, when Sir 777(?w^j^^^/*^,^*L/
6cHes and Sir George Summers arriv'd : Tis true, tliey ^^ '^ ^'

Q^ 2 made

228 The Htjlorj of Virginia.

made fome unfiiccefsful Attempts to defend them-
(elves ^ Capr. SlckUmore and Capt. Radcliffy with a:i
Company of iMen, going amongft the Indians to trade,
wtre furpriz'd, and ^o Men (lain by Poxvhatan^ who!
would have no Dealing wuth them after Capt. 5;w/r/7's i
Departure. All thole that had fettled in any'
other part of the Country, fled from the Indians
to James-Town^ except the Planters at Kiquotan^ whoj
being defended by Algernoon-Yoxty maintained them-
felves againfi the Natives, but could not fubfifl: for
want of Provifions, which they, as well as their
Country-men at James -Town ^ had wafted, and like
them they w^ere almoft familh'd : Their Diftrefs wasi
fo great, that they fed on the dead Bodies of the Indi-
ans w^hom they (lew, and even dug up and eat thofe-
that were bury'd.

This dreadful Famine is ftill remem.ber'd in Firgi-
tiiaj by the Name of the Starving Time. The Perfons
who came in the laft Ships continu'd thei»* DiiTeutioii'
am !. ^.fi: thefe Calamities*, during whicn, fomeofthenl
wh(^ pretended to be of the Three Governours Coun-^
cil, aflum'd the Adminiftration •, and tho t\\Q Commit*
fion was not arrived, ufurp'd the Power of Governing,;
to the Rnin of the Settlement -^ which, by Famind.
and Sicknefs, bred by bad Diet, w^ere reduc'd from a-
bove 500 to 5o Perfons.

The Three Governours in the mean while fet fail
1610, on the nth o^ A4ay^ \6io. h'om Bermudas^ in their
two fmall Cedar Ships, with 150 Men in their Com-
pany I, and in t j. Day arriv'd in JTirginia, They went
up to James-Town with their VefTels, where they
found the poor Remains of the Colony. .

Sir Thomas Gates^ Sir George Summers, and Capt.-
Newport pity'd their deplorable State, and immediate-'
ly call'd a Council, to confult of what fhould be done
for their Relief. They inform'd them they had but
16 Days Provifion aboard, and demanded of them
whether they would venture to Sea with that, or ftay.
in the Settlement, and take their Fortunes \ in which-
they would very willingly fhare with them.

They foon relblv'd to abandon James-Townj and re-
turn for England \ and, becaufe Provilions fell fhort,
to call at the Banks oi New-foimdland^ in hopes to meef
J' )iie Fifhienucn there, and in fuch caie, to divide-

them-

The Hiftory 0/ Virginia. 229

tlieni(elves into feveral Crews, and go aboard feveral
Ships, for their better Accoinodation.

This Refolution being taken, they all wont aboard,
and fell down to HogA{[i\\l the gXh of Juue^ at Night ^
I and the next Morning to Mulberry-Mhnd^y 18 Miles
below James'Tow?7y and 30 from th^ Mouth of the Ri-^^^^ ^ord
ver ^ where they fpy'd a Ship's Boat coaiing upto^\^3warc
them, which the Lord Delaware had fent before him ^'''''^^'■^•
to found the Channel.

This Lord brought with him .? Ships, very well
provided with all manner of Provifions and NecelTa-
ries, and 250 People to recruit the Colony. The
Lord Delaware perfwaded them to return to Janies-
Town j and by his good conduft brought the SettL-mjnt
into a flourifhing Condition. He reftor'd Difcipline
among them, renew'd their Trade with the Indians,
which had been interrupted by their Wars with them \
and made the Savages once more afraid of attacking
them, cither openly, or by furprize.

In his time the Government had the Form of an E-
ftablifhment, and feveral Men of Qiiality bore Offices
in it, as the Lord Delaware Lord Governour, and
Captain General, Sir Thomas Gates Lieutenint Gene-
ral, Sir George Summers Admiral, the Honourable
George Plercy Efq-, Governour o{ James-Town and Fort-,
Sir Ferdinando Wenman Malterof the Ordnance, Capt.
Newport Vice Admiral, William Strachy Efq-, Secreta-
ry ^ an Appearance of Officers that has not fince that
time been (qqw in f^irginia.

My Lord fent Sir George Summers and Capt. Ary^ail
to Bermudas to fetch Provifions : Sir George d)/'d m
the Voyage •, but Capt. Argali got a Supply of Cod-
fifh at Sagadahoc in New- Er/ gland.

Sir Tho??2as Gates was lent for by the Company at
; London^ to give them an Account of ♦^heir Proceedings *, Ih //<?«
and the Lord Delaware being taken fick, left Mr. Per- ^'^^'-irdble
cy Deputy Governour, and return'd to England -^^-o. Pki-
where he made the Adventurers fuch a plcafmg Rj-^'j^'^-J»
port of their Affairs, that they order'd it to be pub- (jlij^ll^^^
lifh'd.

There were now about 250 Men on 7^w;<?i-River •,
over whom Sir Thomas Dale was plac'd, with the Ti-5/> Tho.
tie of Marlhal General, by the London CoancW : HeDile^Irf/.
arriv'dtherethe lothofy^w^, i^n. \Yith three Shi pU'^-*'-
' Q 3 Udea

25 o The Hifiory of Yirgimz.

laden with Provifions and NecefTaries, having Su]>
plies of Men, and fbme live Cattle, and HogsaDoard,
For Labour and Breed.

On his Predecedor's Departure the Colony fell
into their old Diforders, and began to oe in
Want, occafion'd by their Sloth and Diflention.
They depended on their Supplies from Englandy'
and negkded to plant Corn, to fubfift them in
cafe of a Difappointment, which they might reafon*
ably have expefted, confidering the Length and Ha-
zards of the Voyage.

From this Knights Government the Profperity of
the Plantation may be dated, for he fet all the Englifh
to work, and did not difdain to put his own Hand to
the Spade and the Axe, to help to turn up the Earth,
and fell Trees *, and that they might no more depend
on the Natives for Corn, he put them upon fowing
Grain of their own ^ which, tho they did not begin to
prepare the Ground till the Middle of May^ yielded
an indifferent good Crop : he ordered Land to be waird
in for Fences from wild Beafts, and the wilder Indi-
ans : He enlarg'd the Englifh Bounds *, furvey'd the
Rivers to find out a Place convenient for the building
Ddes'Glft a new Town, which was done at his own Charge,
f*^^'' and was from him call'd Dales-Gift.

The Company in England^ notwithflanding they
had hitherto met with very little Encouragement,
continu'd to fupply their Colony with all forts of Ne-
ceflaries, follicited to do it by the Lord Delaware and
Sir Thomas Gates : The latter wms fent with 6 Ships
more, having 350 Men on board, 100 Head of live
Cattle, and Plenty of Provifions and Tools for Labour
and Life.

sir Tho. Sir Thorns arriv'd in Auguji^ took upon him the

Gates Co- Government *, and in September he fettled a new Town

vernor, at Arrahattuck^ about fixty Miles above J^/fj-City,

calling it Henricopolis^ or Henry' s-Towrty in honour

oi Henry Prince of Wales,

Henrico- Here he built Forts and Centry-boxes, and ran a

polls ^/7r. Palifudoe on the other fide of the River at Coxendale^

tofecure their Hogs.

The Englifh now ploughed the Ground, whereas
before they planted all their Corn with the Spade *,
they alfo fpread themfelves abroad in the Country,

and

The Hiftory of Virginia. 2 J i

and polTefs'd themfelves of private Plantations, which
they cultivated, and planted Tobacco and Corn, each
Planter paying a Quit-Rent to the Treafury of the
Colony.

Their Cattle, efpecially their Hogs, encreas'd pro-
digioufly j Laws and Order began to flourifh, Indu-
ftry to thrive, and the Plantation to have the Face of
a Settlement that look'd to be laftnig :, yet it Vv-is not
long before new Dangers threaten'd their Deftrudion ;
from which however the hand of God deliver'd
them.

The Company at London finding the Colony was Chuntes
in a flourifhing Condition, thought it their Duty to ^h/Vj.
provide for the Welfare of their Souls, as well as their
Bodies *, and to that end invited many charitable Per-
fons to contribute to the building them Churches, and
founding Schools for the Education of their Youth.
Many devout People, in hopes of propagating the
Gofpel, open'd their Purfes;, Minifters were fent
over, Churches built, and fupply'd with Prea-
chers *, as will be fhewn more at large in its proper
place.

In: the Year 1512. Capt. Argall^ afterwards Sir i6iil
Samuel^ arriv*d from England with- two Ships more
for the ufe of the Settlement. Sir Thomas fent Argall
to Potowmack to buy Corn, where he met with Poca-
honta^ the Lady of whom we have before made ho-
nourable mention. He invited her to come aboard
his Ship, which with fome fmall difficulty fhe con Ten-
ted to, being betray'd by the King of PajUncy^ Bro-
ther to the King of Potowmack^ with whom Ihe then
refided,

Agall having got her in his Cuftody, detain d her, Pocohon-
and carry'd her to James-Town^ intending to oblige ^^ J^^l ^
her Father King Powhatan to come to what Terms he /^^^J'*
pleas'd, for the Deliverance of his Dau.^hter : Tho the ^
King lov'd her tenderly, yet he wou'd not do any
thing for her fake which he thought was not for his
own and his Nations Intereft-,nor would he be prevail'd
upon to conclude a firm Treaty of Peace, tho Sir Tho-
mas Dale went himfelf to treat with him about it, be-
ing then Marfhal under Sir Tloomas Gates^ till he heai^d
his Daughter, who turned Chriftian, and was chrift-
n^d Rsbsccay was marry'd to Mr, John Rolfe^ an Englifh

Q 4 Gentle

2^2 The Hiftory of Virginia.

She mams Gentleman, her Uncle giving her in Marriage in the
ill^-.Rolfc. Church.

Powhatan approv'd of the Marriage, took it^
for a fincere Token of Friendfhip, and was fo pleased'
with it, that he concluded a League with the Englifh jl
Kfij. in the Year I <^i 3. Intermarriage was propos'd at that
time, as a fure means of continuing the Peace with
the Indians : And how far it would have anfwer'd that
end. the Reader may judge j but the Englifh were not
fond of taking the Indian Women to their Beds at
their Wives. Whether it was on account of their
being Pagans or Barbarians we cannot decide*, or
whether that Nicety was not very unfeafonable in the
Infancy of the Settlement.

By Powhatan's Alliance with the Englifh, and Mr.
Rolfe's marrying an Indian Princefs, a great Nation
were made Friends to the Colony : And thus they
conceived hopes that they had fecur'd them lei ves from
the Infults of the Savages : But we fhall fee in a Page
or two they flatter'd themfelves in their Security,
when they were never nearer Deflru£lion. Tho Sir
Thomas Gates was on the fpot, yet Sir Thomas Dale
had a great Ihare in the Government^ and Capt.
Argall reduc'd the Chkohomony Indians.

There two Gentlemen were very induflrious in the

Service of the Colony *, and the former. Sir Thomas

Dale^ upon Sir Thomas Gates's return to England^ in

C4/>t. Geo. the Year 1514. prefided over it two Years*, during

Yardly which time it fiourifh'd *, and he then going for £«g-

Zfep. Go- i^^^^ jgf^ r:apt. George Tardly Deputy Governour ^

1T16 ^^^^ ^^' M' ^"^ ^^^ ^^^^ Pocahonta with him, and
• arriv'd at Plimouth the 1 2th o{June.

Capt. Smith hearing the Lady who had been fo kind

to him was arriv'd in England^ and being engag'd at

that time in a Voyage to New- England^ which hin-

der'd his waiting on her himfelf, petitioned Queen

Pocohon- -^'^^^J Confort to King Jamcs^ on her behalf, fetting

ta arriyes ^^^^^ the Civilities he had receiv'd from her, and the

in Eng- Obligations (he had laid upon x.\iq Englifh, by the Ser-

Jand. vices fhe had done them with her Father.

The Qiieen received his Petition gracioufly, and
before Capt. Smith embark'd for New-England, Mr.
Rolfe came with his Wife from Plimouth to London.
The Smoak of the City offending her, he took Lodg-
ings

The Hifiory of Virginia. 2 j j

*ng5 for her at Brentfordy and thither Capt. Smith
went with feveral Friends to wait on her.

Focahonta was told all along that CdL^tSmith was dead,
I to excuie his not coming to Virginia again, from
I which he had been diverted, by fettling a Colony in
i New-England. Wherefore when this Lady faw him^f^er Treah
thinking the Englilh h d in;ur'd her in telling her dL^f^^' ^^
FalfKy, which Ihe had ill deferv'd from them, {hQ^'^''^f^
i was fo angry, fhe wou'd not deign to (peak to him ^ ^^'^^'^^^^^
I but at laft, with much Perfwafion and Attendance,
\ was reconcil'd, and talk'd freely to him : She then
I put him in mind of the Obligations fhe had laid upon
I him ^ reproach'd him with forgetting her, with an
I Air fo lively, and Words fo fen fible, that one might
I have feen Nature abhors nothing more than Ingra- •
! titude j a Vice which even the very Savages de-
Iteft.

I She was carry'd to Court by the Lady Delaware^

\ and entertain'd by Ladies of the firft Quality, towards

.whom fhe behav'd her felf with fo much Grace and

I Majeffcy, that fheconfirm'd the bright Character Capt.

Smith had given of her. The whole Court were

i charm'd with the Decency and Grandeur of her De-

' portment fo much, that the poor Gentleman her Huf-

band, was threaten'd to be call'd to an account for

marrying a Princefs Royal without the King's Con-

fent.

Tho in that King James fhew'd a very notable piece
of King-Craft •, for there was no likelihood that Mr.
Rolfe by marrying Pocahonta^ could any way endan-
! ger the Peace of his Dominions, or that his Alliance
with the King o^Wiccomoco could concern the King of
Great-Britain : Indeed we are told that upon a fair and
foil Reprefentation of the Matter, th« King was pleas'd
to be fatisfy'd.

The Lady Pocahonta having been entertain'd with
all manner of Refpe£l in England^ was taken ill at
Gravefend , where fhe lay in order to embark for
Virginia : She dy'd there with all the Signs of a finccre .

1 Chriftian, and true Penitent. f'f''' ,"'

I She had one Son by Mr. Rolfe, whofe Pofterity^^S'""^* •
I are at this day in good Repute in Virginia.
I Capt. Tardly, whom Sir Thomas Dale had left Go-
vernour, let the Buildings and Forts run to Decay,
w being

2J4 ^^^ Hijlory of Virginia,

being fo eager in planting Tobacco, that he neglefted
the Security of the Settlements, and would not fpare
Hands enough to keep the Fortifications in repair :
He alfo omitted fowing Corn. And thus the Colo-
ny fell into their ufual Diftrels, were reduc'd to great
Want, and expos'd to the Mercy of the Indians.
1^17. jri the following Year Sir Samuel Argall came o-
Srr Sam. ^^^ Governour ', who was grieved to fee the Number
Cmmior ^^^^^ People leffen'd, and every thing running tc
ruin.

The Indians al(b, by mixing with the Englifli, had
learnt the ufe of Fire- Arms ^ and the Planters out ol
Lazinefs employ'd them to hunt and kill Wild-Fowl
for them.

Sir Samuel Argall did what he could to regulate theft
Diforders \ but the Mifchief had taken fo deep root
that he could not hinder its Growth.

Capt. Yardly return'd to England^ and Sir Samuel Ar
gall govern 'd the Colony in Peace till the next Year.
leil, \6\%, when the Lord Z)f /^«r^rf , who all this time
feems to have been Chief Governour, and thofe thai
fucceeded him only his Deputies, came near the
Coaft with 200 choice Men, frefli recruits of Provifi
ons, and all manner of NecelTaries.

My Lord ftill fail'd the old way by the Canary anc
Uri DQ,Carihbee Iflands. The Length of the Voyage had ar
laware iU Effeft on his People, of whom jody'dj and th<
dies un the^ord Delaware him (elf did not live to reach Plr-
f^oaft, ginia *, fo that Sir Samuel continu'd in the Govern
ment.

Powhatan dying in April^ left his Kingdom to his
fecond Brother Itopatin^ who renewed the LeagiK
with the Englifh : But this Prince was foon outct(
of his Dominions by Oppecancanough his youngCl
Brother, who reign'd over Chickahomonyy mad<
himfelf Mafter of all the Nations around him
and his Empire at laft became formidable to the Eng
gliih.

Sir Sam. Argall finding his Colony was in Peace, and
that they thriv'd a-pace under his Government, began
to look about him a little, and refolv'd to undertake
an Expedition on the Coafts, to make Difcovefiesj
and didodge the French, who had fettled in Acadia,

The Hifiory of Virginia. 2^5

In his 'way he drove out fome Hollanders^ who sir
had (eated themfelves on Hudfons River ^ he then 5am. Ar-
attack'd a Settlement of French to the Northward S^^!'? £x-
' of Cape Cod ^ and afterwards drove Monfieur 5/>«-f^^'."^"*
court from Port- Royal in Canada^ where the French ^'^'"V^^
had fow'd and reap'd, built Barns, Mills, and other ^7«ci&
Conveniences.

Thofe of them that were for returning to Frame
he permitted to embark ^ which fome of them did,
and others went up the River of Canada^ to make a
new Settlement there.
With the Plunder of thefe two Forts Sir Samuel
ireturn'd to Virginia: And how he could juftifiehis
attacking the Subjefts of a Prince who vvas at Peace
with his Mafter King James^ does not appear in the
Hiftories which mention this Event *, only we are
told, that fome Months after it there arriv*d a fmall
Ve{fel from England^ which did not (lay for any thin?,
but as foon as Governour Argall was on board, it (§t
fail, and carry'd him home. The occafion of hisbe-'^<^/*'''^-
' ing recaird is not know *, and therefore 'tis imputed ^^^ ^'
to his attacking the French. ^^^^•

He left Capt. Nathaniel Powell Deputy •, who the ^^^^"[^
fame Year rengn'd his Office to Sir George lardly^ jy^ q^_
whom King James had Knighted, and the Company yermr,
nude Governour. sir Geo-

1 here arriv'd with Sir George^md fome Months after Yardly
; him,! 300 Men in 21 Ships, the Earl o( Southamptony one Governor,
\ of the Company at London^ being zealous to furnifh
I them with Supplies of Men, Cattle and other Provifi-
i ons. Thefe ieated themfelves in all the Plantations
I that' had been deferted, and planted new ones. And
, now the Colony grew fo numerous, that to have the
i Confent of the whole in the Paling of any Laws or
' Orders for the Publick Good, Reprefentatives
were appointed to be chofen for every Precinft,
whom the People were to Eleft in their feveral Plan-
tations.

Thefe Reprefentatives, being the firfl A(remblyr)6tf)F)/?
that fat in Firginia^ met at James-Town in May^ 1 6io, JJf^mblj.
The Governour and Council at firfl fat with them, i<^2a.
as the High Commiflioner, Lords and Commons, fit
together in the Parliament in Scotland *, here the
Affairs of the Settlement were debated. We fhall fee

in

2j6 The fSJtory of Virgmh. :

in the folowing Chapters how this Method of their; i
Seflion came to be alter'd. ' i

In jiuguji a Dutch Ship put in there with Negroes,'
and the Merchant fold 20, which were the firft Slaves!
that were brought thither horn Guinea, ThisYearj'
alfb the Boundaries of James-City were mark'd out,-'
and Land was laid out in (everal Places, to thei:
Company, to the Governour, the College, thej
Churches, and particular Perfons : New Settlements:
were made in James and Tork Rivers : \^ery great Sup-j
plies continually came over : A Salt-work was fet up
at Cape Charles^ an Iron Work at FalLng Creek •, and 1
Siv George Tar dly feem'd to make amends for his for-!
mer Male-Adminiftration ^ yet he ftill fuffer'dthe Peo-
ple to grow fee u re, and neglected providing for their j
Defence. He was fucceeded in the Government by
J/r Fran- Sir Francis Wyat^ a young Man, who arrived in O^o-
cisWyat, her^ 1^21. and this Year more Men fettled there,
Governor, y^\^Q falling to Planting, they made fo much Tobac-f
1621, co^ that the Market was over-ftock'd, and the Com-'
moiity yeilded little or nothing. The King pitying^.,
their Lofs by it,commanded that no Planter i^ou'd the
next year plant above 1 00 /. of Tobacco a Man, ad-
vifing them to turn their fpare time to provide Com
. and vStock, and make Potaih or other Manufa£lures.
\n November Capt. iVnpp<?r/- arrived with 50 Men oa
his" own Account, and fettl'd a Plantation at the
Place, which from him is call'd Newport's News , Set-
tlements were made as far as Patowmeck River, where.
the Indians never molefted the Englifh. On the con-
trary, they were always friendly and ferviceable to
them.

The General AfTembly appointed inferiour
Courts, caird County-Courts, to be held for the
more convenient Diftribution of Juftice in Caufes
of lefs moment : The reft were try'd before the
Governour and Council,who were the (upream Court
of Judicature in the Country. The Profperity and
Increafe of the Colony render'd the Englifh carelefs
of their Safety. They convers'd frequently and open-
ly with the Indians, admitted them to eat, drink, and
Jleep with them, and wou'd often do the fame at their
Cahbins \ by this Means the Savages became acquain-
ted with their Strengtl^, and learnt the ufe of Guns*

They

The Hijlory of Virginia. 2J7

They knew their Places of Refidence and Refort,
and their Fear of them by degrees wearing off, pre-
par'd 'em for any bold Enterorize againft them on
; the firft occafion •, And 'twas not long before their
I Emperor Oppecancanough took an Affront for the Mur-
1 derof one of his Captains, a Man very eminent in his
1 Nation for his Valour. This Fc^llow had robb'd
j one Aiann'mg^ and kill'd him \ for which he was about
J to have beea apprehended and carry'd before a Juftice
[of Peace, whm he came next tmie into theEngUfh
! Boundaries ', but making fome Refiftance he was fhot
j dead.

\ Oppecancanovgh^ on News of the Death of his Cap-
jtain, relblv'd to be reveng'd, and he and his Indians
Contrjv'd a general Maffacre of the Englifh, which
was to he executed on Friday the 22^ of Marc h^ 1622, i S22.
and moil of the Nations of the Indians were engag'd T}s Eng*
in the Confpiracy, which was reveal'd to Mv, Pace^^fi^^JT^'
by a converted Indian, or the MafTacre in all proba- ^[^^ ^ .
bility hdd been general. thelniim.

The Difcovery he made being but 4 or 5: Hours
before the intended Execution of it, the remoter Plan-
tations cou'd not take the allarm, and the Englifh that
dwelt neareft to the Savages, w^ere barbaroully but-
cher'd. Men, Women and Children, by them, to the
Number of 3 3 4. Perfons. Mx,Tace fled to James- Jorvriy
and fo did all to whom he cou'd give notice of the
Confpiracy. Others flood on their Defence,and made
a retreating Fight to their Forts. The Plantations
were deferted,and the Planters who liv'd at a Diftance
Commanded to fet their Houfes, Barns, Store-houfes,
&c. on Fire, to repair to the Forts, and defend them-
felves againft the Common Enemy. Mod of thofe
that were kill'd, fell by their own Weapons, Inftru-
ments, and Working Tools. Thofe who were at
the Works at the iron Mines near Falling Creehy
were all murder'd, except a Boy and a Girl who hid
rhemlelves. This Iron Work cou'd never after be re-
ftor'd, nor the Lead Mines, which the Super in tendant
lad juft then difcover'd, he found out. The Projeft
if Glafs-houles at James-Town was ruin'd by the Maf-
acre, which put Improvements out of Peoples Heads :
rom this time they were fo enrag'd at the Natives,
Jiat they never gave over warring with them till they

had

2jg The Hijlory of Virginia.

had alniofl utterly extirpated the Nations that were
concerned in the MafTacre. They dealt the fame
meafure to them that they had received from
'em ^ And the Savages, fearing the Englifh after
♦ they were colle6led into one Body, fled to the

Woods. The Governour invited them to return
to their own Habitations, and plant their Corn,
which on promife of Peace they did \ and when they
were as lerure as the Englifh had been, the latter
fell upon them, cut great numbers of 'em to pieces,
and deftroy'd their Corn and Habitations. They at-
tack'dand entirely dG{iwy'dPowhata?jyOppeca^ca?7ovgh*s
Royal Seat, where in imitation of the Enelifh he had
built him a Houfe, and was fo pleased with the Con-
trivance of a Lock and Key to fafteri the Door, that
'tis faid his Imperial Majefty fpent moft part of his
Time in locking and unlocking it, wondring how fuch
a (light Turn of his Hand , fhould have fuch an
efFeft on the Door and Poftern. The Englifh conti-
nu'd to aflaultthe Indians where-ever they found them,
they deferred thoie Parts where they tlien mhabited,
and the Colony receiving frefh Supplies from England^
and Arms and Ammunition out of the Tower by the
King's Command, extended themfelves every way,
and planted over all the Country, as 'tis now peopled
and cultivated.

Some time after this Maflacre, feveral Gentlemen
procur'd Grants of Land in England from the Com-
pany, and others came over on their private Accounts
to make Settlements *, among the former was one
Capt. MartWy who was nam'd to be of the Council.
This Man raii^'d fo many Differences among them,
that new Diftraftions followed, which the Indians cb-
ferving, took heart, and once more fell upon the Eng-
lifh on the Borders, deflroying them, without pity-
ing either Age, Sex, or Condition.

Thefe and other Calamities being chiefly imputed

to the Mifmanagement of the Proprietors,whofeLofres

. ^ had fo difcourag'd moft of their beft Members, that

Ciha^-Ies 1 ^^^^ ^"^^ ^^^^^* ^^^^^^? ^^"8 Charles I. on his Acceflioil!

difhlves ' ^^ ^^^ Throne, diflolv'd the Company, and took the

the Com- Colony into his own immediate Dircdion. He ap-

fAtij. pointed the Governour and Council himfelf, order'd

all Patents and Procefs to ifTue in Jiis own Name, and

refcrv'd

The Hifiory of y'lrgmiai. 239

referv'd a Quit-rent of 2 s. for every hundred Acres.

We have been the larger in our Account of theDif-
covery and Settlement of Virginia^ becaufe that part
of the Hiftory of the Colony is (lightly touched by
moft of the Writers who have treated of it, and we
have from all of 'em taken fo many Particulars, as will
I together give the Reader a clear Idea of the Infancy,
i Growth and Increafe of this Settlement, from Capt.
Amldas and Capt. Barlow's Difcovery of the Country,
to the Government of Sir John Harvey who was the
firft Governour of Firginia after the DiHolution of the Ue prefent
I Company. The King ordcr'd the future Form of its Cwftimi-
iConftitution to be by a Governour, a Council o( on fettled*
; twelve Gentlemen, and the AfTembly ct)nrifting as has
been faid, of Reprefentatives deputed by thefeveral
Towns and Counties in the Colony. He granted large
! Tracks of Land to Gentlemen and others in England^
land to fome of them added Authority independent of
ithe Government, giving each Gentleman the fame
Power in his Province as the Proprietors of P^irginia
j had formerly. The greateft of thefe Grants was that
; of the whole Territory of Maryland^ which was
I giv'n by the King to George Calvert^ Lord Baltimore,
j The Virginians pretend that this Divifion of their
t Country into feparate Provinces, created feparate In-
} terefts, and that the General Advantage of the whole,
j has often fuffer'd by their Oppofition to the Regula-
I tions which have been made for the Common Good.
They tell us, that when the Government of Virginia
has thought fit to prohibit the Exportation of bad
Tobacco to help the Market in England^ the Plan-
ters of Maryland have pour'd in as much Trafh as they
cou'd make, to take the Advantage of that Marker.
Whether the People of A^aryland have not the fame or
the like Complaints to make a^ainft the Firginians^ is
to be doubted, and that the Induftry and good Ma-
nagement of that Colony have fet an Example ev'n to
her Mother-Plantation, which it had been better with
her if fhe had follow'd. We muft leave thisDifputc
to be decided by the Gentlemen concerned in it, and ^,v John
continue our Hiftory oi Virginia^ during the Admini- Harvey,
ftration of Sir John Harvey^ who was a great Promo- chi'ernor.
ter of the large Grants that were made of Land in his
Province, and often went fo far, that he procur'd the

very

140 The Hijlory of Virginia.

very Settlements which had been made before to
included. In a word, he was a very bad Governoui
fevere in his Extortions and Exaftious, in Fines ai
Forfeitures,proud and turbulent in his Councils,and
unjufl and arbitrary, that the Gentlemen of the CoU
t6i9' ny not being able to endure hisTyranny,feiz'd him,ai
Seized and fgnt him Prifoner to London^ in the Year i <?^ p- The
ferit to deputed tw^o of their Members to accompany hir^
England. ^^^ exhibit their Grievances to King Charles I. wh
was fo far from redrefting them, that he immediate!
order'd Sir John Harvey to return to his Government
But the Cry of the Plantation was fo loud, that it WJ
to be fear'd it might reach the Parliament : To pre
vent which Sir John was foon recalFd, and Sir WU
Sir Wil- 11^^ Berkley order 'd to fucceed him.
ham^rk- j^ Sir John Harvey's T/'wf, fays Bullock in his Di(^
vermr^' courfe of Virginia, what perplexed Condition were botl^
he and the Gentlemen of the Country in^ when upon hisi
Complaint they were fent for from Virginia,fo anfwer hert
in England at the Council Board \ and again upon their \
Complaint he and his Friends mufi come to London toan'\
fwer at the fame place ^ and this iterated^ hefides conti'^
nual Heavings and Shovings between two Parties^ dec. •
The Differences between the Governour and the
Colony occafion'd fo much Confufion, that the Indians
who watch'd all Opportunities to fall on the Englifh,,
furpriz'd them again, and cut off 500 Men, Women,
and Children.
Jvother Oppecancanough highly refented the Incroachments
MajJAcre. that had been made on his Dominions by the late
Grants, and had contriv'd another General Maflacrej
but the Englifh were fcatter'd up and down in fo mat'
ny feparatePlantationSjthat 'twas impoflible for him to
deftroy them at once, without an entire Conqueft, to
which he cou'd not pretend. However,he order'd the
Savages in all Quarters to MaflTacre the Borderers, and
himfelf and his Indians were the moft a£live of all in
deftroying thofethat had fettled on 7or;(:- River, by the
Natives Cdi\V^Pamaunkee^^\\^\-Q he himfelf kept his rude
Court, and had fix'd the Seat of his Empire. This
Prince is by Mr. S7mth faid to be Powhatan's Brother.
He was of a large Stature, a noble Prefence, and un-
derftood the Arts of Government as well as 'tis pof-
fiblc for a Man to do, who was entirely unacquainted

with

The Hifiory <?/ Virginia. 241

with Letters. The Indians by Tradition report, that
he was not related to their King Powhatan^ but came
from a far Country which lay South-Weft of theirs.
And by their Defcription of it muft be near Mexico^
or the Mines of St. Barbe. This A6>ion of Oppccan-
canough provoked the Enaliih fo much^that they never
wou'd give the Savages Peace, but continu'd to make
War upon them till they took their Emperor, and
led him into Captivity *, for Sir William Berkley hear-
' ing he was at fome diftance from the place of his
ufual Refidence, march'd againft him with a Party of
fHor(e,rurpriz'd,and took him Prifoner in the Weftern Stipes the
Parts of Henrico County. Sir William intended to Empsror
[fend him to the King, but a Souldier in revenge of Oppecaa-
Ithe many Miferies the Colony had endur'd by his In-cai^ough.
icurfions, fhot him in the back, of which Wound he
idy'd. Before his death he carry'd himfelf with a Mag-
jHanimity truly Royal. He was very old, worn out
(with age, and the Hardfhips of War. His Eye-lids
were fo heavy, he cou'd not fee without the help of
jhis Servants to lift them up. When he was a Prifo-
I'ner, hearing a Noife about him, he caus*d them to be
ifted up, and perceiving 'twas the noife of a Rabbla
:hat were then come to (qq hint, he reHe6led with In-
dignation on the ungenerousTreatmentof the Englifh,
n making a Sight of him, and expofing him to the
infolence of the Multitude •, and calling for the Go-
^ernour Sir William Berkley ^ he faid, Had it been my
^vrtune to have t alien you^ I wou'd not bafely have exposed
fou as a Show to the People,

On the Death of this Emperor, the Nations whom
le had fubjefted, became afraid of the Power of the
inglifli. There remain'd no Prince of an equal
jcnius to keep fo many feveral Kingdoms united,
liey fet up Sovereigns of their own, and their
trength being weaken'd by this Divifion, the Eng-
ifh were no more afraid of any Difturbance by thenr,
mlefs it were thofe who lay neireft to them, and
onfequently were more liable to be furpriz'd by them,
ut Sir William Berkley made Peace with all of 'em,
nd the Savages knowing they cou'd get nothing by
A/'ar, kept it a long time unviolated.
The manner of OppecancanougWs Death is varioufly
elated by the Writers that have midc any mention *

R ^f

542 The Hiftory of Virginia-

of if, Ibme fay he was kill'd in the Aftion when
Sir William Berkley came to furprize him. Others,
that he was taken and committed to Prifon, where he
dy'd. The moft authentick account of it is what we

Bullock, have taken from the Author of the Hiftory of Virginia:
Tis certain, that with him the Power of the Indians
was entirely deftroy'd. The Colony was in a fair way
of improving this great Advantage, and there were
no lels than i jooo Men, befides Women and Chil-
dren, on the Place. When News came of the
Troubles in England^ which naturally aflfefted
all Xht Colonies: Befides, that the Relations and
Friends of the Inhabitants were involv'd in them^
they depended on that Kingdom for Supplies and
Prote^ion, and a conftant Market to take oif the
Commodities their Plantations produc'd. Virginia
for a while was more concerned in them, than
any of the other Settlements. For Sir William
Berkley ftood out againft the ufurp'd Povyrers in
Englaridy after the Murder of King Charles the Firfl: *,
and by his Loyalty hinder'd the Commerce of the
Planters there with their Friends and Correfpondent?
at home. Their Supplies of Provifions were cut off:
Their Tobacco lay on their Hands *, and the f^irgi
nians were oblig'd to fubfift by themfelves, whicl
they were now in a Condition to do, for the Planter:
had great Stocks, 50000 Head of Cattle, an infinite
number of Hogs *, Beef and Pork were 16 d. 2i Stone
Wheatand Barley very cheap,but few Beads of Burden
for there were no more than 200 Horfes and Mares
and 70 AfTes at this time. However, as much as the^

^ abounded in Provifions, they cou'd not long hav<

fupported themfelves without afliflance from England
nor have been able to have kept up their Stocks fo
want of other NecelTaries, for their Maintenance
Such as working Inftruments and Tools, Hows, Axes

The Parliament of £?;^te^ who were very careful h
fecure the Plantations,fenta Squadron of Men of Wa
to the Wefl: Indies, under the Command of Sir Ceorg
yifcue^ with Inftruftions to reduce Barhadocs^ th
Caribbec Illands, and the Northern Colonies to thei
Obedience. We ihall fee in the Hiftory of Barba
iUes^ what Sir Ceorge did at that Ifland, from whenc

h*

The Hifiory ^/Virginia. 24 J

he detach'd Capt. Z)fw;7/V, with a fiiull Squadron ofCz^r.Den-
Ships to Land fome Forces, and drive Sir William ^'^^ ^^^u<^<^^
Berkley out of Virginia. Sir William ftill continued ^'!,°'"!^
his unfhaken Principles of Loyalty. He hir'd fome^J/^^ ^^r
Dutch Ships that were then in his Harbours, ^^^ ^keFxrlix-
made a brave Refiftance. The \^irginians being ani-^^^^^
mated by his Example, Capt. Demis attack'd them
to no Purpofe •, and finding he fhou'd lofe a great
many Men, and perhaps not fucceed at laft in his
Enterprize by Force, he had recourfe to Policy.
He gave out that he had two very rich Cargoes of
Goods belonging to two of the Council aboard one
of his Ships, and if they did not Surrender them-
felves to him, and engage the reft to do fo too •, he
wou'd detain the Merchandize. The Council were too
well inclined to comply with the Wickednefs of the
Times. 'Twas only the Governour who was willing
to hazard all, rather than fubmit to thofe Powers, to
whom three Potent Kingdoms had already fubmitted.
[He wou'd hearken to no Terms till the two Coun-
l(cllors, whofe Hearts were bent on the flifety of their
Goods, engaged the Majority of their Brethren to a-
gree to a Surrender *, and Sir William was not fo very
'refolute, as to pretend to oppofe both an Enemy with-
;out, and aFaftion within his Government •, fo he was
(fbrc'd to lay down his Arms, and retire to his Plan-
! tation. We cannot omit correcting a Miitake of the
iHiftoriaa we have often meiition'd in this Hiftory,
•who fays Capt. Z)fW7/V was fent by Oliver. He has
iruninto the vulgar Error of thofe, who call all the
Governments from the King's Death to CromvrelN^
Oliver'h-^ Whereas Cromwell did not turn out th^
iRump, till two or three years after Sir George Ay- ,
Ifcue's Expedition.

I He was himfelf ia Scotland then, and had nothina
^to do with the Admiralty of England^ farther than as
;his Councils influenced the Affairs of the Conunon-
Iwealth. When he was aftually in PofTeifion of the
!fole Adminijiration, he bufy'd himfelf ahout the
jPlantafions,l^ much as any other part of the Enjj-
lilifli Dominions, and f^irgima fell under his Cogni-
llzance as well as the reft.

' We read in an old Hiftorian, that Major General

\Poinrzj who was made Governour of the Lewtrd

' R 2 Jf lands

244 The Hifiory of Virgiaia.

I/larids by the Parliament, fail'd from St. Chriflopher's
to y^irginia^ before Sir George Ayfcue fent Dennis^ who
it feems by that Author found the Bufmefs done to his
Hand, and that Country the only Retreat for Ca-
valiers, was forc'd to iubmit ovi Terms of Indemp-
nity.
C<?/.Digg3 Col. 'Dlggs was firft made Governour of Virginia
Co-jcrmr, by the Parliament, during whofe Government no-
thing remarkable happened. He was fucceeded by
;vlr. Ben- W\\\ Bemety and he by Mr. Matthews, The two
net Go- \^{i Governours only were put in by Oliver, Tho
'm'^M ^^^^ ^^^^^ Hiilorian fays, That Diggs^ Bemiet and
^^' ' Matthews^ were all Governours during the f??iall time
Governor ^^ Cromwell's Proteftorate. If fo, there mufr have
been fome other Governour between Sir William
Berkley^ and Col. Diggs : If not the changing of Go-
vernours was not fo extraordinary as he pretends.
Before the end of ourHiftory, we fhall more than
once find three Governours in {t\ti\ years ^ for fo
long it was from Sir William Berkley's iubmiilion, to.
Oliver's Death :^ and this was the lefs rare, becauf^
Mr. Alatthews dy'd in his Government.

The Trade oi Virginia flourifh'd in thofe Days,
notwithftanding the A61 which paft in one of Crom-
well's Parliaments, to break ulF that Colonies corre^-
jTpond en ce with other Nations, and to prohibit theij
Exporting or Importing any Commodities whatever,
but what ihou'd heloaden aboard Englifh Ships, navi-
gated by Englilh Seamen : Which A(fl:, commonly
caird. The u4ii of Navigation, was juftify'd after the
Reftoration,by Another A«^ of Parliament to the fame!
purpoie, but witli feveral Rellriiflions and Prohibiti-
ons, by Bonds, Securities, &c. Sir William Berkley
having fhewn a great Concern always for the goolj
of the Colony, w^as mightily belov'd by the People.
On the Death of Mr. Matthews^ when they were
without a Governour, they immediately caft theif
Eyes upon him, and by an obliging Violence com-
peird hmi to affume the Government ^ which how-
ever he wou'd not confent to, unlefs thl)|all pfomis'd
to join with him in venturing their Lives and For-
tune for i\\t King, who then was in Exile, but not
at that time in France^ as our Hiftorivin affirms.

The Hiflory <?^ Virginia. 245

This was indeed a very bold Aftion, for as yet
there had no News arriv'd of Oliver s Death, and
the Anarchy in England that fucceeded.

The Virginians acceptina of the Terms he pro-
pos'd, he accepted of the Government, and, wc are
told5forthwith Proclaimed CharlcsW. Kiugo^ England,
Scotland^ France, Ireland^ and f^lrginia. It happened
well for him and his Colony , that King^ Charles
was not long after reftor'd to the Throne of his An-
Ceftors', yet we don't find that the King gave
Sir William Berkley d,ny greater Reward than conti-
nuing him in his Commirtion, and making him one
of the Proprietors of the Province of Carolina, when
he erefted it into a Principality about the Year i66^Sp^ ^I'^r^-

Sir William going for England to Congratulate his p ^l<Jir>-
Majefty on his Reftoration, left Col. Francps ^orrlfon ^J^' ^'
his Deputy. ,

When he came to Court, he was gracioudy received
by the King, who in Honour of his Loy^\ f^irglnlans, n^so,
is laid to have worn a Robe at his Coronation, made
of the Silk that was fent from thence. Col. A:for-
rlfon in the mean time behav'd himfelf to the Gene-
ral Satisfi(^ion of the Plantation. He ordered the Laws
to be revised and collefted into a Body, to be lain be-
fore the Aflembly at their next Seffion. He took the
fame care of the Church, as he did of the State, i^*^ Mir
He regulated the Parifhes, fetled the Minifters^-'*^''-
Allowances, got a Revenue for the Support of the
Government, and other Laws for the Encouragv:-
ment of the Linen and Woollen ManufiiHiories, the
breeding of Silk- worms, Tanning and Salt-works.
While the Deputy-Governour was fo bufy'd for tlie
Service of the Colony, Sir William Berkley was
in England, taking his Inftruftions from the King,

his future Conduft. His Majefly order'd him to
j'iomote Husbandry, Manuf\'-^ure>-, Silk and Vine-
yards, that all Ships Trading to Trrginia^ fhou'd go
to James-Town, and be enter'd at the Cuttom-Houie
! there before they broke Bulk*, which Order WaS
j giv^n with an Intent that by it the People mipht be
1 tempted to come thither and dwell there, tor the
I convenience of Trade ^ and had it been obey'd, it
might have encreas'd the number of Buildings in
that City, which is now much lels than it was tour-
' R 3 fcore

2^6

J/r Willi-
am lierk-
ley, Go-
vernor,

The Hiftory of Virginia.

fcore years ago, every Body coveting to live at kis
Plantation, and fettle where he thinks he fhall have
the beft Crops and Conveniencies of Shipping. This
is the Keafon that there are fo few Towns in r'trgima^
and thofe that are there, fo very fmall. Sir William
being fully inftrufted by the King, how he fhou'd pro-
ceed on his Return to his Government, fet fail from
England to Virginia^ where he arriv'd in the Year
1662. and immediately put the People upon impro-
ving their Plantations, and advancing Manufa^ures.
He fummon'd an AlTembly, and got an A£l pafs'd for
building oi Jamcs-To\wn. Each County was to build
fo many Houfes, and fome actually built their Quo-
ta, which notwithftanding the Acl, were converted
into Taverns and Eating-houfes, and the Town was
very little the bigger for 'em.

By Sir William's Behaviour on the Revolutions in
EngLrndj one may perceive he w^as no Friend to the
Puritans. Before trie Civil War, he procur'd fevere
Laws to be made againft them, and now he had an Aft
paft, laying great Rejflraints upon them, which not
only drove many People out of Virginia to Maryland,
and other Colonies, but kept others from coming
thither.

Tho the Order for all Ships to enter 2X James-
Town was difpens'd with, yet the rigorous Circum-
fcription of Trade, by the Aft of Navigation, the
Perfecution of DifTenters, and the low Prices of To-
bac^co, rais'd great Clamours among the Virginians^
fomented by fome of Cronmells Soldiers, who had
been ban ifh'd thither.

At laft the Mutiny grew to fuch a Head, that feve-

ral Planters and others enter 'd intoaConfpiracy againfl

the Government : The Servants were the ChietPro-

nic^ters of if, with a Defign to kill their Mafters,

and feize their Plantations : Among thefe one Ber-

Be rkin- kinhead^ a Servant to Mr. Smith of Purton in Glofier*

Jicad'jG;;- County, w^'^s one, and he repenting, difcover'd

ipiracj. ' it. Upon which notice was fent to the Governour

at Greer/fpring^ his Seat fo calJ'd, who underftanding

that the Confpirators were to rendezvous at Poplar

Spriiig near Purton^ fent a Party of Militia-Horfe to

furprize them as they came. Accordingly fome were

taken, others made their Efcape, and iiSbrming their

Fellows

Clamours
in Virgi-
nia.

The Hijlory ^/Virginia. 247

Fellows of the Difcovery of the Plot, prevented
iiich as were on the Road, from coming to the Place
appointed. Four of the Confpirators were hmg'd ,
Berkinhead had his Freedom, and 200 /. Sterling be-
ftow'd on him for a Reward ', an Anniverlliry Day of
Thankfgiving was appointed on the i^th of Sept,
the day on which the Plot was to have been put in exe-
cution. The King hearing of it, fent Orders to build a
Fort at James-Tovin^ to curb the Mutineers, and ferve
for a Retreat to the Governour on the like Occafion •,
which Orders were never obey'd. The f^irgimans
being loath to be at the Chirge, when the Danger was
over ^ they only rais'd a Battery of fome fmall
Pieces of Cannon. A very poor Defence, if ever
they fhou'd be forc'd to make ufe of it.

In England another Aifl of Parliament paft, which
was thought to be aHardOiip upon this Colony. It
Prohibited their having any Foreign Goods but what
were firft landed in England^ and thence exported to
them. This reduc'd the Price of Tobacco ftill
lower, and rais'd that of all European Goods. They
in return prohibited, by an Act of their AfTembly,
the Planting of Tobacco for one Year, in order to
keep up the Demand for it*, but this h^ had not
the deUr'd effea •, becaufe the Province of Maryland
refused to confent to it, and ftock'd the Market
fufficiently to keep down the Price. Tliey attempt-
ed again to have the Planting of Tobacco ftinted,
and the Agents of Carolina and Maryland^ who were
then 2it James-Town^ confented to it. But the Go-
vernour of Maryland evaded it, and Proclaimed the
Aa void. Thus the poor Planters drudg'd on to
their Lofs, their Tobacco yielded little or nothing,
and all forts of Goods that were imported from Eu-
rope^ bore very high Prizes, which was enough to
raifeDifcontents and Murmurs, and produce the Di-
fturbances that (oon after happened.

Tho the Fir^mans had all the Reafon in the World
to expea a Complyance from the People of Mmt
land^ yetthey condefcendedto fend Agents toSt.Ma-
. ry%thQ Capital of the Provinces, as it were to Petition
for their Confent. In which they were unruccelstul
alfo •, the Governour telling 'em, He woud not cau
an jijfemhly on purpofe. ^^^^

248 The Hifiory of Virginia. j

About this time there were Attempts made to pre- j
vent Ships unlading any where at the Mafter's Plea- 1
fure, that no Forreign Goods might be imported, |
which had not been landed in England.

It had been found impra£licable to oblige all Ships to '
enter ^tJames-Town^ and afterwards difperfe themfelves \
up and doivn in the feverat Rivers whither they were ,j
bound •, and were us'd to unload their Cargoes, and I
load again, e>/'enat the very Doors of the Merchants ;
to whom they were confign'd *, which gave them ma-
ny Opportunities of bringing in prohibited Goods ^
wherefore his Majefty order'd that- Forts rtiould be
built in the feveral Rivers ;, that all Ships fhould ride
under thole Forts *, and thofe Places only be the Ports
of Trade.

Had thefe Orders been obey'd, it would necefTarily
have caused People to have reforted to fuch Places ^
Houfes would have been built, and Towns rais'd by
degrees, without the Force of an A£ij which has
little Influence on the Wills of People, and in Free
Governments, where Mens Properties are con-
cern'd, the Laws are always tender of ufing too much
Violence, unlefs the immediate Safety of the Common-
wealth requires it.

The Plague and Fire happening at London when
thefe Forts were about to be built, put a flop to the
Undertaking, and it never was profecuted afterwards ',
for want of which, the Dutch often infulted the
Coafls in the Wars between England and Holland^
and took the Ships out of the Harbours.

To defend them againftany Invafion from the E-
nemy, a few Batteries were rais'd, which contributed
little to their Security.

Sir William BerUey^ to remedy the Evil of the low
Price of Tobacco, earn^ftly recommended, and hear-
tily encourag'd the Silk and Linnen-Manufaftures,
Pot-Alh and Hemp : He fet an Example himfelf
at his own Plantation ;, and it had been well for the
Colony if they had induftrioufly follow'd it.

The Indians all this while continu'd quiet *, indeed
they durft not offend the Englifh, who were now
grown fo powerful, that they could fend an Army of
^ or 7000 Men into the Field, and leave twice as many
at home to look after their Plantations,

He

(i The Hiftory of Virginia. 249

He fent out Capt. Ban with 1 4. Englifh, and 14 In-
tdians, to make Difcoveries. This little Company >^-^'-'<'"*
went from Appamotox in CW/f j-County, and in feven "<''^>'^.
days time reach'd the Foot of the Mountains, which
jtheycrofs'd with great Difficulty in three days more \
land then defcended into fruitful Vallies, where they Vifcovi-
iound an incredible Quantity of Deer, Elks, Buffa- rias.
. iloes and Turkies, fo tame, that they would fuPfer them
flalnioft to reach them. They alfo found Grapes as
I big as fmali Plums.

Farther forward they came to a Rivulet, which de-
fcended backwards. They travell'd down that Stream
feveral days, and coming to fome Cabbins, they could
perceive that Indians had lately been there, and as
I they fuppos'd fled away at Capt. Ban and hisCompa-
I ny's approach.

The Savages he had with him could not be perfwa-
ded to pafs fome Marfhes that were beyond thofe Cab-
ibins. They faid there liv'd a Nation a little farther
that made Salt, and fold it to their Neighbours ^ that
they (uffer'd no body to return who had been amongft
them : And notwithftanding Capt. Ban us'd all the
Arguments he could think of to perfwade them to go
forward, the cowardly Indians would not ftir a ftep
farther ;, fo the Company were forc'd to return.

On the Report Capt. Ban made to the Governour
of his Travels and Adventures, Siv William Berkley re-
folv'd to go in Perfon : He had made Preparations for
it, nam'd the Man who was to have been his Depu-
ty Governour, got the Aflembly to pafs an Ad in fa-
vour of the Enterprize •, and juft as things were ready
for his Departure, Col. Bacon's Rebellion broke our,Co/.Ba.

which ruin'd the Defign. . .. r> ^ ZuL^'

^, In the Year 1^70.+ or 5 Years before Capt. ^^rr s M//a«.

Enterprize, Col. Collet with 9 EnglHh Horle, and 5
[Indians, march'd up in the Country •, and io did Mapr
^ Harris With 20 Englifli Horfe, and 5 Indians ^ but to
s little Advantage as Ban's : After whom. Sir miUam
.jgave a Commiilion to a German Surgeon to diicover
' the South- Weft Parts of /^r^/«/^. . -

He went along the Foot of the Mountains as far as
the Lake Sherre, and difcover'd them to be palJa-
ble in two places. This Man reported, that while nc
was in an Indian Town near the Mountains, there

I

250 The Hijlory of Virginia.

came 4 Savages on an Embaffy to the King of that
Town, from a King who liv'd beyond the Mountains.

He brought back an Emerald, and fome Spanifli
Money which he had of the Indians bordering on the:
Lake there*, and this rais'd Conjeftures, that the
Spaniards are feated near the back of thofc Mountains

The Rebellion we are going to fpeak of, being
one of the mofl: extraordinary Events that ever hap-
pened in the Englifh Plantations, we (hall be Isrger in
our Account of it, which we have taken from publick
and private Authorities.

The Author of it. Col. Nathaniel Bacon^ Jun. wa<
a Gentleman who had been liberally bred in England,
having ftudy'd fome time at the Temple : He was young',
bold, aftive, handfome, and eloquent : His Merit ad-j
vanc'd him to tlie degree of a Counfeljor -^ and his:
good Qualities got him the Love and Refpeftof the
People, who were at that time very much difafFe6^ed
with the Government, and ready to take Fire •, which
Bacon perceiving, blew up the Coals of DilTention a-
mong them fo much, that at lafl it burft out into 2
Flame.

Before we come to the Fa£l, it will be proper tc
let the Reader into the Caufes of the Peoples Murmurs
and Reientments ', of which thefe four were the chief:

The Caw I. The low Price of Tobacco in England *, and the
fes of it, high Prices of all Goods exported thence to Virginia.

2. The Grants jnadc by King Charles, of fever ai
Parts of their Country to Noblemen in England \
in fome of which fever al of their Plantations were
included,

3. The Burdens laid upon them by the Parliament
in England *, and Taxes by the AQ'embly in Vir-
ginia.

4. The Difiurbances given them by the Indians.

Of allthefe Grievances, that of the Grants was the
moft intolerable : Their Property being given away 1
from them, after they had been at great Trouble, Ha
zard and Charge, to make Settlements.

The AfTembly taking the bad Condition of many ol;
thQ Planters, by the vexatious Suits, and the Expence;
they were forc'd to be at about their Titles to their

Plants-'

j The Hlfiory of Virginia. j 5 1

I Plantations, into Confideration *, deputed Mr. Lud*
well Secretary of Firginia^ and Col. Park to go to
England^ to reprefent the Matter to the King, and pe-
I tition for Redrefs.

j A new Tax was levy'd, to defray the Charge of
^ their Voyage ^ and this was the more burthenlome,
becaufe the Agents did not fucceed in their Negotia-
tion.

I After a Year's Patience in waiting for News from
•them, they had Advice, that there were little hopes
of Redrefs. Upon which they grew outragious *, and
; their Rage cnd«^d in Rebellion. King CW/f shearing
of it, would not hearken to their Agents Remonflran-
|ces \ and thofe of them who had Money, were forc'd
to compound with the Grantees for 3 or 400 /. a
j Man.

The Indians ever fmce their lafl: Maflacre, had kept The ffdi-
; very quiet till lately : And now they began to be trou- ansftir.
I'bleiome at the Head of the Bay of Chefapeakj and on
! their own Frontiers. Thofe at the Head of the Bay
^us'd to trade with* the Dutch in Monadas^ fince call'd
Ncw-Torh,

I When the Indians traveled thither, they paft, go-
ing and coming, by the Frontiers of P^irginla^ and
traded with the J/'irginians •, who had the firft of their
Market, and the Choice of their Furs. While the
Dutch ftay*d at Monadas this Traffick went on very
peaceably *, but aflbon as the Englifh, who had pof-
iefs'd themfelves of New-Tork and the Trade, under-
ftood the Advantage their Countrymen in yirginia
made of it, they treacheroufly fet the Savages againft
them j and fucceeded fo well, that inftead of calling
on them as Friends, they never came, but to murder
or rob them.

The Indians on their own Frontiers were provok'd
IbytheLofs of their Trade, which decayed daily ^ and
{by Sir William Berkleys Attempts for Difcoveries,
which they apprehended was intended to deftroy
them •, and therefore, whenever they had an Oppor-
Itunity, they never fail'd to fhew their Hatred and
jCruelty to the Englifh ^ who being grown peeviih by
jtheirLofTes and Grievances, were glad of an Occafion
iof venting their Fury on the Indians •, and on the Cry
'of Murders committed by them, moft of the poorer

fort

fort demanded to be led againft them, refolving uttet-^

ly to extirpate all the Nations of the Savages. They

gathered together in riotous and tumultuous Bands,

running from one Plantation to another, without a

Head, crying out againft the Barbarity of the Natives,

the Murder of their Countrymen, and engaging more

and more every day to undertake an Expedition for

Revenge.

sir^Wl\, The Governour, who was jealous of his Preroga-

Berkley tive, would not fuffer them to judge w^hen *twas fit to

oppofes^ make War ^ and the more they were for it, the more

Bacon's obftinate he was not to allow them to take Arms :

Dejigm, However, they continu'd their Meetings, and CoL

BaconhW in with them, approv'd of their Zeal for the

Service of their Country, aggravated the Calamities

they endur'd by the Indians, and complain'd of the

Want of a Regulation in Trade.

The Multitude were tranfported with Joy that they
had got a Man of his Quality and Merit among them \
Bacon fjbo-^nd immediately chofe him their General : Which
fm Gene- Pofl; he accepted ^ and by his Eloquence and obliging
ral by the Carriage fo charm'd them, that they were all to a
Teope^ Man entirely at his Devotion.

He knew the Danger of the Step he had taken, and
yet his Ambition, or his Intereft, ({on 'twas thought
his D<iC}gn was to engrofe the whole Indian Trade to
himfelf) ftill fpur'd him on to open Rebellion. He
mufter'd his Men, exercis'd them, and prepar'd them
for Aftion, the Pretence being a War with the Indi-
ans, which was at that time a very plaufible one : To
reconcile his Ambition with his Duty, he fent to
the Governour for a Commillion •, and order'd the-
MefTenger to reprefent the Mifchiefs the Savages did,
fo deplorably, that Sir William might think himfelf
obliged by the NeceiTity of their Affairs, to make him
General.

The Council had fuch an Efteem of Col. B:icin!\
Merit, that the Governour did not think it fafe to de-
ny his Requeft flatly, fo he anfwer'd the MefJenger,
He would cofifuh the Council^ and fend him word what
Refolution they came to about it. But Bacon had not Pa-
tience to ftay for the Refult of their formal Debates.
Hefenta^ain and again to Six I Villi am j toilTueouta
Cpmmiflion, and diipatch it away to l^im, that he
* ' ' *" might

Tfje Hiftory of Virginia. 2$j

might Kad the Voluntiers a^ainft the Indians *, fay-
j ing, They had already chofen him for their General *, and
*'' he afid they refolv'd to begin the IVar^ whether the Go-
vernourfent ht?n the Co?nmij]ion^ or not,

Twas out of Caution that hedefir'd it, to juftifie his
takinp Arms *, and finding Sir William prevaricated
with him, he with forty of his Men in his own Sloop,
went to Jamcs-Tovfn himlelf, to get what he wanted :
He took his Seat at ths Council- Board, like a Man,
who, far from having committed a Fault, deferv'd
Thanks for his Zeal for the Publick Good, and againfl
the common Enemy.

He laid before the Council the miferable State of the
Borderers •, how theywereplimdcr'd and murdered by the
Savages •, and how ready the f^olimtiers were to drive
them from the Borders^ and prevent fuch Calamities for
the future *, if they had a Warrant to dofo.

The Governour inftead of granting Bacon a Com- He quar-
mirtion, commanded him todifperfe^ and for fpeak- '"e/j wttb
ing too freely before the Council, fufpended him : By ^^^ Gover-
which he exafperatedaMan, who had it in his Power ''^''«
to be reveng'd, when he himfelf had not Strength
fufficient to oppofe him.

Bacon broke up from the Council-Table in a heat ^
and went out, with an Intention to retire to his Men.
Sir William filTd a long Boat, and made after
him •-, fending away fome Horfe to flop him when
he landed at Sandy-Pointy the Place he defign'd to go
afhore at.

His Orders were obeyed here •, and Bacon forc'd to
return to James-Town, The Governour inftead of
chaftizing his Infolence, receiv'd him very gratioufly ^
ind by fair Words, endeavoured to diil'wade him from
lis intended Enterprize : But Bacon was refolute, and
ierfifted in his Demand of a Commiflion, knowing
Sir William durft not do him any hurt ^ when there
were near looo Men in Arms, who would leverely
lave reveng'd whatever Punifhment had been infil-
led upon him: Befides, while they were difpu-
ing the Matter in Council, frefh News came of
Vlurders and Robberies committed by the Indians ^
^hich feem'd to warrant Col. Bacon's Defignand De-
ii?ind.

How-

254 3"^^ mjlory of Virginia.

However the Governour, who was as jealous of his
Prerogative, as he was zealous for the Welfare of the
Colony, would not grant him the Conimiflion, be-
caufe it look'd as if it was extorted from him, and that
there was a Power in Virginia fuperior to his own.

Bacon feeing he could get nothing by fair Means,
made his Efcape out of James-lorvny and pofted away
Comes to to the Volun tiers ^ of whom he led 6^ or 700 to the
James- Town, and drew them up in Battalia before the State-
Town Houfe, where the AlTembly were fitting *, fo that he
roitb hts jj^d now the Governour, Council, and AfTembly ol
Army, Virginia in his Power '^ and may be faid to be Mafter

of the Colony.

Tones the The AfTembly, befides that many of them wifh*d

Govervor ^^11 to Bacon's, Enterprize, were afraid of offending

to^ive htm j^jj^^ .^ f^ ^^^y ^^^^ ' ^ Commiffion themfelves, and

fion prefented it, with an Addrefs to Sir William Berklty;

defiring him to fign it.

By this Commiilion, he was conftituted General ol
all. the Forces in Virginia \ and Sir PF///i^w, mucha^
gainft his Inclination, fign*d it.

As foon as Bacon had it, he march'd towards the
Fron tiers j and was chearfully followed by his Men :
and no doubt, had not Sir William Berkley done what
he could to hinder his Proceedings, thefe Forces, \jm<
der fuch a General, would have conquer'd all the Na-
tions of the Indians to the Mountains.

'Tis true, the Virginians did not want Room, yet
the Savages were fo falfe and cruel to them of latej
that it feems to have been their Intereft to have got rid
of fuch troublefome Neighbours *, and fo the Peopk
of /^/rgw/^ generally thought at that time.

When Bacon had modeflly withdrawn his Troop^

to leave the AfTembly free, the Governour prevail*^

with them to confent that his Commiilion fhould bfl

Heh^ro- revok'd, which was done : Then Sir William pro

cUm'A a claim'd him a Rebel ^ commanded his Followers to dc

Hebel, jj^gj, Yiirii up, and difperfe, on pain of being treated

like Traitors : He alfo ifTu'd out Orders for raifing the

Militia *, and made Preparations for a Civil War.

The People were generally exafperated at this dou*^
ble Dealing with CoL Bacon -^ and his Soldiers unani-
moufly refblv'd to live and die with him. Inftead d
marching againft the Indians, as they defign'd, they

deman-|

The Hijlory of Virginia. 255

lemanded to be led back to James-Town •, and in their
March they fell npon the Lands and Houfesof fuchas
Ided with Sir William.

The Governour fled to Accomack^ on the other fide T^he Go-
)f the Bay, hoping the Inhabitants of that County, "Pernor flp
A'hich was at a diftance from thofe Parts where Bacon r^^ ^''"*
lad the oreateft Intereft, would efpoufe his Quarrel •,
laving ftill no better Difpofition to Peace, than be-
'ure he had proclaim'd Col. Bacon a Rebel.

A little Moderation in him would have remedy'd
hefe Diforder?, which put the King and Colony to
1 00000 /. Expence to compofe them *, and would have
jndanger*d the Ruin of the Country, had not Ba-
'on's Death prevented it*, for upon the Governour's
eaving James-Town^ and abdicating the Government,
Col. Bacou alTembled the Gentlemen of the Country
It Middle-Plantation *, himfelf and four others of the ^^ ^^*.
Council figning the Writ of Summons *, where they '^^."I^ J*''*
bublifh'd a Declaration of the occafion of their meeting, ^ ^^'
! ind an AfTociation to ftand by Bacon againft all Oppo-
lers, till the King was fully informed of the Matter, by
iPerfons deputed by General Bacon.
I They dechr'd, among other things, that Sir Willi-
iim Berkley had fomented and fiird up the People to a
[Civil War^ and withdrawn himfelf from his Government^ A»i pub-
ro the great Ajionijhment and Vnfettlement of the Coun^ lijh aJDe-
iry. That the Army raised by Bacon was for the pvblick cUrmon
VGood'^ and that the Country jn{iify'd him in all his^g^^^fi^^^
\Wroceedings. ^ Governor.

1; In ihQ mean time Sir William was bufy in getting his
[iFriends togetker,to make head againft the Rtbels,whofe
Rea Tons wou'd have had little weight with King Charles^
while they argu'd with their Swords in their Hands.
The Governour was fiill obftinately bent on reducing
Bacon by Force ^ and in order to it, leveral Sloops were
provided to tranfport the Men he had rais'd over the
Bay. Some of his Parties met with fome ofBacon\
and Rencounters happened ^ in which (bme Men were
kill'd, and fome taken.

Thus every thing tended to^a Civil War, which
muft have had very terrible Effecls, for Bacons Meu
were refolute, and enrag'd at the Hardfhips they en-
dured ^ and Sir William Berkley's^ animated by the
iLoyalty of their Leader, were as furious and impla-

cable

.256 The Hijlory of Virginia. 1

cable as the Generals, whom they call'd and treated i
as Rebels.

Bacon was^ much Superiour in Numbers *, but the
Governour depending on Supplies from Englandj
afTur'd himfelf-that He fhou'd at laft be too firong
for him, and all his Adherents.

The King when he was inform'd of this Rebellion,
was fo far from hearkning to the Pretences of Bacm*%
AlTembly, that he order'd a Squadron of Men of War
to be fitted out, and a Regiment of Soldiers to em-
bark aboard it for Virginia, This Squadron was com-;
manded by Sir John Berry ^ and fet Sail about Chrifl^
1676, mas^ in the year 1676. The Hopes of thefe Succours
confirm'd the Governour in his Severity, and all
Terms of Accomodation were ofFer'd to no purpofe.
Such was the dreadful Profpeft of Affairs in Virginia^.
€'o;.Bacon when happily for the Peace of the Colony Col. Bacon
dies, ^y»(j at Dr. Greens Houfe in Gloufter-Cownty. Hel
was privately bury'd, and the Place kept very fecret,
to prevent his Enemies infulting his Body, as would
have been done, cou'd the Corps have been found \
for ftri^l Enquiry was made after it, With a Defigm
■ to expofe his Bones to Publick Infamy.

The Death of the General broke all the Meafures
of the Malecontents :, Col. Ingram^ his Lieutenant
General, and Col. Walklate^ his Major General, laid
down their Arms on promiie of Pardon. The reft fol-
lowed their Example, and Sir William Berkley return'd
to James'To\^n^ after Bacon and his AfTembly had been
^> \V! at)out fix Months in PofTeliion of the Government of
liam " ^^^ ^^^ Countries on that fide of the Bay, and had in-
Berkley fii^enc'd the Affairs on the other fide. Peace being
returns, reftor'd, the Governour had leifure to punifh the Cri-
minals *, but having promis'd them all Pardons,on their
Submirfion, cou'd not do it without breaking his word.
Col. Johnfon^ and Col. Walklate were turn'd out of all
their Places, and incapacitated of bearing Offices
'in the Colony for the future. As for his Proceeding
^vith the reft, he cou'd not come to any Refolution,
till he had Orders from England^ which he did not
receive •, for that. Affair was left to Commiftioners,
that were fent on purpofe by King Charles^ to inquire
into it', diiid thQ Lord Colepcppcr who fucceeded him
m the Government, was intrufted with the Power of

guniftiing,

I The Hiftory of Virgmh, 257

punifliing or pardoning thofe who had a hand in the
Diforders committed in the late Rebellion, which
were very fatal to the Country.

James-Town^ the Capital of the Colony, was burnt
to the Ground by Capt. Richard Lamre?ice^ an Officer
under Bacon^ who, when his Men refus'd to iet fire
ito the Houfes, did it with his own Hands: and
thus this Unfortunate City , whicli never defcrv'd
that Name, fuffer'd (o much, that fhe has not fince
reCover'd ev'n the Condition fhe was then in.
I All Sorts of Improvements were neglefted ,
Stock ran to ruin, the Indians taking an Advantage
of thefe Confufions, fell upon the Borders, and but-
chered the Inhabitants without Mercy. They de-
Iroy'd the Plantations on the Frontiers fo much,
chat the Virginians have hardly to this day been able to
)lant them and ftock them, much lefs to extend their
Bounds : Tho the Savages are brought fo low that
fheir Liberty is precarious, and they are little better
than Slaves to the Engliih. Bacon was dead, and the
jountry in Peace before Sir John Berry arriv'd with
lis Squadron and the Regiment he had aboard,
which landed in February following. The Souldiers
ivere kept in pay, tho there w^is no Employment 1^77*
for them ^ and foon after Sir William Berkley went
he England^ \Q2iwing Herbert Jeffreys^ Efq-, his Depu- pj^^l^^.^
ty Governour. Sir William fell fick on his Arrival in Jeffreys
England^ and his Sicknefs confin'd him to his Chamber £/-^. x>«;-
till he dy'd. The King who had all the Reafon in ihtputyCo-
World to be pleas'd with him, enquir'd often after v^rwr.
lis Health, and forbad him to hazard it, by making
:oo much hafte to Court. Sir William never faw his^^.^ Willf-
Majefty. However he had the fatisfaiftion to hear ^^^^ j,^j.j,^
;he King had done him the Honour to declare. He i.y ^i^^ }jj
lighly approv'd of his Condu<ft in f^irgima. Eng^lancU

He had been Governour of that Colony from the
Year 1 6-4-0, to 1^78. when he dy'd. In all thir-
ty eight years, if we take in the Time of the Ufur-
pation, when his Commifiion was virtually in force,
tho not a£lually.

He was doubrlefs a Great Friend to it by encoura-
ging Manufactures and Building. And whatever Incon-
/eniencies he was drawn into by the Warmth of his
)Lx)yalty, or Zeal for the Church, ought to be excus'd

S i'^

258 The Hiftory of Virginia.

for the Honour and Honefty of the Man*s Intentions.:
Thole vvholiv'd on the Spot, have a great Rerpe£l for|
his Memory, and they who are the befi: Judges of his,
//if cha- Merit, always fpeak of him as a wife and a juft Go-
ratler. ycrnour. 1

Mr. Jeffreys's firft Care after Sir William Berkley^
Departure, was to make Peace with the Indians : Tc:
that purpofe he held an AfTembly at Middle Tlanta'
ticn^ where Bacons Convention met, and Overtures
of Peace-were agreed on and concluded in May^ ^^77'
On the 29th of that Month, the Kings of the feve-
ral Nations were invited to come and fign the Peace,
and Partake in the Rejoicings of that Day, which the
Governour celebrated with more than ufual Solem
nity, in Commemoration of his Majefty's Birth anc
happy Reftoration.

The Indian Kings and Queens came to the Place ap

pointed, and were kindly receiv'dby the Commiflio-

ners and Council *, And Silence being Proclaim'd

A Solemn ^^^ Articles of the Peace were Publickly read, anc

J'f4<:e wir^each of them expounded by Interpreters. Aftei

tklndiAVs. which the Queen of Pammke was defir'd to come

within the Bar of the Court to Sign the Treaty

in behalf of her felf , and feveral Nations tha

were united under her Subicftion. She did it chear

fully, and deliver 'd the Inftrument to the Governour

of which he gave her back the Counter-part *, and or

the Exchanging thofe Inftruments the Field-piec®

were difcharg'd.

The Queen, and the other Indian Princes were
nobly entertain'd by the Englifti , and the nexi
day return'd to their Kingdoms. This is th<
laft formal Peace that was made with the Sa
vages. Aud now they are funk fo low, that if the^
fhou'd dare to give the Englifh any Difturbance, i
Troop of Militia-Horfe wou'd cut 'em all to Pieces
They do the Virginuvis more good than harm bj
their Trade and Services, and are fuiFer'd to enJQ;
the vain Name of Kingdoms, thoi KemiJJj Town is
Empire, compar'd to the biggeft of them, as wi!
appear in another Chapter. The Governour anc
AfTembly had giv'n the Law to them in this Treaty
which, the they thought hard meafure, they wer<

oblig'd to comply with.

Mr

The Hijlory of Virginia. 259

Mr. Jeffreys dy'd the following Year, and Sir Henry i (^tts/
7/^/V^^/y was appointed Deputy-Governour in his Place, sir Henry
He did nothing Extraordinary, or worthy to beCliickcly
reniembred, except procuring an A61 of the AfTeni-^^/^y
^y, for building Magazines at the Heads of the four ^<^^''^ou
|reat Rivers, where Men in conftant Pay were or-
Jer'd to keep Guard, and Stores of Arms, and Am-
nunition were laid up, to the great Terror of the Sa-
rages. The fame AlTembly obferving that Tobacco
Ivas frequently imported from Carolina and Maryland^
)aft an Aft againri it, to ftreighten thofe Colonies for
yant of Shipping.

' In the Year 1679* the Lord Co/fpfpper, whom the i<^7P.'
Gng had made Governour of Firginia^ arriv'd there, '^^^ ^ori
ind brought with him feveral Afts drawn up in Eng- ^^^lepep-
W, to be paft into Laws. P^"^ ^°'

' Hefummon'dan Aflembly, and the Members un- ^^'^"^'^*
Icrftanding he had a Power to call fuch to an Ac-
lount, as had been concern'd in Bacon's Rebellion,

0 keep him in a good Humour, paft feveral Afts,
therein the Authority and Intereft of the Gover-
lour were inlarg'd, and he in return gave his Con-
cnt to fome that were grateful to the Country.

The Lord Colepepper obtain'd a Salary of 2000 /. a
/ear of the King, which before was but 1000 /. He
Ml account of his Quality, got an Allowance of 1 50 /.

1 year for Houfe-Rent, and turn'd the ufual Prefents
[nade him by Matters of Ships, of Wine or Provi-
lons, into a certain Sum of Money, fettling the Rate
It 30 J. for each Ship above one hundred Tun, and
to s. for each below that Burden, which Duty has
ince been levy'd as ftriftly as if it had been given
)y an Aft of the AlTembly. Befides thefe Advanta-
ges, his Lordfhip had one in view, that wou'd have
mvid very well to account, had it taken eflfeft. The
Iffembly taking into Confideration their Lofs by
owering their Coin, which had occafion'd the Coun-
try's being almoft drain'd of it by Exportionv to Places
where it paft for more than it did in Firginia^ or-
der'd a Bill to be brought in for raifing it.

The Governour interpofing in the matter, told
them, it was the King's Prerogative to alter the Va-
lue of the Coin, and the Prerogative being intrufted
with him, he wou'd do it by Proclamation. The Af-

S fembly

n

260 The Hijlory of Wivgrnii, i

fenibly durfl: not oppofe fuch an Argument. Thofd 1
were not times to difpute thePrcrogative Royal ', folhii ii
Governonr'sReafons were allow'd,and the A61 dropt;

His Lordfhip having gained his Point, privately
bought up all the light Pieces of Eight he could get]
at 5 s. the Piece ^ and then put forth a Proclamation j
to raife the Value of them to 6 Shillings : He foon af 1
ter produc'd an Order to pay and disband the Regi;
nient that had been fent over by Sir John Berry •, anci
accordingly he paid them off with thoie Pieces at 6 s. [\
piece ^ and they were forc'd to take them at that rate.i i

ThisLord howevc;r found very great Inconvenienciej
by his raifnig the Coin, as well on account of his owr j
Sallary, his Duty on Ships,as of the King's Taxes,whicli-
were paid in Pieces of Eight, at 5 ^. a piece : The lo{;
was like to be more than his Gain, by injuring the poo^
Soldiers. He afFefted a Defpotick way of governing,
and by his Proclamation repeal'd feveral Laws. TS
Firgimans began to be afraid that the A6ls of thei
AfTembly would ftand in force no longer than ti
Governoar fhould think fit *, and that his Will an
Pie a fur e vvould be fet over them inftead of Laws am
Ordinances.

This occafion'd frefti Murmurs •, and had not Ba-
con\ Rebellion been fo lately fupprefs'd, it might havf
ended in Mutiny. The AfTembly at their next Seflion.
to put a flop to the like Evils, pall a particular Afl
to provide againll the ill Conveniences of them.

The Lord Colepepper did not ftay quite a Year i^

Virginia^ before he embark'd for England: He lel^

Sn Henry Chickefyhis Deputy Governour, the Couu-

try well fettled, and the Crop To good, that the Plaa

ters made too much Tobacco, by which the Markci

was glutted, and the Price fell yet lower : And this

J Kjot a- pi'oduc'd a new Riot ^ for fome of the Inhabitants, tc

boutTobac-^'^'^^'^ the Price, agreed with their Neighbours, not

c9, only to deflroy their own Tobacco, but all the Plants

round the Country, where-evcr they found them,

while they w^ereyet in their Beds.

Accordingly they cut up their own firfl: •, and then
didfo in other Plantations, whether the Owners con-
fen ted, or nut.

They deflroy'd a great deal of fweet-fcented To-
bacco, and threaten'd to cut up all'*, but they had

The Hijlory ^/Virginia. 261

not Courage enough to go through with their Defign.
The Offenders were feiz'd, imprifoii'd, try'd, and
were condem n'd to be H.ing'd : 1 heir Plant-
cutting being adjudg'd to be Felony and Sedition :i
ind was declar'd to be fo by an h€t of the next
AlTembly.

The Lord Colepepper returning in the following i58o.
year, began to think of trumping up his Title to the
Northern JSfeckj a large Territory, containing feve^
ral Counties.

Thefe Counties had the Privilege of fending Repre-
fentatives to the AfTembly, as well as the other : And
ithe AfTembly being the Supream Court to which all
others were to appeal, he was afraid his Propriety
ivould never be allow'd by them*, wherefore he con-
[itriv'd to get the Appeals out of their hands ^ and to
that end, rais'd fuch Divifions between the Reprefen-
'tatives and Council, that the former pretending to
the fole Power of Appeals, were encourag'd in their
Pretences fecretly by the Governour,till he^had Indru-
iflions from the King ^ to whom having reprefented
the Quarrel to the diladvantage of the Reprefentativeir,
Kis Majefty order'd that all Appeals Ihould be made
to the Grovernour and Council : And now this NoHle
Lord thought he might put in his Claim to the Nor- ji. iQri
them Necky by a Grant from the Crown. There Coelpep-
were feveral others concern'd in the Patent-, and perrt-tj
thefe he bought off: After which, he prevail'd with J^'t- Nor-
hi. Coufin Mr. Spencer^ Secretary of hr^imay who ^Y-"^^
liv'd in the Northern Neckj to fide with thQ Patent:, ^^^^'
which he did till he dy'd : For his Lordfhip, notwith-
ftmdinghe had broken the old vConflitutionof the
Al^smbly, thought fit to proceed by fair Mean?, and
ijengage as many of the Inhabitants as he cou'd to own
ihib Propriety -^ as he did Col. Philip Ludwell^ when
lie was in England^ in the Year 1 690.

This Gentleman undertook to manage his Matters
forJiim \ but could make notiv.ng ot it.

Col. George Brent^ and Col. William Fitz^hugh^ \vho
alio were Inhabitants of the A^fc^, engag'd, as Col.
Ludwell\id.di done, to ferve him as their Proprietor ^
but had no better Succefs than Col. LudwclL

The People of the Neck addrefs'd the Affembly,

d they to the King ^ which had no effjift, becaufe
S . they

1

262 The Hiftory of Virginia.

they had no Agent in England to follicite the Affair :
So the Inhabitants being tir'd with expelling Relief ii
vain, and weary 'd by vexatious Suits vsath the Pra
prietor's Agents, thought it their Iritereft to com-
pound with him, and pay him Qait-Rent. The firfl
that did it was Col. Richard Lee^ one of the Council ^
w^hofe Example was followed by the reft : And Col.
Robert Carter^ another of the Council, and one of the
greateft Freeholders of the Northern Neck^ is at this
time the Proprietor's Agent.

We have been the longer on this Propriety, be-'
caufe it was the Occafion of altering the Conftitutioii
of the Government *, and befides is a very large Par-!
eel of the Colony.

In other things his Lordfhip's Adminiftration was
very commendable ^ he regulat'^d feveral Abufes that
had crept into the Pra£l ice of the Courts, and pre-
vented the Chicanry, fo much complain'd of in Eng-
land^ which w^as beginning to corrupt the Law, and
leflen'd the Expence the Clerks had contriv'd tc
put their Clients to. Hedemolifh'd the Forts. built bj
Sir Henry Chickely^ they being a great Charge, and
of little ufe to the Country : In their ftead, he pro-
cur'd an Acl: to be paft, for fome Troops of Horfe tc
range on the Borders by turns, till there was no more
fear of the Indians.
I <^85. In the year i6S^,he return'd to England^ and would
trancis go thither no moi e : upon which Francis Lord Howard
■^^a^^^T ^f Effingham was fent over Governour. The Lord
fingh Colepepper had declar'd his Kinfman Mr. Spencer Prefi-
C^ernor ^^^^i^^^f^he Council*, tho there \vere other Mem-
bers who with more reafon pretended to that Honour,
being ^Elder than he •, and the oideft Counfellour us'd
always to be Prefident , as the Piefident in the Ab-
fence of the Governour, or Deputy Governour, al-
' . ways fupplies his Place.

Mr, Spencer's Prefidency was attended with nothing
"1584. r^f^i^'^^^^hle. And the next Year, i6%\, theLora
Howard arriv'd, v/ith tlie fame Reibiution to get Mo-
ney as his PredecefTor had done : Ke condefcended tc
fhare the Fees with his Clerks *, oblig'd all Law^yers
and Schoolmafters to take out Licenles to teach and
plead ', for which they paid according to their Abili-
ties : He extorted exceflive Fees for fealing Probata

The Hijlory (;/' Virginia. 26 j

jof Wills, and Letters of Adiriiniftration, without
confidering the Value of the Eilates of the D^ceas'd :
He threw Men into Prifon, and kept them there
without Trials : He repealed Laws by Pr(Klamation,
as much as in him lay *, for the Judges did not mind
thofe Proclamations, but allow'd the Laws to be in
as full force as ever, one excepted •, and that was the
Law for paying Qiut-Rent^ by which the Planters
were peFmitted to pay Qiiit-Rent in Tobacco at 2 d-
^ Pound Tobacco falling afterwards, that Law was
fepeal'd by Proclamation, and the Payment deman-
ded in Money or Tobacco at a Penny a Pound.

To w^hich Order the Vlrginia/js fubmitted, no Man
daring in that Cafe to fland Trial with trie Gover-
nour, efpecially becaufe the Qiiit-Rentw^as refer v'd
in Money by the Words of his Patent.
I This Lord, by many other Exaftions, fo exafperated
ihQ Colony, that they fent Col. Ludwell ovi:r to £7;^-
lafidj to make their Complaints to the King. Mr.
Ludwell did all that could be expefted from a wife
and a faithful Agent *, but did not prevail to have his
Lordfhipremov'd.

We are oblig'd for Conne^lion of things, fometimes
to make bold with Chronology *, and the Conveni-
ence the Reader will find in it, will, we hope, more
than excufe the Freedom we take.

In the Year 15S5. that fevere Duty, which has fo ^*^^^-
long loaded Tobacco, and been the occafion of felling Th' Impofi
many thoufand Hoglheads, at 12^. a Hogftiead, ra- ^'^ ^"^^^'^f
ther than pay the Cuftom and Charges, was impos'd
on this Commodity, three Months after King James\
coming to the Crown : It was obtain'd when the
Parliament were in a warm fit of Loyalty, juft on the
Duke o^ Monmouth's Landing.

The Bill hid been read before, but 'tis thought
would not have pafs'd fo eafily, if the Duke of Mon-
mouth had not landed opportunely, and quicken'd it
by his Rebellion.

This heavy Impofition has been a great Difcourage-
ment to the Induftry of the Plantation, and is the
fource of all the Miferies the Planters fmce fuffer'd,
having kept them poor, and deprived them ^ of the
Means to fupport themfelves in the long War that
follow 'd upon the Revolution.

S 4. T^^-

264 The HifioYj of Virginia.

The Lord Howard fummon'd an Aflembly *, wha
laid thefirft Tax impos'd upon Liquors imported from
the other Plantations. The Pretence was for rebuil-|
ding the State-houfe •, which had lain in Afhes ever
fince Capt. Lawrence burnt James-Town,

His Lordfhip alfo ere£led a Court of Chancery ^
and took away that Jurifdi^lion from the General
Court : He affum'd the Office of Chancellour *, and
the Counfel lours were his Mafters. He would not
hold this Court in the State-houfe, becaufe the Gene-i
ral Court us'd to fit there : And therefore in oppofi-
tion to them, he heard Caufes in a Dining-room in a
private Houfe.

He exafted exorbitant Fees in his New Court ^
and made it turn very much to account. This No-
velty was laid afidc on his Lordfhip's going for Eng-
land •, and the General Court again refum'd their An-i
tient Jurifdi£lion *, which w^as as old as the Colony,

As the Lord Howard had fho'wn an extraordinary
Joy on King James's Acceflion to the Throne*, an
Account of which waspunlifh'd in the Gazette : So he \
as .joyfully proclaim'd Fung ff7//;'/«w on the Revoluti-
on \ and foon after went for England^ leaving Natha- 1
Nath.Ba- nlel BaConll^qmxz^ Father of Col. Bacon^ Prefident:'!
con Efq*^ During whofe Adminiftration the Proie£^ of a College •
Frefidem, firft' began: A Scheme of it was drawn up by the i
ft i Proje^lors, and prefented to the Prefident and Coun-
je on pot. ^.^ .^ ^^1^^ approving of it, the Matter was prepared to
be laid before the AfTe: nbly.

The Preildent had not time to call one himfelf ', for 1
Fran.Ni- 't^was not long h^foxQ Francis Nlcholfon E(q*, arriv'd,
cholfon with the Charader of the Lord Howards Lieutenant.
EffyLieitu TYiii Gentleman on his Arrival, ftudy'dto grow Po-
Governor, pular, by all the winning Arts which Perfbns in Pow-
er make u(e of, to engage the People : He made him-
felf familiar with them •, was follicitous about impro-
ving Trade, and encouraging Manufactures : He in-
flituted Publick Games ^ and allotted Prizes to fuch
as exceird in Riding, Running, Shooting, Wreft-
ling, and Back-fword He enter 'd heartily into the
' Proje<^l: of the Collegtj;

That the Project might not fland ftill for want of
E,ncouragement from tne AfTcmbly, which was not
t\itn fitting, a private Subfcription was propos'd,

and

The Hifiory of Virginia- 265

ind agreed to by the Governour, and two thoufand
five hundred Pounds fubfcrib'd •, Mr. Nkholfon and the
Council fetting the other Gentlemen of the Colony a
70od Example. The i>»^o« Merchants al(b contri-
buted generoufly towards it : And in the next Year,
when the Lieutenant Governour funimon'd an Affem-
bly,* the Matter was mov'd to them *, who zealoufly
sngagM in it, drew up an Addrefs to their Majefties
jCing Willia?7i and Qiieen Mary^ to grant a Charter
for it ^ and fent the Reverend Mr. James Blair into
England^ to prefent it, and follicite the Affair.

The AfTembly pafs'd an A£l for the Encourage-
nentof the Linnen Manufa^ures, the Leather Trade,
f-c. and another for Cohabitation : Yet all the Laws
br it avaird nothing-, no Town was built by them -^
K>r even James-Town rebuilt to the State 'twas in be-
fore 'twas burnt in the Rebellion.

Mr. NUholfon pay*d an extraordinary Refpe^l to
[hefe and all other Arts of the AfTembly, governing
limfelf always ftridly by them in the General
Court.

The Lord Howard was difmifs'd from being Princi- 1692.
3al Governour in the Year 1691. and his Place fup- •S'/V Edm.
i)ly'd by Sir Edmund Andros •, who had been Gover- Andros
nour oi New-England. Covemor.

Sir Edmund arriv'd in February *, and began his Go-
vernment with calling an Aflembly. Thefe Repre-
Fentatives were fo manag'd by the Governour, that
they fufpended the Law for Cohabitation, which
the Merchants of London v^crc againft :, and found it
for their Eafe and Advantage to have the Trade alike
apen in all parts of the Capital Rivers •, and the Ma-
[lersof their Ships could not endure to think of lying
under a Fort, or at Key, when they could come up to
the Door of a Planter or Fador •, live merrily and
plentifully at his Houfe, and ^unload and load at
pleafure.

In England J Mr. Neal, the famous Projeaor, had
procur'd a Patent to be Poft-Mafter-Gentral of thole
Parts of A}?ierica. This AfTembly took the Patent
into Confideration, pafl an Aft in favour of it •, but
by reafon of the diflance of one Houfe from another,
'twas found to be impracticable.

In

266 The Hiftory of Virginia.

Low- In th-Q following Year there happened a moft violenti

tliorp'5 Storm in this Province, which ftopt the Courfeoij
ThilTranf. x\iq antient Channels, and made fome where never
Vol. 2. p. ^gj-g ^py . gy ^j^ich means, between the Bounds of
104. yirginia and Newcaftle in Tenfilvania^ are many na-
vigable Rivers for Sloops and fmall VeiTels.

Sir Edmund Andros was very fond of introducing
the Statutes and Laws of England •, and even fuch a$
related to particular Cuftoms in that Kingdom ^ whichi
was like to ha v? brought all things into Confufion in
the Courts of juft^ice : For the Adls of the AlTembly^
being defpis'd, thofe Laws that were the beft Title,
moft of the Planters had to their Eftates, were forc'd
to give way to Cuftoms and Ufages adapted to the|
Tenures in England : By which the Firglnians were
alarmed, as if they were all at once threaten 'd to be-
outed of their Holds.

No body knew what was Law *, and a great Man
was fo free, as to declare frequently, They had none
of them any Right to their Lands'. Tho what he meant
by it was a Myftery he either cou'd not or wou'd not,
unfold.

Sir Edmund brought over the Charter for the Col-i
lege ^ and Dr. Ihomas Bray went thither to be Pre-
fident of it *, carrying with him a Library, well cho-
fen for the Ules it was to be put to.

Several ProfefTors alfo were preparing to go over^
but all that was done and given towards it came to
nothing : The People were very ready to fubfcribe,
but not fo ready to, pay in their Money : However,
Contributions were fent from England *, which were
promoted by the Example of their Majefties King
William 2Lnd Queen i^^ry, of Glorious Memory *, who
by their own Koyal Bounty, invited others to aflift fo
charitable an Undertaking : And there was Money
enough rais'd to build'the College •, of which the Foun-
dation was laid foon after Sir Edmoud Andros's Ar-^
rival.

This Gentleman fet up feveral Manufa£l:ures, and
FuUing-Milis *, and was earneft with the Planters to
propagate Cotton : He regulated the Managei^ientof
the Secretary's Office ^ whicrvhad been mightily ne-
gledled fince Bacon's Rebellion. He commanded all
th^ Publick Papers and Record 3 to be forted^and kept

in

The Hijlory of Virginia. 267

n exaft Order *, and when the State-hoi/fe was burnt,

le was careful to have them preferv'd •, and all that

ould be fav'd, to be again forted and regifter'd : He

)Ut the Clerks into a Method of difpatching Bufinefs ^

,• md by thefe and other commendable Adls, went a

' Treat way in gaining the Efteem of the People.

He was endeavouring to find out eafy Means to re-

)uild the State-houfey which might not be burdenlbme

.0 the People^ and in all likelihood would have

^ffefted it, had his ftay been longer.

In die Year i <rp 7. "Admiral Nevil's Squadron, which
lad been at the Havana looking after Monfieur Poin-
7, and the French Squadron, touch'd in their return
lomQ 2itVirginia : The Admiral, Commodore Afffj,
Capt. Lytcotj Capt. Holms^ Capt. Bellwood^ Capt.
Dyer^ CB.pt. Stud! y^ C^ipt. Fofler^ all the Dutch Cap-
. tains out of 6 but one, and moft of their Men, were
^yead of an Infe^lious Difeafe •, which the Remainder
3f their Crew brought to rirgima with them : And
j the lnfQ£\:ion{'prQ2id in James-TowTJ, and the Country
f on that River carrying off feveral of the Inhabitants:
The Plantation continu'd fickly a long time af-
ter it.

In November J i^pS. Colonel Nicholfon^ who ie%g,
went from Virginia to Maryland^ return'd to Vir- co\. Ni-
gmia^ with the Charafter <>{ Governour *, He re- cholfon
niov'd the Seat of his Governmen: from James-Town Governor.
to Middle-Flantation '^ where he began to build a
City in Honour of the King •, mark'd out the Streets
i in the Form of a^F. and call'd the Town WiUiamf-
' burgh.

Heprocur'd a flare] y Fabrick to be built there, o-

j ver againft the College ^ and gave it the Name of the

\ Capitol. Some Peribns, who were not endovv'd with

any publick Principle, were againfl this Expenfe :

The Impolitions with which they were loaded in

England and Virginia^ keepi ng thejii always low. And

now a Tax of 1 5 j. upon each ChriRian Servant •, and

\ 20 J. for each Negro, was laid upon them. Befides,

i this Year was very fickly, and the Crop fo iliort, that

\ the Ships return'd home with not above one thir J part

of their Loading*, but the next w^as healthy and plen-

' tifuL -

About

268 The Hifiory <?/ Virginia.

1700. About the Year 1700. a Pirate came into Ly^/;^-
ven-Bz.y^ near the Mouth of James-River^ and took
outfoms Merchant-Ships that werefall'n down there,
in order to fail for England. It happen'd that a fmall
VelTel came into the Bay, and faw the Pirate engag'd
with one of the Merchant-men. This VefTel dipt by
the Pirate, and got into the River *, where the S/70-
ram^ a Fifth Rate Man of War, Capt. Pajfenger Com-
mander, lay, being newly arriv'd from England.

There was another Man of W^ft*, a Sixth Rate,
Capt. Aldred Commander, in Eliz.abeth-KivQY •, but
that was on the Careen, fitting out for a homeward
Voyage.

The Mafter of the (mall VefTel pofted to Kiquotan,
where the Governour happen'd to be at that time,
to fend away his Difpatches for England ^ and Capt.
Pajfenger was alfo gone thither to wait upon him, and
pay his Refpefts to him on his Arrival.

When the, Captain heard of the Pirate's being in the
Bay, he was for haftening to his Ship as fait as he'
couldj in hopes to come up with him. The Gover-
nour defir'd him to ftay a little, and he wou'd '
accompany him *, fo he and Capt. Pajfenger put to Sea ^
and getting between the Capes and the River, forc'd
the Pirate to come to an Engagement.
The Go- The Fight was fharp and bloody '-, but at laft the
venwr Pirate ftruck, and furrender'd at Difcretion ^ the
titex 4 pr/- (-• j.^- j^ of the Privateer and his Crew being to be

It w^as reprefented by the Agents of the Colony of
New-lork to King William^ that Virginia being fe-
cur'd from the Indians and French by New-Tark^ as by
a Barrier, the Virginians ought to contribute tow^ards
building the Fort there.

The King referr'd the Matter to the AfTembly of
Virginia ■, and the Governour thinking it a rea-
fonable Propolal, very zealoufly efpous'd it. The
AfTembly however drew up a Remonftrance againft
it, to this purpofe j That neither the Forts then in Be-
ing^ nor any other that ??jight be built in the Province of
New- York, could in the leaji avail to the Defence and
Security of Virginia •, for that either the French or the
Indians might invade that Colony y and not come wkhin
ioo Allies of any fuch Fort,

■ ' ' This

The Hifiory of Virginia. 269

This Remonftrance put a flop to the Affair in the
Affembly : Whereupon the Governour contributed
the poo /. himfelf, the Sum that was demanded of the
Virginians'^ This was fo generous an A£lion, that it
feems to bear Tome Refemblance with that Roman
Spirit, which the Heroes of all Ages fin ce have been
proud to imitate •, and the Glory of it, was, what all
the Governour's Enemies admir'd and envy'd.

Col. Quarry of Virginia^ then in England^ declared
in a Memorial, deliver'd to the Council of Trade af-
ter Queen Anne's Acceflion to the Throne :, That as
foon as Governour \:\'iQ\io\{ox\ found the Affemhly of V'lT'
ginia wou'd not fee their own Inter efi^ nor comply with her
Majejiys Orders^ he went immediately to New-York ;
and^ out of his great Zeal to the Queens Service^ and
the Security of her Province^ he gave his own Bills for
900 l. to anfwer the Quota of Virginia ^ wholly depen^
ding on her Majefly's Favour^ to reimburfe him out of
the Revenues of that Province,

And as Col. Nicholfon was generous in promoting
the Security of the Province of New Torkj fo was he
to encourage fuch as fought for the Defence of that of
New-England in .the time of the Indian War : When
two New-England Women having furpriz'd and kili'd
10 or 12 Indians, and had a Gift from the AfTembly
there, he fent them alfo a very noble Prefent.

In the Year 1701. the Governour hearing the i7oi,
French Privateers were bufy on the Coafts, laid an
Embargo on all Ships, to prevent their going out,
and falling into their hands. The fame Year fome
Camels were brought thither in fomt Guinea Ships ^
Thofe Beafts would carry 1 200 Weight : But we have
not heard how they thriv'd there*, and fuppofe the
Virginians fucceeded with them no better than the
Barbadians'^ who were foon forc'd to lay down that
'fort of Carriage.

On the sth oWBoher^ 1 70^ /there happen'd a very 1 703.
violent Hurricane at Virginia •, which was the more
remarkable, becaufe that Country is not fubjed to fuch
Accidents. In this Tempeft feveral Ships were driven
alhore in their Harbours;, and othersdamag'd in their
Mafts and Rigging, and much Mifchief done by it m
the Plantations.

In

270 The Hiftory of Virginia.

1704. In the following Year Col. Nicholfon returned to

England^ having in his Government deferv'd a better

Character of the Province of Firgima^ than the late

Author of the Hiftory of that Country is pleas'dto

beftow' upon him. The Reception he met with at

Court, is a fufficient Demonftration that her Majefty

approv'd of his Conduct *, and all the World muft

condemn that Hiftorian, otherwife Judicious and Elo-i

quent, for fulfering a private Pique to prevail over

the Juftice and Gratitude which was due to the Me- j:

rit of the Governour.

George He was fucceeded by George Earl of Orkney^ Lieu-

Earl of tenant General of Her Majefty's Armies*, w^hofe

Orkney Deputy is Benjamin None Efq:, During their Autho-

Gvvt^rmr, j-jty nothing extraordinary has happen'd in Virginia \

EeniamJn ^hich Colony is novs^ in a fafe and nourifhing Conditi- ;

^/^i^n ^"^5 having no juft reafon to complain of any thing but '

Covemr ^^^^^ Taxes, which the Prefervation of their Re-

* ligion and Liberty at this time makes necefTary.

CHAP. II.

Cdntaining a Geographical Defcriftion of Vir-
ginia ; Of the Towns^ Ports^ RiverSy
FortSy &€.

TN the former Chapter we have fhewn how feveral
■*■ Provinces, fhat at firft went all under the Name of
Virginia^ were divided from it, by Patents granted
to other Proprietors ^ who gave thenvother Names,
as New- England^ New-York^ Marylan^ &c. to the
North *, and Carolina to the South : A If which were
a part of the Country that was by Queen Elizabeth
caird Virginia.

In procefs of Time that Name was loft: to all, ex-
cept the Traft of Land lying along the Bay of Chefa"
peac ;, in w^hich are included Virginia and Maryland ^
and both in common Difcourfe, are ftill call'd Vir-
ginia : But the Province that's properly fo call'd, is
bounded on the North by the great River Patowmack j
which parts it from Maryland \ and on the Souths

by

The Hifiory of Virgimz. 271

by Carolina : On the Eaft it has the Virginian Sea •, and Bounds.
on the Weft and North-Weft, thofe WildernefTes
that have ib often been in vain attempted to be Difco-
cover'd ^ and are fuppos'd to ftretch themfelves to the
Californian Sea.

1 he Bounds of this Country are not well fettled ^
and in the Year^i703. theAfTembly had it under Con-
fideration to fix them : But by common Computati-
on, 'tis reckon'd to reach 200 Miles North from
\Pomt Comfort at the Mouth oiChefapeac Bay, and tvvo
hundred Miles South, including all the Land, Weft
and North- Weft, from the Weftern or Virginian^ to
thQ Californian Sea, with the Iflands on both Seas with-
iin 1 00 Miles of the Continent.

Both this Province and that of Af^rj/te^ arefitu-Chcfapc-
|ate on the Great Bay of Chefapeac *, whofe Mouth is ac Bsy.
Cape Henry on the South, and Cape CW/f"/ on the
North. The Water in the Channel is for the moft
part 9 Fathom deep ^ but in fome places not a-
bove 7.

The Bay is eighteen Miles broad \ and lies in 3 7
Degrees North Latitude. It runs about 100 Leagues
up in the Country •, and is feven Miles over, 60
Leagues within Land. This is what our Modern
Sailors call the Capes of Virginia.

It receives into it abundance of Navigable Rivers *,
which, like thofe in the North o( England, flowing in-
to the Number^ all loofe themfelves in this Bay *, io big,
that 'tisfaid all the Shipping in Europe ciin ride there.
In it are feveral little Iflands ^ fome of which are
planted.

Virginia is divided into 25 Counties ^ in which are
4P Parifties-, 34 with Incumbents on them, and 15
vacant. The latter are diftinguifh'd by the Let-
ter V.

We ftiall begin with thofe that lie on James-River^
the moft Southern in the Province : Twas, as has
been faid, call'd Powhatanh^ thQ Indians. Here the
Engliihfirft fettled, and built two Forts for their
■ Defence : but thefe are fince demolifli'd. It runs
140 Miles up in the Country ', and is near a Mile
broad as high as James-Cii^. The firft County on
tlie South lide of it, is Norfolk County •, which bor-
ers on Carolina, .

In

272 The Hijiory of yirgm\2L.

In this Shire ftands the Parifh of Elizabeth \ it
contains 1 1 2019 Acres, and is water'd by Eliz^aheth"
River, which rifes in it, and runs into James-KiVQtj
between Eaft-Bdiy and Weji-B^y, The next is,

TrincefS'Ann-County ontheCoaft: In which are
58305 Acres of Land, and the Parifh of Lynhaven Vj
below Cape Henry- The next is,

Nanfemund-County : In which are 13 11 72 Acres
of Land, and three Parilhes *, Vpper Pariflj^ Loweri
Tarifl}^ and Chuckatuck^ all vacant. The River iV^«~
(amond rifes in this Shire, and falls into 7^;;;^ J-River,
above Bemet's Creek. The next is,

Ifte-of-White-County : In which are 1 42 7P<? Acres
of Land, and twoParifhes, Warwick-Squeek andiWiP-
port. Here's alfo a Spring that vents ailmoft as great
a Source of Water as Holy-Well in Wales. The nexti
is,

5ttrry- County.;; In which are 1 1 1 050 Acres of Land^
and two Parifhes, Southwark V. and Lyons-Creeh
The next is,

Henrico-County^ the uppermoft on the South-fide^
of 5^^wfi-River *, it contains 1+8787 Acres of Land,
and two Parifhes, Henrico and Briflol, The next oven
againft it on the North-fide of the River are,

Prince George and Charles-City ^ Counties : In
which are 1612^9 Acres of Land, and three Parifhes \
Martin Brandon^ Wyanoke^ Weft over* The Parifhes
in the three laft Counties are all fupply'd with-Mi-;
nifters. In the County oi Henrico^ there was a Tovm|
caird Henricopoli:^ which is fill'n to decay. Twenty
Miles above the Falls, is the Monacan Town, wher©
the French Refuges have fettled*, and next below
CbarleS'Cownty on the North-fide of the Riv-ef is, t.

Jamcs-Coxxniy '. In which are 108352 Acres of
Land, and five Parifhes, of which one lies on th©
other fide of the River, as does part of the Coun-
ty. The Parifhes are Wallingford and Wilmingtortj
James-Cityy Merchants Hundred V. on the South-fide;|
of the River, and Bruton. This is reckon'd the chie^
County, becaufe,

James-City^ fiands in it, in a Te?iinfula on th<
North-fide of James-K\SQ^^ about 40 Miles from the!
Mouth of it. There are fcveral Brick Houfes in it \
and Taverns and Eating Koufes, for the Convenience

of

' The Hiftory t?/* Virginia. 273

of Voyagers and Travellers : But the Buildings are
not many nor contiguous, not above 60 or 70 Hou-
(es in all. In this Town there were formerly two or
three Forts, and many fair Streets j but they have
b-»;n ruin'd by Fire and Revolutions in the Govern-
ment, or rather in the DUpofition of the Governours.
The Removal of the Courts of Juftice to WilUamfiadty
hy Col. Nicholfon'^ His refiding and holding the Sef-
fions of AfTembly and General Court there, and the
building the College there, help'd to keep James-
Town in the mean Condition he found it *, and the
Humour of the Firginiam to live upon Plantations,
Ifeem'd to forbid that City to hope for an Increafe of
Houfes and Inhabitants. Not far from James-City
Sir William Berkley built a handfome Houfe for hisRe-
fidence, call'd Greenfpringy where is a Spring To cold,
that 'tis dangerous to drink of it in the Summer time.
In the fame County ftands,

Williamsburgh ', Which before the late Governour
remov'd thither, was call'd Middle Tlantation ^ *tis
ibout 7 Miles from James-City within Land. In this
Town are 20 or 30 Houfes, and the Publick AfTem-
blies and Courts are held there ^ yet neither thefe
Advantages, nor that of the College and Academy
founded there, cou'd procure it a better Figure than
that of a Country Village. Here is a fmall Fort or
rather Battery mounted with 10 or 12 Guns, which
nvere brought thither from James-City by order of
Col. Nicholforij who caus'd a State-houfe or Capital
:o be ereded, and feveral Streets to be laid out in the
*orm of a W.) but we do not hear that a /^, or one
Angle of it is yet finilh'd, or ever likely to be fo : For
'tis probable that whenever the Government, or the
People fhall think of building a City, they will re-
tarn to their Old Capital, Jamss-City, The next
County to this is,

Tork-Coxxnty, It lies between the two Rivers,
James'KiVQr^ and Tork-KwQVj and contains 60767
fVcres of Land, and three Parifhes ♦, Hampton^ V,
Urky and New-Pokofon, The latter ftands at the
Viouth of Tork-RifQr, The next County to it

h
IVarwick-County : In which are 3844.4 Acres of

:.and, and 2 Pariftiss, DeubyV^^iid Mulheny-lUmdf^'
' * X The

2y4 ^^''^^ Hiflory of Virginia.

Ths River Tokofon rifes in it, and runs into the Bay
of Chefapeac near the Mouth of Tc^r^- River. The next
to this is,

Eliz.abcth-C\t)j and County, the leaft in y"trgima^
containing but 25?ooo Acres of Land, and one Parilh.,
Elijah eth-C\iy^ which tho never very great, is lefs
than when 'twas firft built : It had then leveral goodj
Kouies of Brick and Stone, and a Fort was rais'd there
in the Dutch- War •, all which are Ruins already,
there being a fort of Fatality which attends the Towns
in Firgima^ fo that they are like never to come to an^f
thing, unlefs the very nature of the Inhabitants is
quite alter'd •, for they have now nothing fo little iq
their thoughts, as the building of Towns. The Ririfh-|
Church of Ellz.abeth-Ciiy is fupply*d with a Mini-
fter. Crofling the Neck of Land to Pokofon^ wt
come to the Alouth of Tork-Rhcr^ which the Indi-
ans call'd Pamur/ky^ a Name the upper Branch of this
Kiver in King Williafns County Hill retains. ;

This River is navigable 60 Miles w^ith Great Ships,
and with Ketches and Sloops 3 o more. It runs the fanti
Courfe vfithJarries-RiviiY for an 100 Miles, and fo neai
it,thatin fonie Places 'tis not above 5 Miles over Lan4
from one to the other ^ which Land between them
being lb well accomodated for Navigation, and ft
^ near two fuch great Rivers, is beft inhabited ;, anic
here the Richeft Planters are feated. After ttiQ lafl
Indian Maflacre, 'twas proposed to drawa Palefron^
one River to tlic oth^r^ and wholly clear mg th<^
Country of Sav.iges, to live lecure between the tw«
Rivers, where they had the Conveniency of Shi
coming within a few Miles of every Houfe •,
mull go up higher into the Country, and foUowi
the Courfe of the River through Eliz^ibctb^ iVc^
wick and T^r-^-Counties, before-mention'd, \w& conif

tOy

New Kent '^ Containing 171.;^ Acres of Land.
This is one of the largelt and molt populous Conn-
ties in yirgifiia, Tis water 'd by the Southern Branch
of the River Tork^ and has twoParilhes in n^BUfslana
and St. Peter's. The Weflern Bounds of this County
and the next, are certain Hilis, out of which iHlu
forth a Glittering Sand, like the Filings of Brafs,
which Sand was, as is fhewn in the Hiftory, mifta^

ken

The Hijlory of Virginia. 27$

ken, for Gold by the firil: Planters. The next Coun-
ty to this nearer the Falls is.

King William-Comny : In which are 8+32+ Acres,
md one Parifh, St. Johns : Pammky-River: runs thro'
it j *tis the Southern Branch of Tork-Kivcr. On the
South ot this lies,

King and Queens-County : Containing 1^1716 A-
aes of Land, and two Pariihes, Straton-Major^ and
St. Stephens. Chicohofnony-Kw^x rifes in it, and falls
into y^wf J- River, near >growy?f/^'s Plantation. From
this County, returning thro* King Wtlliam-Coxxntjy
and New-Kent J down the North-ihore of r<?r/t-River,
we come to,

\ Cloucefier-County *, the beft Peopled of any in the
Country. It has 142450 Acres of Land in it, and 4
Parifh Churches, Perfo^ Ahington^ Ware and King-
fton, Tis parted from,

Middlefex-County^hy the River Prankltank^which is
navigable twenty or thirty Miles up,containing ^9^00
Acres, and one Parifh, Chrifl-Church. The County
of Middlefex lies on the South Shoar of Rappahanock-
River, which is very broad, deep, and navigable
40 Miles within Land, where 'tis remarkable that the
Heads of TorhKwtx and Rappahanock-KivQry iffue out
of low marfhy Ground, and not of Hills and Moun-
tains, as other Rivers do. Above Middlefex^ towards
the Falls, is Rappahanoek i or,

£i/^A:-County : Containing 140^20 Acres of Land.
n this County and Middlefex lies the Great Swamp,
or Bog, caird the Dragon-fwamp^ *tis near 60 Miles,
ong, and is over-run with Bryars, Thorns, and wild
Beafts,which herd there,becaule the Place being almofl
naccelTible, the Inhabitants can't come at them, at
iCaft not fo eafily as in the Woods and Savana's. In
^is County flands three Parifhes, South Farnham^
Sittingburn V, St. Mary's, The South-fide of it is wa-
tered by Mattapony^ theWeftern Branch of ror^-River,
which is Navigable. Above it are the Counties of,

Richmond 2ind Stafford: A Survey of which I have
ftot feen *, they are new Counties, and are not in the
old Surveys, going all by the Name of Rappahanoek.
In thefe are three Parifhes, North-Farnham in
J^ichmtnd^ and St.Pauls V, and Overworton in Stafford-
County. The next below it, between Rappahanoek,
md Patowmack^ is, T 2 Weji-

.

276 The Hijlory of Virginia.

Wefimoreland'Couniy^ which is very large ^ bul
our Author has not communicated the Number ol
Acres. It has two Parifhes in it, Copeley and Waflnng-
ton. Below it lies the County of,

, Lamafier^ On the North-Shore • of Ri^ppahar.ock
River *., 'tis water'd by the River Cartomain^ or Cor O'
toma^^ which runs into Rappahanock-KvfQX^ aboul
j Leagues from the Mouth of it. There are twc
Rrrifhes in this County, Chrifi-Church and St. Mar^i
V/hlte-ChappeL The next to this and the laft in tltf
Province on the South Shoar of Fatowmackj is,
"'- Northi^mberlarid-County : In which are two Parifhi
Churches, Fairfeld and Boivtracy\\2ind Wiccomocom
There • is a River of the fame Name Wkcomoco.
which Rifes in this County, and runs into the Bayi
at the Mouth of Patowmack-Ri'vcYy which is the Nor^
thern Bounds of /^irg/>/^, and divides it from Mary^
land. The Neck of Land from Wiccorfwco to the Ba^
is what goes by the Name of the Northern Neck
which we often mention'd in the firft Chapter!
We muft now crofs over the Bay : and all along thd
Shoar from Cape Charles^ at the Mouth of the Bay, tC
the River Pocemoke^ which divides it from Ma/ylam
on the Eaftern Bounds^ the Province of Virginia ftj
continues, and there are two Counties in it : t

Accomack ^ Which retains its Indian Name. This
is the largeft County in f^irg'mia^ and contains^ 200^23
Acres of Land. 'Tis not fo Populous as thofe on th€
other fide of the Bay, and has but one Pariih in it
thatof^cc-<?;^/zr^, which is without a Minifter.^ Th«
River Chiffomffex rifes in this County, as do feverai
others of lefs Note. The other County is,

Northampton : A narrow Ccanty that rum
along in a Neck between the Vlrginian'Stdi^ and
the Bay of Chefapeac, Cape Charles^ in the mofl Souj
therly part of it, is oppofite to Cape Henry^ and
thole tVv^o Points of Land are what is commonly call'di
The Capes of Virginia, This County contains ^^384
Acres of Land, and one Parifh Church, that of Hun
gey ;, which is alfo without a Minifter. Thus we have
vifited the whole Province, and have taken notice a;
the mod remarkable things-, but as there are nc
Towns, nor Mines, nor other Places worthy the Rea^
der's Curiofity *, fo our Relation wants that Variety

a

The Hijlory of Virginia. 277

of ObjeiHiS which renders fuch Defcriptions delightful.
The Apelchttnn Mountains are in the Weftern Bounds
; uf Firgima^ and are ftor'd with Minerals, if we may
t; believe fome Travellers who have fpoken of them,
hut we don't find that they have been of any other
Advantage to the Firginians^ than to furniih them /^

with Earth, for the Experiments of their Virtuofo's /

'at the College. The whole Country is water'd with
jRivers, the moft noted of which we have treated of ^
the Falls of each of thofe Rivers, are but i j or 20
jMiles diftant from one another *, and beiides them,
Ithere are North-KwQV^ Eafierfncfl'KivQT^ Pungotcquc,
\Apiimatuc^ Toyanketankj and others, that are Navigable
many Mile?, and well ftor'd with Fifh. The Tides
are fcarce difcernable when the Winds hold at N. W.
but at other rimes they flow as .they do in England^
only they feem not fo large, wfii^h is thought to be
occafion'd by the Tides difFufing it felf into lo ma-
ny Rivers. The Original Springs that make all thefe
Rivers, rife at the Foot of the AppalUan or ^pelch.i^arj i^ov,'th:
Mountains ^ but the Catara£ls or Falls are 50 or yopbil.
Miles diftant from thofe Hills. IheShoars are forTranf. p.
the moft Part Sandy. What Stones are there, are al- s6jy $68.
noft all of 'em hard and traniparent. Some will cut
31afs like Diamonds, and are equal to 'em in Luftre.
The Clifts of thefe Rivers are full of great Veins of
ton Mine, and generally all the Highlands under the
Vlould are a meer Rock of Iron : The Charge of
•aifmg an Iron- Work is fo graat, that no Body in
'Virginia dares ventures on the Expence, or the Plan-
ers are fo intent on Planting Tobacco, tliat they neg-
i^ft all other Improvements.

I There was another Town built in James-County^
WA Dales Glft'^ but 'twas ruin'd by the Incurfions
)f the Indians, Fire, and other Accidents. The
[Country lying between Tork-KwQX^ andJ^wa-River,
s the beft inhabited. The Banks of the former are
ull of Plantations •, and the beft Tobacco growing
here, the Trade of the Colony tends moft that way.
^e have el ie where obferv'd in what Counties the
ndian Nations ftill remain. Their Towns are very
ball, and their Houfes or Huts fuch mean Dwellings,
hat they are rather like the Cabbins of the Slaves in
he Sugar- Iflands, than l]\t Habitations of free People.

1 ^

The

278

The Hijlory of Virginia.

The abundance of Rivers occafion abundance oi
Mills in this Country ^ fome of their Springs fem
forth fuch a glut of Water, that in lefs than half s
Mile below the Fountain-Head, they afford aStreara
fufficicnt to fupply a Grift-mill. All thefe Riven!
are full of Creeks, in which the Planters employ
infinite number of Sloops and fmall Boats, to conv ^
their Tobacco and Merchandize from and to the Ship
that lie in the greater Rivers, or in the the lefs. Wi
have faid little of the greateft River of them all, Fa
towmackj becaufe 'twill as properly come under thi]
AniclQoi Maryland J being the Boundary of that Pro
vince, on the Weftern-fide of Virginia. It cannot b€
expelled that in fo little a Map as that is which ij
annexed to this Hiftory, (b full a Defcription can '
made diVirginiaj asm the large one; but this is t
neweft Survey : And the Country is divided int
the Counties that ar? the present Divifions of it«
there being at this time <?new ones *, Prince George^
Princefs Anne^ King William^ King and Queen^ Rich-
mond and Stafford, In the former Surveys there wer<
but IP Counties: In this all of them are included,
together with as many Plantations as wou'd ftand ir
fo much room *, and the fame Care has been taken ii
the Maps of th« other Countries.

C H A P^

The Hijiory ^/Virginia. 279

CHAP. HI.

dfthe Inhxhitmts ; and fir Jl of the Indians :
Their Government ^ Religion, Manners^

\ and Cufioms : Of the Englijh^ Mafiers^
Servants , and Slaves : Their Number Sy
Strength and Way of Living.

HEN thQ Englifh firft difcover'd Flrgima^t\iQ In-
dians were divided into feveral Nations, as, the
'econgthans^ the Weanocks^ the Arrahattocks^ ih^i Ap-
metocks^ the Nanfemunds^ the Chefapeacs^ the PaJ-
hogesy who pofTefs'd the Ground where James-City
ow Hands. Thefe Tribes or Divifions inhabited the
Country lying on the River Powhatan^ or Ja}nes-K\'
Ver. On the River Pammke there dwelt the Nations
of the Toungtanunds^ and the Mattapaments, On
Rappahanocky or Toppahanuck-RiwQVy the A'fanahoacSy
the Mor aught acundsy and the Cuttatawomens. The
Country on which the Enalifh landed, when Capt.

I Barlow and C2i^t,Amida4 diK:over'd it, was call'd Wi7i'
gandacoaj and the King of it Wingina. It lies South-
ward of the Bay of ChefapeaCy near the Frontiers of
Florida, Sometimes the King of one of thefe Nations
made War on the reft, and conquer'd three or four
of them y the Dominion of which generally after his
'Death, fell back to the natural Princes of thofe Coun-
I tries. All thefe Nations are now entirely ruin'd,
loccafion'd partly by their Feuds among themfelves,
and partly by their Wars with the Engliih, who arc
Mafters of all the Countries which they formerly
PolTeis'd : The Enalifh for their Convenience, or out
of Humanity, fuffer'd them to enjoy their Lives, and
Liberties, and frequently enter'd into Leagues with
them, which the faithlefs Savages kept no longer than
they were forc'd to it. Thofj who dwell upon the
Borders of the Province, which only retains the Name
of yirgmia at this day, were the molt treacherous

T if *nd

X

28 o The Hijlory of Virginia.

and cruel to the Englifh of all the Indian Nations.!
The People of Wingandacoa were affable and cour-
teous to the firft Adventurers, while GrangammeoJ,
^F/>/^;Ws Elder Brother reign 'd. His Wife alfo did
many good Offices to the Englifh, who afterwards at-
tempted to fettle on the Ifland of Roenoke : But after
Grangammeo's Death, Wingina^ who perhaps lik^
them better for Dealers than for Neighbours, behav'd
himfelf very treacheroufly towards them ^ And when
a Party of 'em was going towards the Kingdom of the
Aia7igoacs^ in quefl; of Copper Mines, he ftir'd up
Several Tribes againft them, and particularly Tm^^
tan^ Prince q{ tn.^ Moratoes^ whofe Ydithtt Efifenort
prevented his falling upon them *, zxi^ Menatonon King
of one of thofe Tribes,courted their Friendfhip by Pr«H
Cents of Pearl,as did Okifco King of the Weopomeocsywho
fubmitted to become Tributary to the Queen of Eng-
land, Wingina finding all his Contrivances to deflroy
them were difappointed, thought it his Interefl to
affe^ a Friendfhip for them, as the other Kings
did', but this Friendfhip lafled no longer than till
he had an Opportunity to fhew his Treachery, anJ
when he thought he had 'em at an Advantage, he fell
upon them, who putting his wild Army to flight, took
him Prifoner, and cut off his Head. The Englifh^
being forc'd to abandon thofe Settlements, Capt.5/«;>fr
founded the prefent one, as we have ellewhere related,
in the Dominions of Powhatan ^ King of Wicomoco^who
warr'd with the Englifh all his Life-time, except a few
Intervals of Peace, and the fame did his SucceflToi
Oppecancamvgh, the bft Prince of any Fame of th
Savages. They fell to dec^y after his Death, aiK
tho they committed feveral Murders on the Borders •,
'twas rather like tne Sallies of Robbers from their lurk-
ing Holes, than the Incurfions of a warlike Nation,
They are now brought fo low,that the Englifh are not
in the leaft fear of^ them, having it in their Power to
extirpate them wheiievor they pleafc ^ but they ferve
them in Hunting and Fowling, and other Services ',
which is the chiefefl, if not the only Caufe of their
Prefervation. One may judge by Oppecamianovgh*^
Greatnefs, who we are told cou'd bring 20000 Mea
into. the Field, that had all the Indian Tribes been
united, it wou'd have been impoffible to have made

^

Tot

th^

f The Hiftory of Virginia. 281

a Settlement with fuch fmall Numbers as the Englifh
brought over, or from time to time fent to Flrgwia,
Of all the Nations that were then in being ^ at which
time two or three thoufand Bow-men liv'd in a Town
together, the few that remain are fcatter'd up and
down on the Frontiers of the Englifh Plantations j and
tho they live in Towns, or what fome call Cities, we
'may perceive by the following Account of them, they
lare reduced fo low, that the Hand of Providence ap-
Ipears vifibly in their Deftruftion.
j They are much more afraid of the Indians who in
Ihabit higher up in the Country, than of the En-
glilh 'f to whom they pay Tribute of three In-
■dian Arrows, and 20 Beavors Skins, each Town, for
Proteftion.

On the North- fide of the Bay,

In Accomctc are 8 Towns, viz^

i

Matomkirij Lately almoft depopulated by the Smali-
Pox.

Cingoteque^ What is left of this Place is now part of
the Kingdom of a Prince, who reigns
over a Nation of Maryland'\nd\Kn%,

Kiquotoity Almoft ruin'd.

Matchepungo^ Some few Families remain there.

Occahanocky There a few Families are alfo yet in being.

Purjgoteque^ Governed by a Qiieen ^ a fmall Nation.

Oanancockj Has but + or 5 Families.

Chicorjejjexj Not many more.

Nanduye^ Governed by an Emprefs, to whom all
the Nations on the Coafts are Tribu-
tary.

Gangafcoe^ In the County of Northa?nptony border-
ing on Accomac^ as numerous as all
the other Nations put together

On the South- fide of the Bay are,

Wyanoh^ In Vx'ixiZ^ George County, almoft come
to nothing. The Remains of thi";
Tribe are gone to live with othrr
Indians.

282 7"^ Hiftonry of Virginia.

Appamatioxy In CW/ej-City. Thefe live on Col.
Byrd^s Lands *, about 7 Families :
They were formerly a great Nation.

Nottawayesy In Surrey, This King can raife 100
Bow-men ^ the moft thriving People
of all the ^rg/w^;/-Indians.

MenkeeritJgj By Nanfamund : Has about 30 Bow-
men.

Nanfammdy About 30 Bow-men^ and increafe ofi
late.

Tammkye^ In King William County, has 40 Bowr
men •, they decreafe.

Chickahomony^H^s is Bow-men*, they increafe, and
were a powerful People when the En^"
glifh firft landed here.

Rappahanochj In EJfexj has but a few Families*, an J
they live fcatter'd on the Englilhi
Seats.

Tort-Tobago^ In Richmond^ j Bow-men.

Wiccomocoj Of which Nation there are now but
three Men living, who retain the
Name of their Kingdom, and the
particular Cuftoms of their Anceftors.
Of this People, Towhatan was at firfti
King, and conquered feveral others af»
ter them. If thefe three Men have
King, he muft be of the fame Rank
with Trincolo in the Tempefl, th*
Nation being much of the ianie fize.:
Thefe Men are very proud of thcifi
Original, and live by themfelves, fert
parate from either the other Ii;idiai^
ortheEnglifh.

Were all thefe Nations or Tribes united, the^
could not raife 5:00 fighting Men : A poor Army, com-
pared to the Virginian Militia *, which, as we fhaW
make appear in this Chapter, confifts of near loooo
Men.

Thofe miferable Wretches ftill follow the Religion
and Cuftoms of their Anceftors *, and are not become
either more pious or more polite by the Company of
the Englifti,

Ail

The Hiftory <?/ Virginia. 28}

As to their Religion, they have all of *em fomedark
Notion of God *, and fome of them brighter ones^ if
my Author may be believ'd, who had this Confefliori
from the Mouth of an Indian, That they believ'd God
was univerfally beneficent : That his Dwelling was in
Heaven above :, and the Influences of his Goodnefs reach" d
to the Earth beneath : That he was incomprehenfible in his
Excellence j and enjoy'd all poffitle' Felicity :, That his Du-
ration was eternal •, his PerfeBion boundlefs ^ arid^ That
he pojfejff'es everlafiing Indolence and Eafe. So far the
Savage talked as rationally of the Being of a God, as a
Chnflian Divine or Philolbpher could have done : But
when he came to juftify their Worfhiping of the De-
vil, whom they call Okee^ his Notions were very He-
terodox : He faid, 'Tistrue God is the Giver of all good
ThtngSy hut they flow naturally and promifcuou/ly from
him \ that they are JJwwer'd down upon all Men indiffe-
rently^ without Dijiin^ion : That God does not trouble
himfelfwith the impertinent Affairs of Men \ nor is con-
cerned at what they doy but leaves them to make the moft:
of their free Will^ and tofecure as many as they can of the
good Things that flow from him: That therefore it
was to no purpofe either to fear or worjhip him : But
on the contrary y if they did not pacify the evil Spirit^
he would ruin their Healthy Peace^ and Plenty^
he being always vifiting them in the Air^ Thunder^
Storms^ &c.

As to the Idol which they all worihip, and is kept

inaTerwple, call'd Quiocafan-^ He feem'd to have a

very indifferent Opinion of its Divinity, and cry'd

out upon the Juggling of the Priefts— This Man does

not talk like a common Savage -^ and therefore we

j may fuppofe he had ftudy*d the Matter more than hh

i Countrymen •, who for the generality pay a great

I deal of Devotion to the Idol, and worfhiphim as their

chief Deity.

Their Priefts and Conjurers are highly reverenc'd
by them : They are given extreamly to Panwawing
or Conjuring : And one of them very lately conjur'd a
Shower of Rain for Col. Byrd's Plantation in a time of
Drought, for two Bottles of Rum. We are not apt
to give Credit to fuch fupernatural Events ^ and had
we not found this in an Author who was on the Spot,
welhouldhavereje^leditasaFable. .

Their

j84 The Hijlory of Virginia;

Their Priefts promife fine Women Eternal Sprint,
^ and every Pleafure in Perfeftion in the other Worlds
r which charm'd them in this f, and threaten them with'
Lakes of Fire and Torments, by a Fairy in the Shape i
oi an old Woman. They are often bloody in theil„
Sacrifices *, and offer up young Children to the Devifel
They have a fuperftitious Ceremony among thej
which they call Huskanawing^ and is perform*^
thus j They fhut up ten or twelve young Men, tl
moft deferving among them, about 20 Years of Age
in a ftreng Inclofnre, made on purpofe, like a Sugal
Loaf, and every way open like a Lattice, for the Ail
to pafs through. They are kept there for feveral
Months •, and are allow'd to have no Snftenance, bul
the Infufion or Decoftion of poifonous intoxicating^
Roots ^ which turns their Brain, and they run ftart'
mad.

By this 'tis pretended they lofe the Remembrance
of all former things, even of their Parents, Treafure,
Language, as if they had drunk of the Water of Obli-
vion, dipt out of the Lake Lethe,

When they have been in this Condition as long as
their Cuftom direfts, they leffen this intoxicating Po*^
tion *, and by degrees the young Men recover thej
life of their Sen(es : But before they are quite well^
they are fhewn in their Towns \ and the Youth who
have been huskanaw'dy are afraid to difcover the leaft
fign of their remembring any thing of their paft
Lives ^ for in fuch cafe they mufl: be huskanaxod vigain |
and they are difciplin^d fo feverely the fecond time^^l
that it generally kills them.

After the young Men have pafl this Trial, they ai
Camarotffesy or Men of Qiality in their Nations-:
and the Indians lay they do it, to take away from Touth
all ihlldiflj fmprcjfiom-j and that firong Partiality to Per^
fons ^ii^d Things^ which is contra^led before ReaJ'on comes
to take^ac'f.

The Indian Priefts, to command the Refpeifl of the
People, make them (elves look as ugly and as terrible 1
as they can. The Conjurers always ihare with them' ■
in their Deceit, and the Gain by it : The Indians con-,
fult both of them before they go on any Enterprize.
^ There are no PrieftelTes or Witches among them.
They erefl Altars on eyery remarkable Occafion ;

'and

The Hiftory of Virginia. 28 j

and have Temples built like their common Cab-
bins, in which their Idol (lands, and the Corpfe of
their Kings and Rulers are preferv'd.

They have no fort of Literature among them *, and
their vs^ay of communicating things from one to ano-
ther, is by Hieroglyphicks. They make their Ac-
counts by Units, Tens, Hundreds, &c. as the Englifh
do^ but they reckon their Years by Cohonks or
iWinters *, and divide every Year into five Sea fons:
The budding time, the earing of the Corn, the Sum-

rer, the Harveft, the Winter.
The Months they count by Moons. They divide
|the Day into three parts *, The Rife, Power, and low-
ering of the Sun: And keep their Accounts by Knots
on a String, or Notches on a Stick. Of which Capt.
Smith relates a pleafant Story *, That when the Prin-
cefs Pocahonta came for England^ a Coucaroufe^ or
Lord of her own Nation attended her*, his Name was
Vttamaccomack : And King Towhatan^ Tocahontd's
Father, commanded him when he arriv'd in England^
to tell the People, and give him an Account of their
iNumber. Vttamaccomack^ when he came afhore,
jgot a Stick, intending to count them by Not-
ches ', but he foon found that his Arithmetick
wou'd be to no purpofe *, and threw away
bis Stick. At his Return, the King ask'd him.
How many People there were ? and he reply'd. Count
^he Stars in the Sky^ the Leaves upon the Irees^ and
the . Sand on the Sea-J/jore^ and you will know how tnatiy *,
^orfuch is the Number of the People in England.

They efleem the Marriage-Vow as the moft facred
of all Engagements-, and abhor Divorces: Adultery
is the mofl unpardonable of Crimes amongft them.
I Their A4aidens are very Chafte •, and if any one
|Df them happens to have a Child before Marriage,
ber Fortune is Spoilt. This Account contradifts
others that defer ibe them to be common Proftitutes 'j
but the Indians and the Virginians difown the Scan-
dal, which fome Authors lay to their Charge : They
jare very fpritely and good-humour'd, and the Wo-
Imen generally handfome. Their manner of hand-
ling Infants is very rough *, As foon as the Child is
born, they plunge it over Head and Ears in cold Wa-
ter, and then bind it naked to a Board, making a hole

in

2%6 ' The Hifiory of Virginia. j

in it in the proper place for Evacuation. Betweea
the Child and the Board,they put fome Cotton- Wool
or Fur, and let it lie in this Pofture, till the Bones
begin to harden, the Joints to knit, and the Limbs
to grow ftrong. Then they loofen it from the Board,
^nd let it crawl about where it pleafes. From this
Cuftom 'tis laid the Indians derive the Clcannefs and
Exaftnefs of their Limbs, which are the nioft per-
feft for thefe Qualities in the World. Some of 'em
are of a Gygantick Stature, live to a greater Age,
and are ftronger than others ^ there being never a
Dwarfe, crooked, bandy-legg'd, or ill-fbapen Indian
to be leen. Some Nations of 'em are very tall and
large-limb'd, and others are fhort and fmall : Their
Complexion is a Chefnut brown and Tawny. They
paint themfelves with a Pocone-root, which ftains
them of a reddifti Colour. They are clear when they
are Young. Greafing and Sunning makes their Skin
turn hard and black. Their Hair for the moft part is
cole-black ^ fo are their Eyes : They wear their Hair
cut after feveral whimfical Modes ^ the Perfons of Note
always keeping a long Lock behind. The Women
wear it very long, hanging at their Backs, or twifted
up with Beads, and all the better Sort adorn their
Heads with a kind of Coronet •, the Men have no
Beards, and to prevent their having any, ufe certain
Devices which they will not communicate to the Eng-
lifh.

Their Cloaths are a iVlantle girt clofe in the middle,
and underneath a Piece of Cloth ty'd round the Wafte,
and reaching down to the middle of the Thigh.
The common Sort only tie a piece of Cloth or Skin
round their Middle. As for their Food they boil,
broil, or roaft all the Meat they eat : Hontony is their
ftanding Di(h, and confifts of Indian Corn foak'd,
broken in a Mortar, and then boiFd in Water
over a gentle Fire for lo or 12 Hours together.
They draw and pluck their Fowl, skin and paunch their
Quadrupedes^ but drefs their Fifh with their Scales
on, without getting : They leave the Scales, Entrails
and Bones, till they eat the Filh, when they throw
the Offals away. Their Food is chiefjy Bevors, Tur-j
tie, feveral Species of Snakes : Broth made of Deen
Humbles, Peafe, Beans, &c. They have no fel

Meals,

The Hijiory of Virginia. 287

Meals, they eat when they are hungry ; and drink
nothing but Water. Their Bread is made of Indian
Corn, Wild Oats, or the Seed of the Sun Flower:
H They eat it alone, and not with Meat.
I ' They travel always on Foot, with a Gun or Bow.
I They live upon the Game they kill*, and lie under a
Tree, upon a little high Grafs. The Englifh prohi-
jbit them to keep Corn, Sheep, or Hogs, left they
'Ihould fteal their Neighbours.

When they come to Rivers, they prefently patch
up a Canoo of Birch Bark, crofs over in it *, and leave
it on the River's Bank, if they think they fhall not
want it, otherwife they carry it along with them.

Their way of receiving Strangers is by the Pipe
or Calumet of Peace : Of the latter Per0 Hermepin
has given a large account in his Voyages j and the
Pipe is as follows *, They fill a Pipe of Tobacco,
larger and bigger than any common Pipe, light
it, and then the chief of them takes a Whiff;
gives it to the Stranger, and if he fmoaks of it, 'tis
Peace ^ if not. War: If Peace, the Pipe is handed al!
round the Company.

The Difeafes of the Indians nrc very few, and eafy
to be cur'd : They for the moft part arife from exceP
five Heats and Colds, which they get ofFby Sweating,
;As for Aches, and fettled Pains in the Joints or Limbs,
they ufe Caufticks and Scarifying. Their Priefts are
their Phyficians *, and from their Childhood arc
itaught the Nature and Ufe of Simples *, in which their
jKnowledge is excellent 9 but they will not communi-
SJcate it, pretending 'tis a Gift of God*, and by the My-
llery they make it the more valuable^

Their Riches confift in Furrs, Peak, Roenoke. and
Pearl. Their Peak and Roenoke are made of Shells ♦,
the Peak like an EnaRfh Buglas*, the Roenoke is a
piece of Cockle, drill'd through like a Bead. Before
the Englifh came among them, this Peak and Roe-
noke were all their Treafure, but now they fet a
value on their Furr and Pearl, and are greedy of fcra-
ping Quantities together. The Pearl is good *,
and formerly was not fo rare as 'tis at this time.

They had no Iron Tools before the Englifh brought
*em over: Their Knives were fharpen'd Reeds or
Shells 1 their Axes fliarp Stones; They rub*d Fire, by

turning

\

288 The Hijlory of Virginia.

turning the End of a hard piece upon the Mq of cm
that is (oft and dryj^ which at laft wou'd burn. The}
feird great Trees by burning them down at the Root
having ways of keeping the Fire from afcendingi
They hollow'd them with gentle Fires, fcrap'd th(
Trunk clean *, and this made their Canoo's, of whicl
fome were 3 o Foot long. They are very good Handi!
crafts Men ^ and what they do is generally neat anc
convenient.

In the firft Chapter we have faid enough to fhewi
that the Government of the Indians was Monarch!
cal : Their Kingdoms defcended to the next Heir
Male or Female -^ and they were very exaft in pre-i
fervingthe Succemon in the right Line. If, as it of
ten happened, one great Prince fubje£ted the other
thofe Conquefts commonly were loft at his Death,anc
the Nations return 'd again to the Obedience of thei:
natural Princes. They have no written Laws •, neij
ther can they have any, having no Letters. Thei:
Lands are in common, and their Werowancesot Judges
are all Lord Chancellours, deciding Caufes, and in
flifting Punifhments, according as they think fit
Thefe Werowances^ and the Coucaroufesy are theii
Terms to diftinguifh their Men of Quality : The for
mer are their War Captains, and the latter fuch a
have paft the Trial of Huskanawing. Their Prieft
and fconjurers have great Authority among them
They have Servants whom they call Black Boys ^ and
are very exa£l in requiring the Refpeft that is due t<
their feveral Qualities.-— And thus much of the Indi
ans, who from a State of Nature and Innocence, ii'
which the Englifh found them, are now infefted witl
the European Vices of Drunkennefs, Avarice anc
Fraud, having learn'd nothing of the new Comers, bu
what has ferv'd to render their Ignorance the men
deteftable.

We muft now treat of the Englifti Inhabitants, thei
Rife, Numbers, Diftinftion, and way of Living. W«
have feen in the beginning of this Treatife, from whal
fmall beginnings the Englifti Colony rofe to the Stati
it is in at prefent : And it cannot be imagin'd, thj
the firft Adventurers there were xMen of Quality ar"
Fortune, whatever the Proprietors in England wer(
Men of Eftate wou*d not leave their Native Gountry|

0

The Hifiory <?/ Virginia. 289

of which the Englifh are of all Men moft fond to
feek an Habitation in an unknown Wildernefs : And
what deter'd fuch from going thither at firft, will al-
ways deter them. *Tis true, as the Colony encreas'd.
and became fettled, Men of good Families, and fmall
Fortunes, remov'd to yirgiriia^ thriv'd and grew
great by their Induftry and Succefs : And thus many
Gentlemen of Virginia may boaft as good Defcents
as thofe in England'. But tnere's no need as yet of an
Herauld-Office to be fet up at James-Town ^ and the
Colony are in the right to make (light of fuch empty
Honours, in comparifon of the fubftantial Profit
which is got by Planting and Traffick. Wherefore
[the honeft Merchant, and induflrious Planter, are
ithe Men of Honour in Virginia \ and it would not be
Ithe worfe for England.^ if Induftry and Honour were
.nearer a-kin than fome vain Perfons-make them.
I 'Twas a long time before Virginia faw a Race of En-
'glifh born on the fpot-, which Was occafion'dby the
jfinali number of Women that came over ^ the firft:
[Planters being fo hard put to it, that they made no
fcruple to buy a Wife, and~to accept of any Woman
that could give a tolerable Account of her Virtue.
.Women were not fo fcarce afterwards •, when the Co-
lony was come to a fort of Perfection, whole Fami-
llies tranfported themfelves thither from England^ to
mend their Fortunes, and others to enjoy that Liberty
of Confcience which was deny'd them at home, in the
iReign of Charles I. and his Son Charles II. Befides
(which, feveral Royalifts removed thither during the
Rump and Olivers Ufurpations.

By this means the Colony has fo encreas'd in
(Numbers, that there are now by the niceft Com-
jputacioii near 70000 Men, Women, and Children
in Virginia^ including the French Refugees, the
inhabitants of the Northern Neck.^ and the Negro Ser-
ji^ants, who are but a few, in comparifon to the Sugar-
iPlantations. Of thefe the Men are more numerous
;in proportion than the Women, occafion'd by greater
Numbers of them going over thither \ tho of late
years, it has been cuftomary for young Women, who
lire fall'n into Difgrace in England^ or are ill us'd by
rheir Parents, to tranfport themfelves thither ^ and,
is they fay, Try their Fortunes^ which have often been

U very

I

290 The Hifiory of VirgmiB.. |j

very favourable. The People of ^/Vgm/^ arc, as in
England^ diftinguifh'd by the Names of Mafters and
Servants. The Diftincflions of the Mafters are b;,
their Offices or Birth •, and of the Servants, by fuch
as are for Lifv,^, and Inch as are for a Term of Years
tho Negroes ajid their Pofterity are all Servants
for Life y the white Men and Women for ar
many Years as they bind themfelves : And if the^ '
don't bind themfelves by particular Indentures
the Laws of the Country oblige them to (erve till the)
are four and twenty Years of Age, if they are undei
Nineteen when they commence their Service: if a
bove, the term is fet to five Years :, and then they art
as much entituFd to the Liberties and Privil^iges o
the Place^ as any of the Inhabitants or Natives are
. Their Mafters, when their Times are out, ^re oblig'c
to give each Servant 1 5 Bufhels of Corn, and two ncv
Suits of Cloaths, Linnen and Woollen*, befides eac!
of them may take PolTeffion of 50 Acres of unpatentec
Ground, if he can find any ^ which is a Pvivikge tha
makes a Noife, and is tempti'Jg to the poor Creature
who go over, but is not worth the naming, for t
Crown will purchafe it at any Lime.

The Laws o^Firginla take great Care for the good
lifage of Servants, as to NecefTaries, Diet and Cloaths
And the Labour of the Country, which con fifts chief
ly in Tilling, Manuring the Ground, Sowing anc
Planting Tobacco is To eafy, that as hard Workas'tl*
reprefented to be, the Day- Labourers in England ^n
much the greater Slaves, if hard Work, and hari
Living, are Signs of Slavery.

The Servants and Slaves are never lifted in the Mi
litia of the Country \ but every Freeman from Six-*
teen to Sixty Y^'ears of Age, is enroH'd, and oblig'd tc
miifter once a Year. Their Number is in all i>522j
of which 2353 are Light-Horle, and 71 5P Foot anc
Dragoons, according to the following Schedule, taker
in the Year 1703. By which the Reader will have*
clear View of the Strength of f^irginia j without i»
eluding the Northern Neck^ or the French Refugees at
t\i^ Monachan-Tcmn^ which may encreale the Numi
ber of Souls to near 7 o 0 0 ©•

Counties

2+7

4+^
332
215

The Hijlorj (?f Virginia. 291

Counttei Number Males. Females Militia. Horfc. Foot

Names. of Souls. an! &Dra-

Children. goons.

Henrico^ 2413 5>iy i^pg 3+5 5?8

Prince George 9

and ^ 4.045 1405 2^3^ 62^ 203 422
Charles City ^ 3

Surreyy 2230 880 1350 350 (J2 28S

^^e^/Zf^^k, 2714 841 1873 514- HO 374

Niwftmund^ 2j3o xois 1512 5pi 142

Norfolk^ 227p 717 1572 380 48

Princefs Jnnej 2097 (^8^ 1351 284 69 _ ,

james'Ctty^ 2ppo I2P7 i<5^P3 401 123 27$

Torky 2357 1208 1 1 49 3po 6% 322

Warwtcky 1577 ^.82 8P5 201 4p ij2

ElizMbetlo'City^ 1188 4<fp 719 xp<? 54 142

^^^'f^r^h 3374 1325 204P 420 X20 300

KmgmiUam^ 1834 803 1031? ^ ^

jifi^^^ ^^i^^f;f,2842 1244 I59^y^^ ^^^ ^^^

[Glocefier^ ^83 4 2<^28 3 2o<y 5P4 121

MMltfeXj X532 77<^ 85(J ipp 5<y

'^y^^y 2400 lopo X310 438 13P

Richmond^ 2<^22 13P2 1230 J04 122 382

Stafford^ 2033 8(J3 1 1 70 345 «4 2^1

Wefimoreland^ 27^6 1131 1505 451 133 318

Lanca/tery 215:5 P41 121 4 271 42 22p

Northumberland^ 20^9 116Z P31 522 130 3p2

Accomacky 2804 1041 i7<r3 45<J loi 355

Northampton^ 2081 712 i3(fp 347 70

475
141

I3P 2pp
382
2(JI

277

6o6o6\ 25023I35583IP522I 236-3171 jp

Befidesthe Englifh Inhabitants, there are now feve-
ral hundred of French Rcjfagees Families, who were
fent over thither by King William. Thefe Refugees
had a very rich Territory adiga'd them, twenty Miles
above the Falls o^ James-Kivtr^ on the South- fide of
the River, formerly the Habitation of a Warlike Na-
tion of the Indians,cali'd i]\QMonachans\ and theTown
where the French Proteftants fettled, is call'd the
Monachan Town.

U 2 The

292 The Hiftory of Virginia.

The AfTembly has granted them great Privilegesji
and been bountiful in their Charity to them, for
their Encouragement. They are alfo very much ob*
lia'd to the Generofity and Proteftion of Col. Byrd^
wnofe Friendfhip has been ferviceable to them on ma-
ny Occafions. They are an induftrious People -^ have
made excellent Wine there, even of the Wild Grapes^
and are upon feveral Improvements, which will bb
very much to their own Advantage, and that of the
Colony.

'Tis computed that the Number of Souls which eh
ther came over at firfi-, or fince, or have been born ui
the Country, amounts to near twelve hundred French;
And the Northern Neck being larger than the largeft
of the other Counties, and almoll as populous, ma^
contain about fix thouiand : So that the whole Num^
ber of Souls in the Province off^lrgima^ exclufive of
jMaryland^ is about -70000.

As 10 the Culloms and Manners of the yirginianSy
they are the fame with the Englifh *, and one may a^
well go about to defcribe the Manners and Cuftomsof
any one particular County o^ England feparate from
thQ reft.

Their Diet is fomcwhat different -^ lb is their Cloa
thing, a$ alfo their Sports and Paftimes, and Difeafes,
occafion'd by the difference of the Climates : Befidei
Beef, Mutton, and Veal, which the Firginians have
in plenty, tho not fo good in its kind as we have in
England^ they have Pork, Bacon, and all forts of
Tame and Wild Fowl, better than any of the feveral
Kinds that are in England,

Pork is fold from 1 ^. to 3 <^. a Pound *, a large Pul-
let for 6 d, a C^pon for 8 d. Chickens 3 j. a Dozen ^
Deer 8 j. a Head. The Bread which the better fort
of People ufe, is generally made of Wheat : The poor-
er eat Pone, made of Oppw^, or Indian Meal. Their \
Kitchin-Gardens fupplys them with all forts of Roots,
Sallats, and Pot-herbs. Their Drink is according to
their Circumftances •, the Gentlemen brew fmali Beer
with Engl'fh Malt : Strong Beer they have from En-
gland :^ as alio French Wine and Brandy, with which
they make Punch ^ or with Rum, from the Caribbee
Illands, or Spirits of their own diftilling, from Ap-
ple?, Peaches, &c. Madera Wine is tiie xnoft com-
mon

I The Hifiory of Virginia. ^9 j

KTon and t}ti^ moft noble of all their ftrong Drinks,
the Poor brew thcjir Beer with Mellafles and Bran?
)r Indian Corn dry'd in a Stove. They have feveral
)ther forts of Potabks, which are very wholefom and
deafant. They burn Wood every where, tho there
s Pit-Coal in nv^ny places ^ bat Wood being (b plen- '

B\ that they may have it for cutting, no body has
lought it worth while to dig for Coal.

Their Cloaths are brought from England for Per-
9as of Diftin^lion, and are as much in the Mode as
LjTtand Coft can make them : They are generally of
■f lighted Stuffs or Silks, bot.'i for Men and Wo-

en. The Men for Coolnefs, as in other parts of the
Vefi-Itidiesy wear in the Heat of the Summer Fuflian
.nd Linnen Jackets *, and the Women Linnen or Muf-
in Gowns. They have almoft all their NecefTaries,
s to Drefs, from England. Their Buildi.igs are as in
^^ngland^ <^{ Brick, Timber and Sto.ie, the out-fide
)f their Houles being cover'd with Lime made of
Oylter Shells, much niore durable than Englifh
Jnie.

Their Sports are Deer-hunting, Hare-hunting ;
)ut different from the Englifh Chafe : They learnt or
iJie Indians to come up to the Deer under the blind of
I. ftalking Horfe, as the Savages did under that of a
talking Head: They teach a Horfe to walk gently
>y the Huntfman's Side, to cover him from the Sight
)t the Deer *, and fo they have an Opportunity to kill
iim. They have other ways of Deer-hunting-, but
his being the moll remarkable, I have cholen to
iiention it in this place.

Their Hares they hunt with Mungrils or Swift-
Dogs : The Hares generally hole in a hollow Tree,
luid then they are fmoak'd out by the Hunters. They
;ifo have other forts of Hunting, as Vermine-hunting,
imd Horfe-hunting^ the latter is much delighted in
')y young People, who purfue wild Horfes with Dogs,
ind fometimes without them. Thefe wild Horfes are
liich as are foal'd in the Woods in the Hill Country \
ind no body knowing whom they belong to, every
pne is free to catch and keep as many as he pleafes :
irhothey are of the Englifh Breed, they are as fhy as
jmy Savage Creatute •, but this fort of Cattle feldoii)
iis fit for ufe.

U 5 They

294 ^^^ Hiftory of Virginia.

They have feveral oth^r Sports, as taking wild Tori
kies and Wolves in Snires, Fifhing, Fowling, anci
Catching of Beavers ^ which is an excellent Paftime
Tis faid that thefe laft Creatures live in a fort o
Monarchy like Bees, and are very kind and obedien*
to their Sovereign.

The Diieafes moft incident to the Phcc are Colds
caught by the irregular Conduft of People at theu
firft Arrival •, Gripes and Fluxes, occafion'd by th^
fame means, the Englifh eating too greedily tW
pleafant Fruits of the Country :, Cachexes or Taws^
which is a violent Scurvy, the Seafoning here, as iri
other parts of America^ is a Fever or Ague, which
the Change of the Climate and Diet generally throwr
sew Comers into*. The Bark is in Virginia 2^ Sosts
reign Remedy to this Difeafe.

Thi^ Virginians have but few Do£lors among themi
and they reckon it among their Bleflings, fancyinfi
the Number of their Difeafes would encreale witl
that of their Phyficians. The few they have ftu
dy and make ufe of Simples moft, with which theii
Woods are plentifully furnifh'd.

We will conclude this Account of the Inha*
bitants of Virginia^ with a fhort Character of thera
They are a prudent, careful, generous, hofpitablt
People, their Houles being open to all Travellers,
whom they entertain as heartily as Relations 01
Friends •, and that fordid Wretch who offends againfi
this laudible Cuftom of his Country, is the Object oJ
every one's Contempt.

As for the Convenience of Society, the Gentlemcm
Koufes are at not much greater Diftance from onea-
nother, than they are in England, The Planters are
almoft all fociable ^ and as every thing towards ma-
king their Friends welcome is cheaper than in En-
gland J fo the Entertainments there are larger, the
Reception more fmcere, and the Mirth of the Com-.
pany more hearty than in moft of our Gentlemens
Hou(es f) among whom Hoipitality is fo far out ol
Faftiion, that a iMan who pretends to it is reckon'd a
Sot or a Bubble •, and the coftly and pernicious Vi
ces that were introduced in the place of it in thfl
iaft Century, has banifh'd it from that Country
fihtie. it formerly flourifti'd , to the eternri
. - ^ Praift

H

f

The Hijiory 0/ Virginia. 395

•aife of our Aiicellors, and the SJiame of tneir

linKl .

)fterity.

CHAP. IV.

If the Government of Virginia ; Of the
LawSj Courts of "Judicature^ Publick Offi-
^% cfi", and Revenues,

^HE Government of yirginla Wwis at firft by a Pre-

fident, and a Council ot twelve. h\i'. John White

ras the firil Prefident^ and when the Prefidency was

[abrogated, there was a Commillioa granted by the

"Company or Proprietors in England to Sir Thomas

"^ates^ Sir George Su/nmers^ and Capt. Newport^ to be

joint Governours. We don't find tiiat the Gover-

ours and their Council had iny more Power than

:he Prefident and his CouncU '^ but the Name gave

Imore Authority to their A<^s in the Imagination of

Ibme Per(()ns.

' When K.Charles I. difTolv'd the Company, he conti-
na'd the Form of the Government by a Governour and
Council for the Executive Power, and plac'd the Le-
giflative in the AfTembly. The Allembly hud been ap-
pointed before, and met feverartimes during the Go-
vernments under the Company. The chief Court next
to the AfTembly is the Ge?jeral Ceurt^ held by the Go-
vernour and Council, who are Judges of it, and take
Cognizance of all Caufes Criminal, Penal, Ecclefia-
ftical and Civil. There is no Appeal from this Court,
unlefs the Matter in difpute amounts in value to above
three hundred Pouudt, and then x\ppeals lie to the
Queen and Council in England. In Criminal Cafes
there never was anyAppeal,butthe Governour can par-
don Perfons for any Crime whatloever, except Mur-
Ider, and reprieve ev'n for that till her Majefty's
jPleafure be known therein. Indeed the Governour's
(Power in this and the other Plantations is very great :
•'He is fubie<ft only to the Queen's Commands, and re-
jprefents her Peribn in his Government^ heaflTrntsto
lor difTents from the A<^s of AfTembly, as he thinks

U4. fit,

296 The Hijlory of Virginia.

fit, and by his AfTent pafles 'em into Laws. He
Calls, Prorogues and DifiTolves the AfTembly : He Calls
and Prefides in the Council : He makes Juftices of
the Peace ^ all Officers of the Militia under the Degree
of a Lieutenant General : Puts out Proclamations :
Is the Keeper of the Seal of the Colony, anddifpofes
of the Qaeen's Lands according to the Charter and
Laws of the Country : all Payments out of rhe Trea-
fury a^ ordered by him, or in his Name : He is V ice-
Admiral by Virtue of a Commiflion from the Admiral-
ty, and has a Salary of 2000 /. a Year •, formerly 'twasi
but 1000 /. and about joo/. Pcrquifites ;> 200/. a Year.
was added by the AfTembly in favour of Sir William
Berkley *, and the Lord Colepepper got it encreas'd to
2000 /. a Year, and 150/. a Year Houfe-rent, which^
with the Perquifites, make it worth near 3000/. i
Year to the Governour, and more if he opprefTes the
People, as too many Governours have done. Wheni
the Governour and Deputy Governour are abfentjt
the Adminiftration falls to the Prefideht of the Coun-
cil for the time being, who has a Sallary of 500 /./
a Year only, added to what is given him as a Coun-i
fellor, which is a very fmall Allowance. The Queen;
nominates the Counfellors by Letter or Inftru£lioti,
which fays no more, but that they be fworn of the
Council. The Governour can fill up the vacant Pla-
ces of fuch as die, or are removed without flaying for
Orders from England, Thefe Counfellors have an
equal Vote with the Governour at the Council-Table
in many things, and are a Check upon him, if he
offers to exceed the Bounds of his Commiflion, in
calling AfTemblies, difpofing of the Publick Revenue^
placing and difplacing Officers, Votes and Orders
of Counciljpublifhing Proclamations, making GrantS|.i
and palling all Patents. They are the Upper Houie<
in the Aflenibly, and claim a negative Voice to all
Laws.

Their Sallary in all is 350/. a Year, which isdi-i
vi ded am on gft them, according to their Attendance
on General Courts and AfTemblies. The Lower
Houfe of the AfTembly confiflsof the ReprefentativeS'
of the Counties, two for each, and one for James*
City, in all 51. The College alfo has Power by
their Charter, to fend a Member to the AfTembly..

The

I \ The Hifiory of Virginia. 297

The AfTembly-Men arechofen by the Freeholders, by
Virtue of A Writ d;re<^f*d to the Sheriff, which is read
m everv Church and Chapj)cl in the County, and the
Day ot Eleil-ion then appointed. The Privileges of
thefe AfTembly Men are the fame with the Members
of Parliament in Englandjd.n6 the Power much the fame
ivith that of the Houle of Common^ c .ly they are
V'j^y much influenced by the Pleafure of tli-a Gover-
iiour •, and after their A£ls have resiilarly md the
Lov>^.:;r Hou(e and Upper Honfe, and hav^ had the
Govern our's A fT-'nt, tney mull (J.^nd to England to
be confirm'd by the C^ueen •, but till fhe has declared
her Negative, the-^ are in full Fo'xe. Thefe / (Tem-
blies mt;et o:Ke or twice a Year, as occafiou requires.
Be fides the Governour and Council, the Publick Offi-
cers are,

The Auditor of the Revenue^ Dudley Diggs, Efq-^

whofe Salary is 7 r P^'' ^^^^^ of all the Publick

Money.
. T%e Secretary and Prejident of the Council^ Edmund

Jennings, Efq-j whofe Fees and Perquifites

amount to above 400 /. a Year.
TTse Ireafurer, William Byrd, Effj whofe Salary

is 6 I. per Cent, of all Money that pafles through

his Hands.
Collector of the Cufloms^ Col, Gawen Corbin.

Thefe are General Officers and Servants of the
G)lony. There are other little Officers j as Clerks
of Courts, Sheriffs, and Surveyors, &c. The She-
riffs Place of each County is very profitable by an
Allowance of 10 per Cent, out of all his Receipts and
other Advantages. The Revenues of f^r^w/^^ arife.

I, By

298

Th^ Hlfiory of Virginia.

1. By the Queen's Qait-rents is>7
for every 100 Acres. 3

s. By the Aft for the Support of" '
the Government, 2 /. for every
Hogfhead of Tobacco export-
ed ^ 1 5 ^. a Tun for every Ship j !
€ d. Poll for every PafTenger ^ ^
Fines and Forfeitures, Waifb
and Strays, Efc heats of Land,^
and P rfonal Eftate for want
of a lavs^ful Heir.

3. By the Aft referv'd to be dif-'
pos*d of by the AfTembly, 4 d,
a Gallon on Wine, Rum and
Brandy ^ i ^. a Gallon on i
Beer,Gyder and other Liquors, ^
15/. for each Servant not be- 1
ing a Native of England and |
WaleSy and 23 j, for each Slave J
or Negroe. J

4. The College-Revenue, a Du- Z
ty on Skins and Furs. S

5. The Duty of i </. a pound on j
all Tobacco exported to the j
other Plantations, and not car- ^
ry'ddirQ£k\y to Engl andy King j
William gave it to the Col- |
lege. J

1200/. a Year.

3000

1209

I0«

200

5700

The General Court, of which we have made fome :
mention, is alfo call'd the Quarter Court, as being ,
held every Qaarter of a Year. There are infcn*
our Courts, which are kept every Month in each
County, andarecaird the County-Courts, or Month-
ly Courts, where Matters that ire not of the higheli:
Moment, fuch as do not relate to Life or Member,
or exceed a certain limited Value, are try'd. From
thefe Courts there lies an Appeal to the Quarterly
Courts ; In which no Aftion can be originally
brought under the value of Ten Pounds Sterling.
Xhe Sheriffs, Juflices of the Peace, and other Offi-
cers,

The Hijlory of Virginh. 299

cers, are Judges of thefe County-Courts. In which
every Man may plead his own Caufe, or his Friends
do it for him, the Firglnians underftanding their
[ntcreft too well to incourage Lawyers *, believing
\ that as Difeafes wou*d be brought in by Doftors, (o
Lawyers wou'd create Suits ^ a Mifchief we in Eng-
la77dd\\ complain of, but defpair of feeing remedy'd.
The Juftices of the Peace alfo hold Courts yearly in
I each County to look after Orphans, and take care of
'them and their EiKues, to provide for thole Chil-
dren that ar« Fatherle(«, and have no Body to pro-
vide for them. Tiie Laws of Virginia are the Afts
of Parliament and Statutes of England^ which affe^l
all her Majedy's Dominions in general :, the Sta-
tutes and A(f>s of the AfTembly, which relate only
to the Affairs of this Colony, in particular Orders of
the Q.ieen and Council in Englaxd^ which in many
thiHi^s have the Force of Laws in liae Plantations \
the Ufages of the Country, or the Civil hx\v\ by which
"I all Cafes in the Admiralty are adjudg'd. But there
j being an excellent Colle(^ion of the L. ws of this and
Ull the other Plantations already publifh'd, I refer the
( Reader to it for a larger and clearer account of them.

CHAP. V.

Of the Churchy and Church-Jjfairs, and the
College in Virginia.

TI^HEN the Nobility, Gentry, Merchantr, and
^' others, firll got a Grant of this Country, and
refolv'd to niuke a Settlement upon it, they receiv'd
large Contributions to carry it on horn (eveial De-
vout Perions, who were for propagating the Gof-
pel among the Indians, building Schools, Church-
es, and tettUng Minifters for their Converfion
and Inftrucn:ion. To this end a great Lottery
was fet up in London^ the Profits of whicii were
for the benefit of the Colony •, aad what inftiga-
^ed many charitable People to put Money into it.
were Hopes that a good part of it woii'd be laid

out

joo The Hifiory of Virginia;

out on the ufe for which it was by them intended ,
This Lottery was drawn in St. Paul's Church *, bu 1
we do not find that the Money was employed asthoC^
Religious Perfons wou'd have had it,or that there hav(;
been many Converts made by the Englifh in thi!
Country. The Religion of the Virginians is the fam<'
as in the reft of her Majefty's Dominioas : The Bo
dy of the People are Members of the Church of Eng
land. There are fome few DilTenters, and might
have been more, had they not been perfecuted b^
Sir William Berkley, Whether the Virginians glorj
in it or nor, or honour the Memory of this Governoui
the more for it, we can't tell •, but Puritans were
certainly always dif countenanced by him. In the Yeai:
1 541 . Mr. Bennet went to Bofkon in New- England ta
defire iii the Name of fomj other Gentlemen, that
two or three Minifters might be fent them. Mr. PhiU
lipSy Mr. Thompfonj and Mr. Knowles^ a late DifTen^
ting Mi lifter in London^ dme thither, where they
were kindly entertain'd by prtv.ite Perfons, but the
Governour and his Couaci', forbad them to Preach,
and order 'd, Thatfuch aswoud not conform to *he Cere-
monies of the Church of England J/jor/d depart thf
Country.

There arc forty nine Parifh-Churcnes in the Pro
vincc, of which thirty four are fupplv'd with Mini-
fters, and 15 vacant. It were to oe wifh'd that
care was taken to fup|*ly them with fuch Divines as
might5by their Example as well as by their Preaching,
invite People to a Religious Life j the Indian Dark-
nefs being not more gloomy and horrid than what
Ibme of the Meaner Sort of Virginians live in, and
their Parfons for the moft part don't take much Pains
to lead 'em into the Light of the Gofpel. In each
Parifh there is a Church built either with Timber,
Brick or Stone, and decently adorn'd with all things
proper for the Celebration of Divine Service, in
large Pariihes there's a Chappel of Eafe, and fome*
times two for the Convenience of the Parifhioners,
The Minifter of the Parifh preaches in them alter-
natively, and each of 'em has a Reader to read Prayers
in his Abfence. The Minifter's Maintenance is fettled
at 16^^00 /. Tobacco each, yearly, befides Perquifites,
as 40 J. for a Funeral Sermon, 2q s. for a Marriage.

The

The Hiftory of Virginia. }oi

? fhe Parifh- Affairs are governed by a Veftry of twelve
rentlemen chofen out of the Inhabitants^ thefe are
all'd the Patrons of the Church, and on the Death
)f one of them the Survivors eleft another in his

'^' ^lace. They have the Prefentation of Minifters, and
he fole Povs^tT of all Parifh-AfTefTments : No Man can
)eof the Vcftry,but whnt fub'rrihes an Inftrument to
)e conformable to the Church o^ England \ tv^'o of thefe
re the Church- WardenSjwhofe Bufmefs it is to fee the
;)rders of the Veftry obey'd, to colleft the Parifli and
he Parfons Tobacco, to keep the Parifh Accounts,
nd to prefent all Profanenefs and Immorality. The
\)wer of Induftion upon the Prefentation of Mini-
ters, is lodg'd in the Governour's hands by Law. There
re only two Presbyterian, and three Quakers Meet-
ngs in this Colony. The Bifhop of London^ who is

■ he Ordinary of this and all the other Plantations,ap-
'' K)ints a Commiffary here, whofe Bufinefs is to maxe
; /ifitations of Churches, andrfave the Infpe£lionof the

Clergy, for which he's allow'd loo/. per Amurrty and
; >y the ftrid hand that the Clergy and Govern-
' nent have held over Diffenters, they have been kept

ow in yirginla^ and never encreas'd there : The

ilTemblies having done what their Governours wou*d

lave'em, to difcourage them.
In the Year 1542. Sir W. Berkley then Governour,

hey pad an Aft to prevent DifTendngMinifterspreach-

■ ,ng and propagating their Doftrifts. They admitted
1 lone to preach in their Churches, but fuch as were

)rdain'd by fome Bifhop of the Church of England :

■ Vnd in 1 66^S\x William Berkley being dill Governour,
;reat Reftraints were laid upon them by a miftaken
Leal, to prevent their getting ground. Of what ill
3onfequence this has been to the Colony, I leave to
hofe TwoAtXdXtFirginians to determine,who think they
)ught not to facrifice the true Intereft of their Coun-
ry to the Revenge or Pride of a Party. In the firft
Ilhapter of this Treatife, we have hinted the Proje^l
)f a College, which afterwards was built at Middle-
plantation, now caird WilUamshurghy moftly at the
Charge of their late Majefties ¥JmgWtlliam and Queen
Mary^ who gave 2000 /. towards it, and 20000 Acres
)f Land, the Duty of x ^. a pound on all Tobac.co
exported from Firginia and Maryland to the Planta-
tions,

J 02 The Hijlory of Virginia.

tions, and the Surveyor-Generals Pkice, which wa
then vacant. He alio granted them the Privilege c
fending a Member to the AfTembly. The AfTembl^
afterwards added a Duty on Skins and Furrs. Til
whole Profit amounts now to above*4oo /. a Year
and the Revenue encreafes yearly. The Foundatioi
was toconfillof

A Prefident.

Six Maftsrs, or ProfefTors j the Chief Matter wui

to have loo /. a Year,
loo Scholars, Graduates or Non-graduates.

They were enabled to purchafe and hold to tlwi
value of 200O /. a Year, and were to be govern'd an^
vifited by certain Gentlemen nam'd in the ChartCB
who were to be call'd the Governours and Vifitors ;i
and upoi the Death of any one of them, were invi
power 'd to choofe anoth«# in his Place. One of theft
was to be Reftor, and their number in all to be i%
They were to name the Prefident, Mafters, and othci-
Officers of the College, and had Pow.t to makeSti"
tutes and Ordinances. The Building, when perfe£lj
was to confift of a Quadrangle, and two (ides of il
were carry'd up. The Kitchen, Brew-houfe and
Bake-houfe were finifh'd.

The ProfeiTors were to read on all the liberal
Sciences, on Agri^lture, Architeflure, Art Mill*
tary. Navigation, Gardning, i rade, and Manufaftur^
once a Week from Eafher to Michaelmas^ and twice n
Week from Michaelmas to Eafler, They began upoft
Experiments of Plants, iVIinerals, and were aliilled ^
the French in the Monachan Town ^ their own Lea^
Iron and Copper Mines in the AppalUan }Ao\xi\t2i.iv\s
were under their Con fid era tion, when the Fire put aii
end to their College and Studies. There were fucli
Expedlatioas of the Revenue, which wou*d be raisU'
by all Tobacco exported to ihQ other Colonies, that
they taik'd of adding four itinerant ProfefTors to
the Reiident, each to have 120/. a Year, and
thefe were to travel into Europe^ Afia^ Africa^ and.
the other Parts of America^ to make Inquifitions iii
natural and experimental Phylofophy for the ufe of
this Univerfity : They were to take an Oath to write

nothing

0

The Hijlory of Virginia. joj

jaothing that they cou'd not prove to be true. The
College H'as to bsar their Charges, but they had no
occafion to be at Hich Expence.

The firfl P:erident of the College was Dr, Tho-
mas Bray^ who procur'd confiderable Contribu-
tions \\ England^ towards collefting a Libra-
ry- They proceeded fo fur, that they had a Com-
mencement there in the Year 1700. at which
there was a great Concourfe of People : feveral Plan-
ters came thither in their Conches, and feveral in
Sloops f'om Nevp'Torky Penfilvama and Maryland.
It being a new thing in America to hear Graduates
'perform their Academical Exercifes. The I f-ans
themfelves had the Curiofity .to come to Williamshvrgh
on this cccafion, and the whole Country i'ejoic'd as
if they had fome relifh of Learning. About this
time the Clergy here tranflated the Pra£^ice of Piety
into the Indian Language, and the College intended
to fend for a Printer from England. Since that a.
dreadful Fire feiz'd this Building before it was quite
finifh'd, and confum'd it to Alhes, under which the
Projeft feems to lie bury'd, and the Colony mufl
be in a better Condition than now 'tis, before they
can think of reviving it.

CHAP.

J04 '^^ Hijlory of Virginia.

CHAP, VI.

1

Of the Climate^ the Soilj and its Produlti-
ons^ as Trees y Seeds ^ Plant s^ Roots^ Fruits^
and Flowers.

TITTE may imagine by the Situation of the Countryj
^^ that the Climate is Healthy, and indeed it ge^
nerally agrees well with Englifh Conftitutions. Ti»'
full of Rivers, and confequently the Soil very fruit-
ful. The Sicknefs that the Engliih who go thithen
jcomplain of, is occafion'd by Folly, Intemperance,;
or Carelefnefs ^ and a fober prudent Man will not on-i
ly find every thing that prderves and confirms Healthy
but alio all things that are charming by the Beauty
of the Pro(peft, and the Delight, the Fragrancy^
of the Fields and Gardens, the Brightnefs of theSkye,
and Serenity of the Air afFefts the Ravifh'd Senfes.
The greateft Difturbance the People meet ^vith there,
are terrible Claps of Thunder, which however do
very little Harm, the exceflive Heats of the Sum-
mer, againft which the Inhabitants are defended by
the cool Shades of the Woods and Groves, and ding-
ing Infefts, as Frogs, Snakes, Mufcketa's, Chinches,
Seed-takes and Red- worms. The Ranle-Snake is
moft talk'd of, and his Bite without a prefcnt Appli-
cation, is infallibly Death ^ but the Remedies are fo
well known, that there's ne*re a Servant, andfcarce
a Slavewho cannot cure it immediately, by applying i
the Rattle-fnake's Heart to it, which reftores the Pa-
tient in two or three hours. Befides, 'tis very rare
here, that rjiele or any of the other poifonous Snakes
are to be ieen. The Musketa*s are troublefome,
like Gnats in Marfhy Ground in England^ but are on-
ly found in the Fenny places there. They are ftronger,
and continue longer than the Gnats in England, As
to the other In(c£ts, there are ways to get rid of
them, and the trouble they put the People to is not
worth naming. The Winter in all Virginia does
not continue above three or four Months, December^
January^ February^ and March^ of which thirty or

forty

The Hijtory of Virginia. J05

forty days only are very bad Weather. The Frofts are
fevere, but attended with a clear Skye, and don't lafl:
long. The Rains are frequent and refrefliing, and the
Heats of the Summer, which are mod violent in June^
July^ and Augufl:^ are much mitigated by them, and
the frefh Breezes that are common in this Country
contribute much to render the Heat tolerable to new
Comers, and hardly fenfible to the Inhabitants.

The Soil in general is a rich fat Mould 3 foot deep,
and under it a Loam, of which they make a fin«
Brick ^ but according as the Situation is moiil or dry,
the Soil varies. Tis diftinguifh'd into 3 Sorts, High^
Loxv^ and Marjhy^ all which having Sand mix'd with
'em, makes their Land warmer than Old England.
The Highlands are moft Sandy : However they bear
good Crops of Tobacco, only the Soil does not hold
in Strength fo long as the Low-Lands, which are ve-
ry rich, being a blackilh Mould about a Foot deep,
and this Soil will hold its Strength 7 or 8 Crops,
without manuring. Their Marfh-Lands bear Sedges
and Rufhes like ours, and are unimprov'd. Their Land
in general is as good as in England, That at the
Mouth of the Rivers is moift and fat, and produces
Rice, Hemp, and Indian Corn. There are Veins of
cold, hungry, Sandy Soil, where Huckleberries, Cran-
berries, and Chinkapins generally grow. Alfo Oaks,
Poplars, Pines, Cedar, Cyprefs and Svveet-Gumms,
Hockly, Sweet- Myrtle, and the Live Oak are found
here in great Quantities. The Land higher up the
Rivers is a various Soil, and ftor'd with Chefnuts,
Chinkapins, Oaks, Walnut, Hickoryes, Dogwood,
Elder, Hafel, Locufi, SaiTafras, Elm, A(h, Beech^
' and Poplar. The Land at the Heads of the Rivers,
and its Productions, are alfo various. Here are
Trees of an incredible Bignefs , and Plenty of
Pafture-ground, Phyfick-Earth, Dyers-Wares, Coal,
Quarries of Stone, Iron and Lead Mines *, Col. Bird
being at this time fearching for one, which was for-
merly work'd, but deftroy'd at the Maffacre, as is re-
lated in the firft Chapter ^ and Mr. Wittaker^ Mini-
fter of Henrico^ before the DifTolution of the Com-
pany, wrote home. That not far from the Fall, there
was found fome Silver Ore. Thus we fee Virginia a-
bounds in every thing that is for the Pleafure or Pro-

X fit

jo6 The Hlftory of Virginia.

fit of the Inhabitants. We (ball now defcribe fame
of the chief Produftions of the Soil, and i'peak ftrft'
of the Timber-Trees, of which the moil uieful arc
Oak, Cedar , Cyprefs, Firs ^ two forts of Elm,^
Walnut and Afh. The Oaks are commonly of (b
prodigious Bignefs, that they will mealure two Foot
iquare at 60 Foot high. The^rfl: Ships that went tot
Virginia were us'd to Load with Cedar and Clapboard^
but fome richer Commmodities have been exported.1
There is not much of this Timber fent abroad, thoj
the Country was then full of Woods *, they were fo<
clear from Bufhes, Bryars and Underwood, that a^
Man might have been feen above a Mile and a half, a-^
fnong them -^and the Trees flood at that diftance, that
a Cart or Coach might have been driven between thd
thickeft of the Trees, they having no Boughs to a:
great Height, yet they were fo tufted, that they af-f
ford a very confortable Shade in Summer. Yet tho
the Grapes are juicy and plenty, all that have at-
tempted to fall into the Wine-Trade, to raife Vine-
yards, and make Wine, have never been able to brina
their Defigns to perfe£lion. The Reafons are, becaufe
the Fir and Pine-tree, with which the Country a-
bounds^are noxic-iis to the Vine \ and the Experiments
that have been made were in the Low-lands, fubjeft to
the Pine, and near the Malignant Influence of the
Salt Water. This ruin'd Monfieur y.^^i^?'^ a French
Mei chants Vineyard on James-K\y^&i^ near Archer* i
Hope -Creek f> and Sir William Berkleys had the fame
Inconveniences, and the lame Fate. Several French
Vignercns were lent over in 1521. the Year be-
fore the MafTacre, and wrote over very promifing ,
Letters of the Country and the Vineyard they were :
raifing-, but that Bloody Treafon of the Sava-
ges, put at end to them and their Undertaking,.;
which the French Refugees at the Monacan Town talk
of reviving. There are Plenty of Shrubs as well as
of Timber, and befides the Berry, we have before-
mention'd, there is a Brier growing fomething like
the Sarlaparilla. The Berry is as big as a Pea round,
and of a bright crimfon Colour. Befides the Saflafras :
Tree, whofe Root was formerly one of the beft Com-
modities that came from hence, here are feveral forts
of Gums and Drugs, and moll of the Shrubs that

grow

The Hijtory ^/Virginia. 307

grow in England^ or other parts of Europe. The
whole Country is interfpers a with an incredible va-
riety of Phnts and Flowers, there being fcarce any
kind of either, which does not thrive wonderfully in
Virginia^ and the Fruits are equally plentiful and
plea fa nt.

Of Stone-Fruits, they have here Plums, and Per-
fimmons or Putchamimes. Here are three forts of
Cherries, which are as plentiful as they are in Ke?7tj
and larger than the Englifh. The one grows in Bun-
ches like Grapes^ the other is black without, and
red within. The third is the Indian Cherry, and
rows up higher than the others do. Here is fuch
lenty of Peaches, that they give 'em to their Hogs^
feme of *em call'd Malachotoons, are as big as a Le-
mon, and refembles it a little. Quinces they have
in abundance •, as alfo Pumpions and Muskmelons.
The Plums that grow here are the black, and the
Murrey Plum. The Englifh forts of Plums do not
ripen fo kindly as they do in England, Their Wild-
Plum is like our White-Tlurfu The Perfimmons or
Putchamimes are of feveral Sizes, from the Bignefs of
a Damefin, to that of a Bergamot Pear ^ when 'tis
eaten ripe, 'tis as delicious as an Apricock ^ but if

Bjreen, is dangerous, and caufes Gripes and Convul-
lons. Their Tafte and Colour refemble thofe of a
Cherry, all thoie Fruits grow wild, and without
cultivating, as moft of thofe do that we have al-
ready treated of. Apples and Pears are fo plentiful,
that 50 Butts of Perry, and as many of Cyder have
been made out of two Orchards, few of which have
iefs than 1 1 or 1200 Trees. The Bergamot and War-
den are the moft common. There's great ftore of
Qiiinccs in Firglma^ of which the People us'd to make
Quince-Drink. Their MelTamines are a kind of
Grapes ^ the Cheinquamine's a kind of Fruity re-
fembling a Chefnut *, the Rawcamen,like a Goofeber-
ry *, the Macoquez, a kind of Apple •, Mattaquefu-
maucks, a Fruit like an Indian Fig \ Matococks a kind
of Strawberry *, Oconghtanamins^WkQ a Caper. Figs grow
^ well there as in Spain -^ but Oranges and Le-
mons do not thrive. Befides the Common Acorns,
the Virginians find another fort with which thQ Na-
tives us'd to make a fweet Oil to anoint their Joints*,

X 2 and

I1

308 The Hijtorj of y'lrgim^. |

and another fort of Acron better than the Ordinary,
the Indians dry'd and kept for their Winter Food,
when Corn was fcarce : Of Roots, they have the
Puccoon and Mufquafpern, the Juice of which is of a
pleafant CoIour,and tYiQ Indians made ufe of it to paini
their Bodies and Warlike Arms. The Tockawaeigk
a very wholfome and favory Root. Shumack, Chai
pacour, and the famous Snake-root, fo much admir'd
in England for being a Cordial, and an Antidote in
all Peftilential Difeales. There is no kind of Gar-:
den-root, but what they have in perfe6i:ion *, Sallad
Herbs, and Pot-herbs grow there fpontaneoufly, asdc
Purllain, Sorrel, &c. Their Flowers are as tinea!
any in the World ^ fuch as the Crown-Imperial, thei
Cardinal-Flower, the Moccafin-Flower, the Tulip*:
bearing- La wrel, the Tuiip-Tree , the Locuft liki
the JefTamine, the Perfuming-Crab-Tree, and tht
Aflentamin, a kind of Pink. They have plenty o:
iVIufmelons, Water-Melons, Pumpions, Cufhaws
Macocks and Gourds. Their Cufhaws are a kind o;
Pumpions of a blevvifh-green colour, ftreak'd with
white. Their Macocks are a lefs fort of Pumpions
There are feveral kinds of them : The Savages nevei
eat the Gourds, planting them only for the Shells,
which ferve them inftead of Flaggons and Cups. The
Indians had Peafe, Beans, and Potatoes, before the En-
glifh came among them *, but the Staff of their Food
was their Corn •, of which we have giv'n a large De-
fcription in the Hiftory of New-England.

Plantain of all forts grow wild in the Woods *, as

alfo Yellow-Dock, and Burdock, Solomon's-Seal, Egri-

Lowth, mony, Centery, Scabions, Groundfel, Dwarf-Eldefj

Philoc' Yarrow, and White Maiden-hair *, Afarum isgather'd

Tranf. on the Sides of the Hills, and Soldanalla on the Bay-,

fide. Their Dillany grows a Foot and half high :

The Water diftill'd from it, the bed Medicine for the

Worms: TheTurbiland Mechoacan, or Roots ex-:

(l^ly like 'em, grow there.

Tobacco is the ftandmg Comjiiodity of the Coun-
try, and is fo beneficial to the Planter, and fo natural
to th^ Soil, that all other Improvements give place to
that. Indeed they could turn their Hands to nothing
that would employ fo many Slaves and Servants, and
require fo little Stock to maiiage it, or take up luch a

large

f

i The Hijtory of Virginia. 509

iHUrgeTraiH: of Land *, For the iame Ground that is
0: Planted every year with Tobacco, wou'd produce, if
till Corn was Town there,more than all the Plantations in
h America cou'd cunfume. This Plant is (b common in
England^ that we need not defcribe it: It grows much
-like a Dock : And whereas in our Gardens it muft
be manag'd with as much care as the choiceft
Fruit or Flower, in Virginia they leave it expos'd
to all the Injuries of the Weather, which is very fa-
vourable to it, and 'tis feldom that the Crop fuffers
by It. The Tobacco of this Plantation was not at
ifirfl: fo good as 'tis now. That of Brafil had once the
jgreateft Reputation all over Europe^ but now Virginia
and Maryland has the bcft Price in all Markets. Tis
not known how the Indians cur'd theirs : They now
have it all from the EngliOi. Tis faid they us'd to
let it run to Seed, only iuccouring the Loaves, to keep
the Sprouts from growing upon and ftarving them.
When it was ripe, they puU'd them off, cur'd them
in the Sun, and laid them up for ufe. The Virginia
Planters fow the Tobacco-Seeds m Beds, as the Gard-
ners in England do Colwort-Se.^ds *, they leave them
there a Month, taking care all that time to have them
well weeded. When the Plants are about the breadth
of ones hand, they are remov'd in the firfl: rainy
Weather, and tranfplanted into w^hat they call Tobac-
co-Hills, In a Month's time the Plants will be a Foot
high, and they top them, and then prune off all the
bottom Leaves, leaving only 7 or 8 on the Stalk, that
they may be the better fed by the Top, and thefe
, Leaves in 6 Weeks time will be in their full growth.
The Planters prune off the Suckers, and clear *em of
the Horn-Worm twice a Week, which is calPd Worm-
ing andSuckerina -^ and this Work lafts three Weeks
I or a Month •, by which time the Leaf from green begins
to turn to brownifh, and to fpot, and to thicken, which
is a Sign of its ripening. As faft as the Plants ripen,
! ■ you muft cut 'em down,leave 'em in the Field for half a
i Day, then heap them up, let em lye and fweat a night,
I and the next day carry them to the Tobacco-Houie,
I where every Plant is hang'd one by another, at acon-
I venient diftance, for about a Month or 5 Weeks ^ at
I the end of which time they ftrike or take 'em down in
I moift Weather, when the Leaf gives,or elfe 'twill crum-

X 5 ble

I

510 The Hijlory of Virginia.

ble to duft •, after which they are laid upon Sticks»
and cover 'd up clofe in the Tobacco- Houfe for a Weel-
or a/l^ortnight to fweat, and then opening the BuU
in a wet day, the Servants ftrip them and fort them,
the top-Leaves being the beft, and the bottom th^
worft Tobacco. The laft Work is to pack it ir
Hogfheads, or bundle it up, which is alfo done in a w^
Seaion •, for in the curing Tobacco, wet Seafons ai^
as necefTary as dry, to make the Leaf plyant, whict
wou'd other wife be brittle and break. They take '2
great deal of Pains with it now, and with all theii
Trouble can fcarce make it turn to account. Tht
Englifh have carry 'd over a thoufand Several forts dli
the Produftions of Nature, and have found all to fuC"<
ceed there : They have had fuch extraordinary Sue
cefs with Apples and Pears, that there's never a Plam
ter but has an Orchard, and makes large Quantities
of Cyder and Perry, which is fome of their common
\ Drinks, and there is nothing in England belong-;
ing either to a Garden or Orchard, but whal
they have or may have there in as great or greater
Perfeftion.

CHAP. VII.

Of the Bedjlsj Birds ^ and Fifb,

^HE Beafts that are peculiar to this Country^
•^ are the Aronghena, fomev^^hat like a Badger*
The AfTapanic, or flying Squirrel. The Muffaicas,
a kind of Water- Rat. The Utchunquois, a Wild-
Cat. The OpafTum, a certain Animal, whofe Fe-.
male has a Bag under her Belly^ wherein fhe carries
her young ones. Tne Woods are ftcck'd with Deer,!
the fame in kind y/ith ours in Englard^ and larger and
fatter for the moft part. There are Racoons, Bea-i
vours. Otters, Foxes, Wild-Cats, Martins and
Minks in the Frefhes. The Indians are dextrous in
catching them, and keep the Secret to them felves, that
they niay prefcrvc the Furr Trade, which otherwife
the Engliili wou'd foon drive them out of. Lyons, Leo-
pards,

The Hifiory of Virginia. 3 1 1

jpards, Elks, Bears and Wolves, efpecially the latter,
are met with in Virginin^ tho not lb frequently as in
ibine other Parts of North America^ and the Wolves
are not much bigger than Englifh Foxes. This Country
was not over-ftock'd with any kind of Beads, either
wild or tame, when the Englilh difcover'd it, and the
Cattle that are now 10 be found there, are all of
Englifli breeding : Horfes are as plenty and as good
as in England,

Having mentioned the Flying-Squirrel, vs^e think
the Reader will not be dirpleas'd with a Defcription
of it: This Creature has a fiefhy Subftance, which
it extends in its skipping from one Tree to another,
like Wings *, and by the help of thefe, he will fly or
rather Skip 30 or 40 yards at a time, from Tree to
Tree. The Opaflum has a Head like a Hog, and a
Tail like a Rat, 'tis about the bignefs of a Cat •, and
the Falfe Belly, in which the Female carries her
Young, is thus defcrib'd by one that faw it. 'Tis like
a loofe Skin quite over the Belly, which never flicks
to the Flefh, but may be look'd into at all times,
after they have been concerned in Procreation. In
i the hinder part of it is an Overture big enough for a
fmall hand to pafs, and thither the young ones, after
they are full hair'd, and ftrong enough to run about,
fly when any Danger appears •, or when they
eo to reft or fuck, and continue to do fo till they
have learn'd to live without their Dam. The ftran-
geft part of this Defcription, is, that the young ones
are bred in this falfe Belly, without ever having been
in the true one. They are form'd at the Teat, and
grow there for feveral Weeks together, till they are
in perfe^l Shape, and have Strength, Sight, and Hair :
They then drop off, and reft in this Falfe Belly, going
in and out at pleafure : The Perfon from whom we
took the Defcription, fays, he has ieen them thus
faften'd to the Teat, from the bignefs of a Fly till
they became as large as a Moufe. Neither is it any
hurt to the old one to open the Bag, and look in upon
her Young. Some Panthers, Bufaloes and wild Hogs,
which yield equal Pleafure and Profit to the Hunter,
are caught up in the Country near the Heads of the
Rivers. The reafon of there being few Sheep, is be-
caufe the Country is not yet clear'd of Wolves ;, all

X 4. ^ other

312 The Hijlory of Virginia.

other Beafts that are reckon'd wild, do no damage
to the Firginians^ flying from the Face of a Man
whenever they fee one -^ and the Planters, by Pafture-
Fences, fecure their Cattle and Hogs from them.
There were no Rats nor Mice there, when the Eng-
glifh firfi: landed *, but they foon multiply'd fo from:
the Englifh Shipping, that once there was like to
have been a fort of Rat-Plague among the Planters.
The Virginian Water-Rat, or MufTafcus, fmells like
Musk. Pole-cats and Wefels are fometimes to be
feen there, but the Plenty of Hares and Rabbits make
amends for it.

There is no Country more remarkable for the va-.
riety of Birds in it than Virginia^ where the Woods
and Groves in the Spring, Summer, Autumn, and al-
moft all the Year, are render'd as delightful by the(
Mufick of their feather'd Quires, as by the Coolnefs
of their Shades, or the Fragrancy of their Flowers.
Among thefe the Rock- Birds are the moft diverting :
They love Society fo well,that whenever they fee Man-
kind,they will perch upon a Twig near the Perfon,and
fmg the (weeteft Airs in the World. The next is the
Humming-Bird, who revels among the Flovv'ers, and
licks off the Dew and Honey from their Leaves. . Tis
not half fo large as an Englifh Wren, and its Colour
is a ihining Mixture of Scarlet, Green and Gold.
There are Black-birds with red Shoulders that come
in prodigious Flights out of the Woods about the
Fall of the Leaf-, a fort of Nightingal, whofe Feathers
are very gay, of a Crimfon and blew^ Colour *, but it
feldom or never fings. The Mock-Bird comes in
^hout March and flays till 5^«;;^, and in bignefs and
colour is like a Thrufh. The Herons there are very
large, and the Partridges very fmall. There's great
variety of W' ild Fowl, as Swans, Geefe, Brants,
Sheldrakes.', Ducks, Mallard, Teal, Blewings,
Cranes, Curlews, Snipes, Woodcocks, Oxe-Eyes,
Plover, Larks, Fheafaiits, Pigeons '^ and which is beft |
of all 'em, wild Turkeys, much larger than our I
tame *, they are in Seafon all the Year. The /^/r^/-
ma?7s ha-ve feveral ingenious Devices to take them V
among others a '^rap wherein i6 or 17 have been
pught at a time«

M

The Hifiory of Virginia. j i j

As for Fifti there's fuch prodigious plenty of em,
[.that 'tis hardly credible to an European. Some
of the Stories that have been told of it, are cer-
tainly Romantick, and are rejefted as fiiftitious,
fuch as Shoals of Fifh, fwimming with their Heads
above Water, and to be taken by Hand, loading a
Canoo with Fifh in the open Sea by one Inc ian, iri
half an hour*, but 'tis certain that no Rivers iii the
World are better (lor'd than theirs, and that the Vir-
-'ginian Sea-Coaft abounds in Cod and Sturgeon, of
j which fome are eight foot long. Indeed there's fcarce
any Fifh, but what may be caught either in the Sea
I or the Rivers. And yet there is only one fort peculiar
I to this Country, which is the Stingrafs. 'Tis good
I to eat, but has a long Tail with a very dangerous
I fting in it There are other ftrange Filhes •, but
I then they are alfo to be found in moft parts of North-
Amerka •, fuch as the Cpney-Fifh,RocK-Fifh,Cat-Fifh,
I and a Fifh in the form of a Dragon, to which there's
no Name as yet aflign*d in our Language. The
Toad-Fifh, when 'tis taken out of the Water, fwells
till 'tis like to burfl- Mufcles and Oyfters are very
plentiful in Virginia^ and fo large, that fome of 'em
are as big as a Horfes Hoof Pearl has been often found
in the Shells. The Indians had large, but the Eng-
lifh found only Seed-Pearl, of which good Qiiantities
have been fent to England, In the Spring-time the
Brooks and Fords are fo full of Herrings, which come
up to Spawn there, that 'tis almoft impoflible to ride
through without treading on them. The Rivers are
alfo at that time flock'd with Shads, Rock-Sturgeon,
and Lampreys, which faflen themfelves to the Shad.
In the Salt Water at certain times of the Year, there
are Shoals of other Fifh •, fuch as the Old IVife^ fome-
thing like an Herring, and the Sheeps-head, which
Virginians efleem in the number of their Beft. Black
and red Drumnis, Trouts, Taylors, Green-fifh, Sun-
fifh, Bafs, Chub, Place, Flounders, Whitings, Flat-
backs, Maids, Wives, fmall Turtle, Crabs, Cockles,
Shrimps, Needle-fifh, Breme, Carp, Pike, Jack,
Mullets, Eels, and Perch. Thefe are to be found
in the Rivers and Brooks all the Summer long,
and are eaten by the People. Thofe that follow
are not eaten : The Whale, Porpus^ Shark, Dog-fiili,

Oarr.

^14. The Hijiory of Virgmiz:

Garr, Thornback, Saw-fifh, Frog-hih, Land-Crabsi
Fidlers and Periwinkles. Many of thefe Fifh will
leap into Canoes and Boats, as the Engliih or Indians
crofs a River •, and there*s fuch Quantities of thern^
that they often tire the Sportfiiien with taking 'era :
Whereas in England^ they are generally tir'd for
want of it. The manner of Fifhing-Hawks preying
upon Fifh, is very diverting. The Sport is to be
feen every Summer in the Mornings, and fometimes
all day long. Thefe Hawks are wonderful eager af-
ter their Game, when the Fifh firfl come in the Spring.
In the dead of the Winter *tis fuppos^d they fifh fur-
ther off at Sea, or remain among the uninhabited
Iflands upon the Sea-CoafI-. They have often been
feen to catch the Fifh out of the Water, and as they
were frying away with their Quarry, the Bald Eagles
have taken it from them again. The Fifhing-Hawk
will hover over the Water, and refl upon the Wing
fome Minutes together, and then from a vaft heighth
dart down direftly into the Water, plunge into it
for the fpace of half a Minute, and at lafl bring up
a Fifh with him, fo big, that he can hardly carry it.
When he is on the Wing he fhakes himfelf fo flrong-
ly, that the Water comes off of him like a Mift, and
then he flies to the Woods with his Prey, unlefe the
Bald-Eagle intercepts him, and t^kes it away from
him. This Bird, as foon as he perceives the Fifhing-
Hawk, with his Game in his Mouth, purfueshim, and
ftrives to get above him in the Air, which if he can
do, the Hawk lets his Fifh drop, and the Eagle leaves
him to take up his Prey, which he (hoots after with
(uch furprizing Swiftnels, that he catches it in the
Air, before it falls to the Ground. Thefe Fifhing-
Hawks, when the Seafons are extraordinarily plenti-
ful, will catch a Fifh, and loiter about with it in the
Air, on purpofe to have a Chace with the Eagle for
it*, and if the Eagle does not come, he'll make a da-
ring Noife, as if it were to defy him. This Sport has
frequently been feen by the Englifh, and by the De-
fcription of it mufl certainly be extre.imly pleafant
to the Spectators.

CHAP,

The Hifiory of Virginia. j i j

CHAP. VIII.

Of the Coins in Virginia : Of the Trade to
and from England, and other Parts of

. Europe and America : The Prodigious
Revenue that the Cujioms of Tobacco brings
in : The Advantage that Trade has been
to England, and the Dif advantages it lies
under.

*T*HO the common way of Traffick there is by Bar-
■■• ter or Exchange of one Commodity for another,
or of any for Tobacco *, yet there is fome Silver Coins,
Englifh and Spanifh, and were much more, till the
lowering of the Value tempted People to export
the Coin to the other Plantations, where it went for
more than it did in Virginia. The Chief of their Coins
are either Gold of the Stamp of Arabia^ or Silver and
Gold of the Stamp of Spanifh America^ or Englifh
Money. There's very little of either kind to be feen in
this Country for the Reafbns above- mentioned : The
Government, round about it, often raifing the Value
of the Coin, is the Caufe xknxVtrginia is drained of the
little it has. And 'tis impoftible to prevent this Inconve-
nience, unlefs all the Colonies on the Continent were
oblig'd to have one and the fame Standard for their
Coin, which there have lately been fome attempts
made to effe£l, tho without the Succefs that was
expefted and defir'd. The Scarcity of Money is fuch
in this Plantation, that Gentlemen can hardly get
enough for Travelling Charges, or to pay Labou-
rers and Tradefmens Wages. It occafions alfo the
commencing many vexatious Suits for Debt, which
by this means are contracted. The Value of the fe-
veral Coins that are there, is as follows :

The

|i6 The Hiftory of Virginia.

/. 5, d.

The Spanifh Double Doubl on, • • 03 lo o©

The Doublon, confequently, • * 01 15 00

ThePiftole, 00 17 o^

jirabian ChcqmnSy ' ' • • 00 10 00
Pieces of Eiffht ("except of Peru) 7

weighing 1 6 penny Weight, 5 ^

French Crowns, . • • • . 00 05 00
Peru Pieces of Eiffht, and Dutch >

Dollars, • • • • • • ^ "^ "+ " f

And all Englifh Coin as it goes in England,

The Trade of this Colony, as well as that of Mary-
land^ confifts almoft entirely of Tobacco^ for the
the Country would produce feveral extraordinary
Commodities fit for Trade *, yet the Planters are fo
wholly bent on planting Tobacco, that they feem
to have laid afide all thoughts of other Improvements.
This Trade is brought to fuch Perfeftion, that the
Virginia Tobacco, efpecially the fweet-fcented, which
grows on Tor^^-River, is reckoned the beft in the
World, and is what is generally vended in England
for a Home Confumption. The other forts, calFd
, Oranoac^ and that of Maryland^ are hotter in the
Mouth ^ but they turn to as good an Account, be-
ing in demand in Holland^ Denmark^ Swedm^ and
Germany. Of this Commodity 30000 Hofheads have
been exported yearly, which befides the other Ad-
vantages that the Englifh reap by it, have clear'd 5 /.
a Hofhead in a Foreign Market, and encreas'd the ;
General Stock of the Nation, 150000/. a year.!
The whole Trade of Tobacco is indeed one of the :
moft Profitable of all the Englifh Commerce, it em-
ploys above 200 Sail of ftout Ships every year*, and
brings in between 3 and 400000 /. to her Majefty's ■
Treafury one year with another. Tho this Calcula-
tion may feem too extravagant to fuch as know no-
thing of this Trade, and to fome who make gueffes of
the Trade in general only, from their own in parti-
cular, yet it will appear to be Modeft to all that have
experience in the Matter. There are 200 Sail of
Ships freighted with this Commodity Communihus
Annk^ froni the whole Bay : In which we include

the

The Hifiory of Virginia. j 1 7

the Province of Maryland •, and, one with another,we
can*t reckon they carry lefs than 300 Hogfheads
of Tobacco ^ in all 70000 Hogfheads \ of which half
we fuppofe to be fold and Ipent in England-^ and
Ae Duty of thofe 35000 Hogfheads, at but 400 weight
of Tobacco each, will come to 8 /. a Hogfhead, and
280000 /. for the whole. The other half which is ex-
ported will not produce above a 5^/7 part fo much
in the Exchequer, becaufe all the Imports are drawn
back, and part of the Subfidy;, yet allowing but
50000/. for the Duty of the 35000 Hoglheads
exported, the whole Amount of the Cuftoms for
the 70000 Hogllieads of Tobacco, will come to
,'330000/. a year *, and fo much it certainly brings
into the Exchequer in a time of Peace. For in
this War-time our Trade is more uncertain ^ and
a juft Calculation of this Branch of it, in part, or in
the whole, cannot now be made, tho confider-
ing that the Virginia and Maryland Merchants
have efcap'd much better than thofe of Barhadoes^
Jamaica , and the Charibhee Iflands , our Efti-
mate, w^ith fome abatement, according to the
number of Ships loft, may fland good. Some who
pretend to be very well acquainted With. t\iQ Virginia
Trade, have alTur'd U9i, that 1 00000 Hogfheads have
been Ship'd off from Virginia and Maryland in a
Year, and 40000 of 'em fpent in England : If fo, we
are rather too fhort in our Account than too long,
both with reference to the Calculation of the Cufloms,
and the Addition the Trade makes to the National
Stock. But we have kept as clofe to Truth as we
cou'd by our o\vn Experience, and the beft Informa-
tion *, and to render what we have faid the more cre-
dible to the Reader,'tis necelTary he fhou'd know how
vaflly this Trade is improv'd in all Parts of England^
as well as in the Port of London. The Town of Le-^
verpool has had 50 Sail of Ships unlade at her Key from
thence in a Year, for feveral Years paft, reckoning
one year with another *, many of the out- Ports have
8 or I o Sail employed yearly in the Virginia-TrdidQ^
and the City of Briflol is faid to pay above 60000 I.
a year Duty for Tobacco her felf, which will not ap-
pear improbable, if what we are very credibly in-
form'd by Brifiol-MQn is true, that one Ship belong-
ing

11
ji8 The Hifiory of Virginia.

ing to that Port, called the Brljiol- Merchant^ ha«
paid 8 or loooo/. Cuftom, every year for theft
Twenty years laft paft. And very often 30 or 4.C
Sail of Ships have come into the Severn at a time,
bound for BrifloL'^ befides Runners and Stragglers
If the Out-ports together fend too Sail to Firginia
in a year, as we think we have fufficiently proved \
London will more than make up the other 100.
And what we have fa id of the Trade and the Cu-i
Horns, will feem very rational and certain.

Befides the vaft Advantage that accrues to the
National Stock, by the Exportation of Tobacco froral
England to all other Parts of Europe ^ we muft con-
fider, how beneficial this Trade is, by the prodigi-
ous Number of Hands it employs, and Families ifi
maintains, in England and Firginia : No lefs thanj
Seventy thoufand EngliJ}) Souls in Virginia *, and^
as many in England, There are vaft Quanti-
ties of Manufaftures exported from hence daily
to this Colony ^ who have all their NecefTaries
for Cloathing, Labour, and Luxury, from Em-
gland: And thofe Commodities that are fent hence!
lying moft among Handicraft-Trades, are fuch as
employ the moft Hands, feed the moft Mouths, and
confequently are the moft beneficial to the Publick \
fuch as Weavers^ ShoomakerSy Hatters^ Ironmongers^
Turners^ Joiner s^ Taylors^ Cutler Sj Smiths^ Baker s^^
Brewers^ Ropetnakers^ Hofiers^ and indeed all the Me-
chanicks in England •, their Manufadures being good
Merchandile in Firginia^ when the Ignorance or A-
varice of fome Merchants do not glut the Market.
The Commodities fent thither, befides Linnen, Silks, j
India Goods, Wine, and other foreign Manufaftures,
are Cloth coarfe and fine. Serges, Stuffs, Bays,.
Hats, and all forts of Haherdajhers Ware, Houghs,
Bills, Axes, Nails, Adzes, and other Iron-Ware^:
Cloaths ready-made. Knives, Bisket, Flower, Stoc-
kings, Shoos, Caps for Servants \ and in fhort, e-
very thing that is made in England,

They formerly drove a coniiderable Trade with
Pipe-Staves and Hoops, from Virginia to Madera^
Tercerasj Fialy and the other Ifiands call'd the Jl-
zores ^ but lately New-England and New-Tork have
almoft driv'n the Virginians out of that profitable

Trade

The Hiftory of Virginia. 519

Trade. They ftill keep part of the Trade to and

rom the Sugar-Iflands, on account of the Tork-River
fobacco, which is moft fmoak'd among the better
brt of People^ tho' the Oranoac will (erve the Ne-
groes, and the word of the White Servants, as well
it better than the fweet-fcented. The KirginiaMQt-
ihants and Planters export Tobacco, Cattle, and
^tovifions to Barbadoes and the Leward Iflands *, and
a Exchange bring back Rnin, MelafTes, and Sugar.
•or notwithftanding they make good Brandy of
heir own, and might have Sugar from their Sugar-
Tee, as has been prov'd by many Experiments j
ret they are (o lazy, that they will be at no pains
o provide themfelves with any thing which they
an fetch el fe where for Tobacco. There are fe-
tral Trades which they might fall into, befide that
if Tobacco, and which would be a Service to that
commodity, becaufe the lefs of it was made, the
.'greater Price it would bear. The Country is cer-
ainly capable of large Improvements, by the Tim-
)er-Trade, and its Appurtenances, as Pitch, Tar, and
.lofm. They might alio manufacture Flax, Hemp,
Cotton, and even Silk *, the three firft Commodities
:hriving there as well as in any Country in the
A^orld, and the Mulberry-Tree feeding Silk-Worms
brmerly in abundance. Edward Biggs Efq*, was at
jreat Charge and Pains to promote the Silk-Man u-
afture, fince it w^as given over by others •, but
vanting Encouragement, he alfo gave it over : Se-
veral of the late Governours have, for Reafons which

Ihey did not think fit to reveal, difcourag'd all fuch
jis went about Manufactures *, and the Planters have
)een oblig'd to ftick to their old Drudgery, the
Planting of Tobacco. Silk-Gra(s grows there fpon-
aneoufly in many places, and may be cut feveral
dmes in a year. The Fibres of this Plant are as
ine as Flax, and much ftronger than Hemp : A
Piece of Grogram was made of it in Queen Eli-
Lobeth's Reign, and prefented to her *, and vet the
Englifi) negle<n: it, and make no manner of life of
t^ not fo much as the hdians did^ who made their
Baskets, FilTiing-Nets and Lines with it. The Fir*
limans might alfo drive as good a Trade with Cat-
le and Provifions , Horfes , Cows * Oxen , Bqq^'^

^ Pork,

I

^Qo The Hifiory of Virginia.

pork, &c, as the People of New-England and Car^\
Una do to the Sugar-Iflands : But all their Thought
run upon Tobacco, and they make nothing of thof
Advantages, which would enrich an induftrious Pec
pie.

Indeed the Naval Stores that might be brough

thence to England^ for the Queen's and Merchant

Service, are of fuch Confequence, that *twould bt

well, if fome Care was taken to oblige them t(

Manufa£):ure 'em, and due Encouragement was givek

to do it. It feems a little unaccountable, why the Ei

glijhj whofe Plantations are fo well furnifh*d witli

thole Commodities, fhould be at the Charge

buying them in the Baltlck with Ready Moneys

fuch as Pitch, Tar, Rofm, Turpentine, Plank, Tint,

ber, Mafts, Yards, and Cordage. New-England an.

f^irginia would plentifully fupply all our Navs

Wants, and we Ihould not then be obliged to th

People of the North, who do not always deal frienc

ly or fairly by us. The Virginiam are fo far fror

thinking of improving thefe Manufaftures, that the

they fee others fend thither to build Ships, the

feldom or never do it themfelves. They not onl

negleft making a Trade of Provifions, but even t

provide a ncceffary Store againft an accidental Seal

city, contenting themfelves with a Supply of Foo

from Hand to Mouth *, infomuch that if a Icarc

year fhould come, there would not be enough in th

Country to fubfift them three Months. The onl

Excufa that the Virginians can plead for their D

zinefs is, that their Induftry was never encourag*<

Their Want of Towns hinders them from receivin

many Advantages by the Fruitfulnefs of their Soil

for the People who inhabited them would take thol

Commodities off the^r Hands, which every Plante

in the Country is furnifh'd with at home. B

this Want of Cohabitation, they are uncapable (

making a beneficial life of their Flax, Hemp, Coi

ton, Silk, Silk-Grafs, and Wool f, which might c

therwKe fupply their Neceilities from their Towns

and their Tobacco would enrich them, as we hav

{hew'd elfewhere. The greateft of their Difcoi

ragements is the high Duties on their Commod;

tics, the Cuflom being often ten times as much a

th

The Hiftory of Virginia; 321

the Prime CoA. And if it wants in Goodnefs, there

$ no Abatement for it, no Confideration for LofTes,

for high Freights and Premio's of Infurance/or a fmall

Crop, the Dearnefs of Hands, and other Accidents

which may prove the Ruin of this Plantation : For

K^hen his Goods come to Market, after Cuftom and

he Faftor's Bill for Commifiion is paid, the Neet

Proceed comes to little. The poor Planter is not

bnly difappointed in the ^^alu<J of his Goods, but

lis Bills that he drew come back protefted, and he is

forc'd to pay exorbitant Interefi:, to prevent being fu'd,

Oriforc'd tofign Judgments to the Merchant there ^

ivho, having got the leaft Hold of his Eftate, feeds

him infenfibly with Money, till the whole follows

at a mean Rate. If this Fate does not attend his

Bills, he is forc'd to buy the NecefTaries at home,

at dear Rates, w^hich he wrote for to England ^ and if

he goes upon Truft, 'tis atfuch Prizes, that a Ufurer

blulhes to extort, but Cuftom makes it look like

lawful. If he fells his Tobacco in the Country, the

Faftors take Care to beat down the Price fo low, that

'twill hardly pay for cultivating. How can all this be

remedy'd, you fay, in War Time ? By fecuring their

Trade, which wonld make Infurances unnecefKiry :

And how can it be fecur'd ? That Queftion has been

fo often anfwcr'd to fuch as have the Care of

thefe thing"?, *tis needlefs for us to decide it here. This

we may venture to fay, that the fending a Ship or

two to this or other Colonies, under Commanders

who think themfelves Admirals, and defy all Power

but their own, will never anfwer the End. A Re-

prefentation of which was made to thofe that have

the Management of Ihefe Affairs, in y/hich 'twas faid.

They make it their Bufinefs to oppnfc Authority^ and

when there is any FaBion in any Place y they are Jure to

join with them againjl the Governouy ^ They will lie in

a Harbour for a Week together ^ without once going out

to cruifs J by their ill Vfage of their Men, they force

them to run away from the Ship, and then they ruin

the Merck nts and Trade of the Place, by prefjing away

the Seamen frotn the Veffds. Somelnftancesof the ill

Practices of thefe Captains are mention'd. One of them,^

when he was at Virginia, neither fpar^d the GentLemen of

the Country^ the Queen's Officers^ nor the Governour

"^ y him-

J 2 2 The Hiftory of Virginia.

himfclfy becaufe they would not fvffer him to marry t
Gentleman* s Daughter^ when at the fame time he fjcu
a Wife and Children at London. Vpon which he at
tempted the Lives of the Gentlewo?r>an's Father^ fezera
of her Relations^ efpedally of a very worthy Gentlemaik
me Col, Gary, who courted the young Lady, The G9-
vernour was forc'd to fecure the Ptace : The Pra
vince being all in an vproar by this Afans extravagan,
At'tions, The Council of Maryland complain'd of an
other, reprefenting, He was fitter for Bedlam than t
command a Ship. And another zt New-York^ When th
Lord Cornbury ordered him to take fever al Tejfei
loaden with Provifwns on her Majefiy's Account^ »
Penfylvania and Carolina, and convoy them to Jamaica
€xcvs^d himfelf faying^ His Ship was laid wp, and un
riggd. They might have been ready before Chriftmas
hut he would not go till the i^th of March, promifin
then to fet Sail, However^ he lay in the Harbou
till the latter end of May y all which time her Majefi
paid Demurrage^ the Provijions lying on board^ which i
great Damage, He refused to obey the Orders he rt
ceiv'd to touch at Carolina, and take thofe Vejjels un
der hts Convoy,

But Ihould we go about to write a Hiftory of a!;
the Complaints that have been made againft fuc
Officers as thefe, for their Mifcarriages in America
one might add another Volijimc to thefe of the Plan,
tations.

We have alfo feen a State of Virginia^ drawn b;

an Inhabitant of l^orth-America, and prefented t

jI Stjie^of^^^ Lords of Trade in England. The People are ver\

Virginia, "^^^^^fo^-i difperid thro" the whole Province. Thei

^ almoji file Bvfmefs is planting and improving Tobacci^

even to that degree^ that mojl of them fcarce allot

thc'/r.j elves time to produce their necejfary Provifiom

and confeqiiently take little Leifure to bujy themfelvt

about Aiatters of State. They have always been n

fpectful and obedient to Governmc?n^ &:c. Again, O

every River of this Province there are Men in Numbe

from ten to thirty^ who by Trade and Induftry have gc

ve',y compleat Ejtates, TJjefe Gentle??2en take Care t

Jupplythe poorer fort with Goods and Neceffaries^ am

are jure to keep them always in their Debt^ and confe

quently dependant on them^ Out of this Nufnber ar

chofct

r

The Hiftory of Virginia. j 2 j

\ofen her Maieftys CoiwcU^ the Afjemblyj the Jujiices
id Officers of the Government. Many of thefe Gen*
^men have apply d themfclves 0} late Tears to procure
om their Governours good Laws^ for the better Go-
rrnment and Improvement of the Country^ &c. Again,
hey confider this Province is of far greater Advantage
her Afajefiy^ than all the reft of the Provinces he-
ics on the Main *, and therefore falfely conclude^ that
ey ought to have greater Privileges than the rcjl of
r Adajefty's Subjefts, Further, The Affembly think
emfelves entitled to all the Rights and Privileges of
! Englifh Parliament^ and begin to fearch into the
ecords of that Honourable Houfe^ for Prefidents to
vern themfelves by. The Council imagine, they
moji jland upon equal Terms with the Right Honour a-
e Houfe of Lords, We thiak a great Part of what
illows in this Reprefentation might have been fpar'd,
we leave it as we found it.

The Society for propagating the Gofpel, in the Ae- church
mnt they have publifh'd of their Succefs in Ame-zi^xirs,
ca^ tell us, Firginia is divided into fifty Pariflies,
id about thirty Chapels. Here was alfo a noble
ollege, erefted for the Education of the American
outh, in the Studies of Divinity and Philofophy.
Maintenance for the Students has been fettled, bu^
Difufe is impaired in many Places. Several Pa-
hes are not fupply'd with Minifters, particularly
Princefs Anns County. There was no Mathema-
al ProfelTor in William and Ma-ry College. The
ciety have paid to Mr. Tyliard 20 /. and to Mr.
allace of Elizabeth City Parilh ij /.in Books.
Of the College above-mention'd, we have fpoken
:eady, but fince that have met with a better Ac-
nt of it. A flately Fabrlck was rats' d^ a Royal ^^^ ^^
arter given^ with ample Privileges and hnmunitteij j^ccown of
ublick Fund was allotted for the Endowment of it^ the Socutj
a Prefident appointed with an honourable Sallary^ fir cropl-
and in Honour of the Founder itw^scalfd William ^^"/'^^ th^
Mary College. But it could not' be furnifi'd with G^fp^i^
■effors and Students^ nor advanced above a Gram- ^^' P- ^^.
r-Schooly before the whole College was unfortunately
eftroy'd by Fire. And the great Service Col. Nichol-
n did this Society, and the Caufe of Religion, in
Province, while he was Governour, has been

Y 2 often

^24 ^'/^^ Hiftory of Virginia;

often acknowldeg'd by them, in Publick and Pri-
vate.

We have nothing further to obferve relating
to Virginia •, but that on the Death of Mr. Nom^
rny Lord Orhey's Deputy in the Government of this
Colony, Col. Hunter was appointed his SuccelTor
in that honourable Pod, A- D, 1707. On which
he embark'd for his Province, and in his PafTage
was taken by the French, and carry'd into France;
From whence he returned into England^ and now
waits for a Convoy to Virginia,

We have only to add a Lift of the Chief Officers,
Civil and Military, as is done in the other Parts a
this Treatife.

Col. Hunter^ Cover nour.
Bdmmd Jennings y Efq^ Prefident.

T>udley Diggs^ Efq^
Benjamin Harrifon^ Sen' Eiq^
Robert Carter^ Efq*,
JohnCuftis^ Efq*,
The Reverend Mr. James

Thilip Ludwell^ Efq*, ^

Henry Duke^ Efq*,

Robert Quarry^ Efq*,

John Smithy Efq*,

John Lewis^ Efq-,

William Churchill^ Efqj

Commiflary to the Bifhop of London^ the Reverend

Mr. James Blaire.
Auditor of the Revenue, Dudley Diggs^ Efq*,
Secretary, Edmvnd Jennings^ Efq*,
Receiver General, William Bird^ Efq^
Colleclor of the Guftoms, Col. Gawen Corbirt.
Attorney General, Stephen Tompfon^

THE

T^t^.jij:

1

XnjU/h sMiUi

ChAT-Uj 'Art

Iirelaacl Ifl .

325

THE

HISTORY

0 F

r.

CAROLINA.

•I

CHAP. I.

Containing an Account of the Difcovery ancL
Settlement of this Province^ and of all
the Wars^ Fa^ionSj DifturbanceSj and
other Events there^ from that time to the
prefent.

w

E are not ignorant of the Pretences oi j^jfcovsry,
the Concern'd in this Province, who
affirm, 'twas difcover'd by Sehaftian
Cabot, Mr. Archdale^ one of the
Proprietors, in his printed D^fcription of CaroLma^
fays, Hetry the VI lU/?. about the Tear 1500. jumtjhd
Sir Sebaftian Cabot with Shipping^ {He woi born at
Briftol, tho his Father Wivs 'a Venetian,) to make a
' Difcovery •, a?7d he fell vp>m the Coajl of Florida, and
havifjg failed along the Continent a confidcrahle way
' North-Eaji^ returned. But this does not appear in
' any autheatick Hiftorian •, nor that Sir Sebaftian Ca-
bot ever got To far to the South.

y J Carolina

fri

^e

326 The Hijlory of Carolina.

Carolina is the Northern part of the vaft Regioi
of America^ which was difcover'd by 'John Vonce <^ !
Leoriy'Mv the Year 151 2. He made Land about 5 <
Degrees from the <j£quatory near the River of Sai
MattdOy the moft Southerly part of this Province
He faird thither from the Ifland of Vorto Rico^ anc
gave the Country the Name of Florida^ for that th<
Face of it has the Refemblance of a continua

Amc^rica. ^^^ Spaniards, who paflionately defir'd to fecurc
' it to themfelves, eight Years afterwards fent Vafquez
de Ayllon to make afurther Difcovery of it, as belong;
ing to Charles V. in whofe Name de Leonhdid taken.
Pofreffion of it. He came upon the North CoaftJ
and call'd the North North- Weft River by the Name
of Jordan. He did nothing memorable, except
this infamous A£lion, of inviting many of the Na-
tives aboard his Ships, where when he had got
them, he hoifted Sail, and carry'd them into milera-
ble Bondage.

In the Year 152^. Charles V. Emperor o^ Germany
and King of Spain^ fent Pamphillo Narvefi to Florida^
who ftay'd fo long in the South- Weft part of this
Country, which is the moft barren, that, fays my Au-
thor, they were fain to eat one another ^ his Crew having
fpent their Provifions.

Ten Years afterwards Ferdiitando a Soto came
hither in the fearch of Gold and Silver Mines, ha-
ving a little Army of i>oo Foot, and 500 Horfe,
Himfelf, and three Parts of his Soldiers, dy'd, ei-
ther thro' Want, or by Sicknefs, or the Indians :
and the reft were led back by Lewis Mofcos to New
Spainj tho not without great Difficulty, for the Na-

\ tives fetting upon them leveral times in their March,

;.'. kiird all that fell into their Hands.

This unfortunate and expenfive Expedition fo diC-
courag*d thQ Spaniards, that for feveral Years they
made no more Attempts in thefe Parts, and indeed
' they fearch'd no further than that Part of the Conti-
nent which lies oppofite to the Gulph of New Spain^
and not within and beyond the Streights of Bahama^
which includes that part of the Country we are now
Treating of, and which is the moft fertile and rich,
abounding in feveral merchantable Commodities.

The

The Hijlory of Carolina. 327

The French perceiving the, Spaniards neglCifled this
png Tra€l of Lind, Admiral Coligny^ in the Reign
dF Charles IX. procur'd two of tiic King's Ships
to be fent thither, the Command of which he gave
to Jean Ribaut^ who after a Voyuge of two Months*
irriv'd at the River oi Dolphins^ between that oiSntt
Matt^o^ and that of May^ lying about the 3 oth De-
cree.

The next River to that o^Afay^ he call'd the 5^;W.
The next to that, the Sorm?ie *, then the Loire •, then
the Charemej and the Garonne. At the Mouth o': At-
hemarle River, then call'd the Great River •-, the Port
)ein2 fafe and commodious, he built a Fort, which he
called Charles Fjrt^ and gave it the Name of Port
Royaly in 32 Decrees of Latitude, bordering on P^irgi-
nia^ now North Carolina^ where the firft Settlement
was made by any European Nation.

• The Civil Wars raging in France^ Ribaufs Sol-
diers mutiny'd, for want of Supplies. The Natives,
'tis true, were very kind to them, out of Hatred to
|the Spaniards ^ but they could not furnifh them
with many Neceflaries which they wanted ', and the
Admiral was fo engagd in Politicks at home, that
he had not Leifure to provide for the Wants of his
Colony. So Ribaut having made fome Difcoveries
in the North-Eafl: part of Florida, returned to France^ Ihici
and in his Return, if Credit may be given to an old
Author, his Company were reduc'd to fuch Extre-
mity, that they kill'd and eat one of their own Men ^
and probably would have done* fo by others, had
they not accidentally met with an £?;g///7; Ship, the
Mafter of which furnifh'd them with fome Provifi-
ons. A Peace being concluded 2 Years after in .•:•
France^ betvreen the Papifts and Proteftants, Coligny^
who was then in Favour at Court, procur'd other
Ships to be fent to this Ccuintry, w^hich was now
.call'd Carolina, from Fort Charles, as that was from
the French King. The Command of thofe Ships,
and the Men aboard, was given to Lewis Laudoner,
who was order'd to carry on the Settlement. He
arrived here the loih of June, 15^+. with 3 Ships,
and was kindly receiv'd by the Indians, but could
find no Gold and Silver Mines, tho he fpent much
Labour and Time in fearch after them. His Provi-

y ^ fions

328 The Hijlory of Carolina^

fions being almoft all gone, and the Natives eithef
unable, or unwilling to furnifh hiiii with more,
Laudoner refolv'd to return alfo to France *, and as
he was preparing to depart, JeanRibaut arriv'd with
3 Ships, which had fo good an EfFeft on the Indians^
that they feem'd to be as welcome to them as to the
French. The Kings of Homoloa^ Seravatri^ Alma-
cam^ Malic a^ and Caftriy waited upon Ribauty to
congratulate his Arrival, and promised to conduft
him to the Apalattzan Mountains, which part Caroli-
na from Virginia.

The French conceiv*d great Hopes of this Set-
tlement, but all vanifh'd on the Arrival of the Spa-
niards^ who with a Squadron of Ships and Land For-
, ces, drove the French out of their Forts, kill'd Ri^
bautj and crco Men, after having given them Condi-
tions of Life, and oblig'd Laudoner, with a few of
his Countrymen who remain'd alive, to return to
France.

The French King took no notice of this kdi
of Violence committed on his Subjefts, becaufe
they were Proteftants *, and indeed 'tis thought
Coligny intended by this Settlement, to fecure a Re-
treat for himfelf, and his Brethren of the Reformed
Religion, in cafe they were conquer'd in France,
Peter Melanda comhianded the Spaniards, who dif-
lodg'd the French, and fo provok'd the Indians by
his Cruelty and Injuftice, that they were very ready
to revenge themfelves when Opportunity offer 'd, as
it did not long after *, for Capt. De Gorgues, a French,
Gentleman, at his own coff, fitted out three ftout
Ships., and with 280 Men fail'd to Carolina, where
he tOv>k the Fort, and put all the Spaniards within it
to til;: Sword. They had built two other FortSj^
which; he eafily reduced, and ferv'd the Garrifons ^
as he did that of Fort Charles. He demolifh'd
thTm, and was ailifted by the Kings oi Homoloa^.
anid Seravatri.
The French travell'd into the Dominions of the
Pav of S^^-^^ ^^^S <^f Apalacha, near the Mountains, where
jf^ill 1 they converted many Indians to Chriftianity. Thefe
247. * Indians .were moie civil than thofe to the North'
ward, their Kings Dominions larger, and theiK
Manners, in ^reat meafure, refenibled the Mexi-
cans^ ■■■ '^' • " We

The Hi/lory of Carolina.' 329

I We do not find that Monfieur de Gorgues made
;any Settlement here *, or that theSpaniards attemp-
ted to recover the Country •, which from the Year
1557. lay deferted by all European Nations, till the
Reign of King CW/f / 11. o{ England, In the Year
1 621. feveral Englifh Families flying from the Maf- Ibid,
ifacres of the Indians in Virginia and New-England^
(Were driven on thefe Coafts, and fettled in the Pro-
ivince of Mallica^ near th'j Head of the River of y^^j/,
where they a£led the Parr of Miflionaries among the
Mallicans and Apalachites. The King of the Country
lis faid to have been baptized •, and in the Year i^r^.
'Mr. Brigfiocky an Englifhman, went to Apalacha,
iwhere he was honourably entertain'd by his Coun-
trymen, who were there before him •, and from his
Relation of the Country ours is taken.

I It will not be unacceptable to the Curious, to A Defcrtp^
fee a Defcription of Carolina, as it was before the En- tion of Old
glifh fettled there, which we find very diftin^lly re- Carolina,
lated in a Difcourfe Printed ^. D. i ^44. The near-
\eft River y of any Note^ to Virginia, falling into the
Seay is the Jordan, which lies in 3 2 Degrees •, from
whence^ about 20 Leagues downwards to the Southj is
the Promontory of St. Helen, ?7f^r Port- Roy :d, which
the French chofe for the hefi andfurefl Place to begin Caftell. />•
\their Plantations. Between the River Jordan and St.^^"
fielens, are Oriftanum, Ofbanum, and Cayagna ^
Oriftanum lying 6 Leagues from St. Helens*, O/lanum
4 Leagues from Oriftaiuim ^ and Cayagna 8 Letgues
from Oftanum. Erom St. Helens to Dos B?xos Hiven
is 5 Leagues, From thence to the Bay de Afapo, 3
Leagues ^ thence to Cafanufium ^, to Capula 5, to
Saron p, to S. Alcany 14, and ro 5. Peter 20 Leagues^
lying in 3 1 Degrees of Lnritude. TJje next PLkc is
iSan Mattaeo, 5 Leagues from St. Peter.
' Twill be difficult for an Inhabitant of the prefent
iCarollna, to reconcile all thefe Names to the jModern,
fand the old Defcription to the New ^ wherefore we
ifhall not pretend to it, at leaft but occaiionally, and
;where we can be almofl fure that we are in the
right.

This Country having been abandon'd by all Euro-
pean Nations for near 100 Years, it feem'd reafonable
then, thav any one who would beat the Expence of

fettling

5 JO The Hifiory of Carolina.

fettling upon it, and cultivate \u tliould pofTefs it
and the Pretence o^ Sehafiian Ci^^^'sdifcoveringit
gave the Crows oi England a Title to it, which Kin|
Charles II. aflerted : For lome Noblemen and Gentle
men begging it of him, he made a Grant of it, by ;
Pattent, l)earing date the 24th of Marc h^ t-^6^, t«
Edward Earl of Clarendon^ then Lord High Chancel
lour of England^ George Duke oifu4lbemarle^ William,
Lord Craven^ John Lord Berkley^ Anthony Lord Afllj
ley. Sir George Cartaret^ Sir William Berkley^ and Si;
John Colliton : Who^ to ufe the Words of the Granc:
Charter, being excited with a laudable and pious Zeal
for the Propagation of the Gofpelj beg'd a certain Countr
in the Farts of America not yet cultivated and planted
and only inhabited by fome barbarous People^ who hat
no Knowledge of Godj &:c. wherefore the King grantee
them all that "Territory in his Dominions in America
from the North End of the Ijland calVd Lucke-Ifland
which lies in the Southern Virginian Sea^ and within 3 (
I)eg;rees of IST. Latitude *, C^ to the Weft as far as the Soutt
Seas *, andfo Southerly^ as far as the River San Matt2E0
which borders on the Coafl of Florida, and is within j :
Degrees of North Latitude^ and foWefh^ inadireti
Line J as faros the South Seas aforefaid : With all Roy
al Fifheries, Mines, Power of Life and Limb, anc
every thing neceilary in an abfolute Propriety, pay
ing a Quit rent of 20 Marks Yearly.

We are not to enter into the Merits of the Caufe
nor inquire by what Right King Charles became pof
fefs'd of this Province, and Carolina to be a part of/;/
Dominions in America *, 'tis enough for us, that ht
gave the Proprietaries fuch a Charter, and that the\
proceeded towards a Settlement by virtue of it i
which was in a few Years efFefted. Whatever ha
been faid of the French and Spaniards, 'tis but juft
that if one Nation does not think a Country wortl:
cultivating, and deferts it, another, who has a bette;
Opinion of it, may enter upon it, by the Law o
Nature and Reafon.

The Proprietaries, after they had got their Char
ter, gave due Encouragement for Perfons to fettle ir
this Province, and there being exprefs Provifion niadf
in it for a Toleration, and Indulgence to aliChrifti*
ans in the free Exercife of their Religion, great Num;

; -ber

I

The Hiftory 0/ Carolina.' 331

pers of Proteftants, Diffenters from the Church of
England^ retir'd thither.

This Toleration appears fo firm by this Charter,
:hatwe wonder any Palatine could prefume to break-
n upon it. The King granted the Proprietaries full
|ind free Licenle, Liberty and Authority, by fuch
tegal Ways and Means, as they fhall think fit, to give
into fuch Perfon and Perfons, inhabiting, and being
A^ithin the (aid Province, or any Part thereof, who
•eally in their Judgments, and for Confcience fake,
:annot, or fhall not conform to the Liturgy, Form,
md Ceremonies of the Church o{ England, and take
nd fubfcribe the Oaths, and Articles, made and efla-
)lifh'd in that behalf, or any of them, fuch Indulgen-
ts and Difpenfations in that behalf, for, and during
juch Time and Times, and with fuch Limitations and
Keflriftions, as they, &c, fhall think fit.

Let us now fee what the Proprietaries did, purfu-
.nt to the Power the King had inverted them with,
o grant Liberty of Confcience. We cannot have a
)etter Authority than the Cafe of the Diffenters in Ca-
olina, publifh'd lately by a Gentleman of this Pro-
vince.

The firfi Proprietors werefofenfihle that nothing could P. 27.'
people that Province, and enrich it, hut an univerfaL
viul abfolute Toleration, that they made the mofi exprefs
tnd ample Provifion for fuch a Toleration that ever was
n.tde in any Conjiitution in the World, a^ may be feen in
.he 96, 1 01, 102, 10 5" Articles of the Fundamental
tonfiitutions : Which provide, as the Lords Proprie- p, 36.
[aries word it in thole Conflitutions, Thatfincc the
hiatives of that Place, who will be concerned in our Plan-
rations, are utterly Strangers to Chrifiianity, whofe /do-
\atry. Ignorance, or Mifiake, give us no Right to expel
w vfe them ill, and that thofe who remove from other
Parts to plant there, will unavoidably be of different O*
unions concerning Matters of Religion, the Liberty where-
of they willexpett to have allowed them ; and that it will
lot be reafonahle for Ji4, on this account, to keep them
mt; therefore, that fur e Peace may be maintained, a-
wfndfl: the Diverfity of Opinions, and our Agreement and
tbmpart with all Men may be duly and faithfully obferv'd,
'he Violation whereof, upon what Pretetice foever, can-
tot he without great O fence to Almighty Godj and great

Scandal

532 *The Hiftory of Carolina J

Scandal to the true Religion^ which we profefs : And alfi
that Jewsj Heathens^ and other DiffenterSy from the
Purity of the Chriftian Religion^ may not he fcar^d^ and
kept at a Diftancefrom it^ mt by having an Opportunity
of acquainting themfelves with the Truth and Reafona^
blenefs of its DoEhines^ and the Peaceahlenefs and Inof-
fenfivenefs of its ProfefforSj may by good Vfage and Per-
fwafion^ and all thofe convincing Methods of'Gentlenefs
and Meeknefs^ fuitahle to the Rules and Defigns of the
Gofpely be won over to embrace^ and unfeignedly receive
thy Truth. Therefore the faid Conftitutions provf-
ded for their Liberty, but declared, That no Perfon
above feventeen Tears of Age^ Jfjall have any Benefit or
Protection of the LaWj which is not a Member of fome
Church or Profejfion^ having his Name recorded in fome
one religious Record.

Thus did thefe Lords Proprietaries take care, that
Perfons of all Profeflions in Religion fhould be pro-
tefted and fecur'd in the free Exercife of them \ and
the Reader thus prepoffefs'd with the Laws of the
Country, on which the Government of the Colony
is intirely founded, will be the better able to judge
of the Principles of thofe Men, who in the Sequel of
this Hiftory, we fhall find endeavouring to over-turn
the moftconfiderable Articles of thefe Fundamentals^
for great Numbers of Proteftant PifTentersfrom the
Church of Englandj removing with their Families to
Carolina^ when there were fo many Inhabitants, that
a Form of Government was necefTary, the Propriety
ries agreed on that abovemention'd, calPd, the Fun-
damental Conftitutions, confifting of 120 Articles,
George ^^g^'^ ^y ^^^ Duke of Albemarle^ then Palatine of the
j:)tffc(jo/Al-Pi^ovince ^ the Lord Craveny the Lord Afljleyy Sir
bemarle John Collitony the Lord Cornburyy the Lord Berkley^ Sir
Tahtine George Cartarety the ift of Marc hy 1699. Which
Conftitutions, as is exprefTed in the laft Article, Jfjall
hcy and remain the facred and unalterable Form and
Ride of Government in Carolina /or ever.

They were drawn up by that famous Politician the
Earl of Shaftshuyyy one of the Proprietors, and the
only one that could be fufpecled of having the leaft
Inclination to favour the Diflenters. The firft Ar»
tide of thefe Fundamentals, is, that a Palatine Jhall
he c I JO fen out of one of the Proprietaries^ whoJJjall cot}-,

tinu§

The Hiftory of Carolina.^ ^^f

tinue during Life^ and be fucceeded by the eldeft of
the other Proprietaries. The Palatine has the execu-
tive Power in mod: Cafes, and the reft of the Pro-
prietaries have their Places and Privileges. Mr.
Archdale^ in the before- ment ion 'd Treatife, fays,
They centered all their Power in four of themy viz. in a
Palatine of their own choofmgy and thrie more ^who were
authorized to execute the whole Powers of the Charter,
This is call'd the Palatine's Court *, and their Deputies
in Carolina execute it as they are direBed by their
Principals,

By the Fundamental Conftitutions, there are to

, be three Hereditary Noblemen in every County,
one caird a Landgrave, and 2 call'd Cafliques. The
Parliament conHfts of the Proprietors, or their De-
puties, the Governour and Commons ^ and by the
Fundamentals fliould hr.ve 25 Landgraves, and 50

' Cailiques to make a Nobility : But the Number of

' Landgraves and CafTiques is very fmall, and they are
not (ummon*d to make an Upper- Houfe, on that
Account •, fo the Governour and the Proprietors
Deputies arrogate that Title. The Commoners are
chofen by the Free-holders of every County, as the
Commons in England *, and all ^vere at firft to lit in
one Houfe, and have equal \'otes. This Parliament
fhould meet once in every two Years, and oftner, if
Occafion require. The Courus of Juftice are, befides

' thofe of the Palatine's Court, the Chief Ju ft ice's
Court, the High-Conftcbles Court, the Chancellor's
Court, the Treafurcr's Court, the Chamberlain's
Court, the High-Steward's Court : Befides which,
there are the Great Council and the Hundred Courts.
Mr. ArchdaUy on this Head, tells us, ^' The Char-
" ter generally, as in other Charters; agre^^s on
" Royal Privileges and Powers, burefpeciallyatthat
'' Time it had an over-plus Power to grant Liberty
" of Confcience, tho at home was a hot perfecuting
" Time j as aHb a Power to create a Nobility, yet
" not to have the fame Titles as here in England :
** And therefore they are there by Pattent, under
" the Great-Seal of the Province, call'd Land-
'' graves and Caftiques, in lieu of Earls and Lord?,
" and are by their Titles to fit with the Lords Pro-
" prietors Deputies, and tog'^ther make the Upper
^ *' Houfe,

2 J 4 ^^^ Hifiory of Carolina.'

" Houfe, the Lower Hoafe being ele£led by th^
** iPeople. Thefe Landgraves are to have four Ba j
'' ronies annex'd to their Dignities, of tfooo Acre; !
^^ each Barony j and the Cafliques two Baronies, oJ
** 3000 each, and not to be divided by Sale of an^
** Part. Only they have Power to let out a third
'' Part for three Lives, to raife Portions for younger
'^ Children. Every County has a Sheriff and four
Juftices of the Peace. Every Planter pays i d. an
Acre Quit-Rent to the Proprietaries, unlefs he buys
it off. All the Inhabitants and Free-men, from 1^
to 60 Years old, are bound to bear Arms, when com-
manded by the Great Council,

The Proprietaries enter'd into a Joint-Stock, and
fitted out Ships on their own proper Charges,^
to tranfport People and Cattle thither, which Ex-
pence amounted to i2obo /. befides as much or more
disbursed by fingle Proprietors to advance the Colo-)
ny ^ and all their Rents and Incomes have fince thei
Beginning been laid out in Publick Services. I

Many DifTenters of good Eftates went over, andi
many other Peribns, in hopes to mend their For-
tunes. And if they could tell how to improve the^
Opportunities that were put into their Hands there, '
they had feldom any Reafon to repent of going thi-
ther.

Tho the Difficulties and Dangers they met with
at firft were a little difeouraging, all free Perfons,
who came over, were to have $0 Acres of Land for
themfelves, 50 more for each Man- Servant, and 50
more for each Woman-Servant Marriageable *, and not
Marriageable, 40 Acres. Each Servant out of hisi
or her Time was to have 50 Acres, paying the Quit-
Rent of I d, an Acre.

The Proportion of Land was much greater by the
firft Inftru£lions which the Proprietaries fent their
Governours, hut they afterwards thought fit to re-
duce it to the prefent Allotment. Some Gentlemen
who did not care to be liable to the yearly Qiit-
Rent of I d, an Acre, bought their Lands out-
right.

The common Rate of purchafing now, is 20 /. for
a 100 Acres, and 10 j. a Year Quit- Rent. The
Proprietors, in all their Leaf.?s, never forget tp ex-
cept

The Hiftory of C^xoXinsil jj^

itpt all Mines, Minerals, and ^^mf J- ^/C^/^wj and
)recious Stones.

Things being thus eftablifh'd, the Lords Proprie-
aries appointed Col. William Sayle, to be Governour col Will'
)f their Province, about the Year 1^70. TheFirft SaylcGo-'
Plantations that came to any Perfection, were about vsmour*
Albemarle zndi Fort-Royal Rivers. Bvxt j^JJAey and
':ooper Rivers drew People that way, for the
i^lonvenience of Pafture and Tillage, for which
lilealbn that Part of the Country became nioft inha-
bited.

In 16-71. The Proprietaries fent Cap. Halfledvfith
L Supply of Provifions and Stores for the Colony,
md created Jamey Cartaret^ Sir John TeomanSy and
,hhn Lock^ E(q', Landgraves.

The Conftitutions having been found deficient in
bme Cafes, Temporary Laws were added, and the
[•brni of Government fettled thus.

A Governour nam'd by the Palatine.

•^ 7 Deputies of the Proprietors.

fit Council, / 7 Gentlemen, chofen by the Parli-

:onfifting > ament.

»f V 7 of the eldeft Landgraves and

•^ Cailiques.

An Admiral. High-Steward.

A Chamberlain. High-Conftable.

Chancellor. Regifter of Births, Buri-

Chief-Juftice. a Is, and Marriages.

^Secretary. Regifter of Writings.

Surveyor. Marfhal of the Admi-

liTreafurer. ralty.

All which were nominated by the Proprietors
jrefpeftively. The Quorum of the Council were to be
the Governour and 6 Councillors, of whom 3 at leaft
i'were to be Proprietors Deputies *, and becaufe there
were not Inhabitants to make a Parliament, accord-
ing to the Fundamental Confiitiitions^ 'twas order 'd
to confift of the Governour, the Deputies of Pror
prietors, and twenty Members chofen by the Free-
holders j of whom ten were to be ele(n:ed by Berk-
ley"

^j6 The H^Jiory of C^rolm^^ \

ley's County, and ten by Colliton County ^ which
number was encreasM, as more Counties were laid
out, and more People came to fettle in the Pro-
vince.

The Temporary Laws were made in the Year

William, 1^71. At which time ^F/7/^^w, Earlof Cr^x/ew, was

£tfr/ Cra- Palatine. On which Office he enter'd, after the

ven, Ta- £)eath of the Duke o{ Jllhemarle ^ who, as has been

attne. ^^^^^ ^^ Palatine, when the Fundamental Conftkution,

were fign'd, but dy*d foon after. In the fame Year

Cap. Halfied was order 'd to make Difcoveries u]

Afldey River^and a Model of a Town was fent,which i

will be well, if the People o^ Carolina are able to buil

loo Years hence :, but the Proprietaries, as appear

by their Conftitutions and Inftruftions to their Go-

vernours, thought *twas almoft as eafy to build

Towns, as to draw Schemes.

sir John ^^^ "^'^^ Governour to Col. Sayle was Sir Johr.

Yeomans Teomans^ Baronet *, in whofe time many of the be-

^o-i/cfrww/- fore-mention 'd Tranfaftions happcn'd, but we havt

not been able to diftinguifti the Events in his Go

vernment from thofe in Sayle' s,-

About the Year 1^80. the Proprietaries madt|

Jofeph Jofeph Wefl^ Efq^ one of the firft Planters, theii

Weft Co- Governour. He was a iMan of Courage, Wifdo

'vermur. Piety, and Moderation : And fiich an One was nefc

celTary in his time •, for tho many DifTenters had flefjr

from the Rage of their Enemies in England^ ye

there were not wanting Men of other Principles

who by Fa^lions difturb'd the Peace of the Infant

Colony. Mr. Archdale\ Word will, in this Cap|l

be more acceptable to the Reader : " The moft

*' fperate Fortunes firft ventur'd over to break tW

" Ice, which being generally the ill Livers of th

" pretended Chyrchmen^ tho the Proprietors commii|icli

** fibnated one Col. Wefi their Governour, a mod

*' rate, juft, pious, and valiant Perlbn ^ yet having

" Council of the loofe principled Men, they grev

" very unruly, and had like to have ruin'd the Col

" ny, by abufingthe Indians^ whom in Prudence the

" ought to Have oblig'd in the higheft degree, am

*^ fo Drought d^n Indian War on the Country, liklei^ji

" that in the firft planting of Virginia^ in whicjyit

^ fevsral were cut off j but the Governour, by h

'^ manl

The Hijlory of Carolina.' jj7

** manly Prudence at leaft in a great meafure ex-
^ tinguifh'd the Flame, which had a long time
** threatned the DifTolution of the Colony. The
two Fa6lions were that of the Proprietaries and that
of the Planters, like Court and Country Party in
England. This Divifion got to fuch a Head, that
one Mr. John Culpeper was fent Prifoner to En-
iland^ with a Charge of High-Treafon againft
him, for raifing a Rebellion in Carolina •, for
which he was try'd at Wefimlnjier-Hallj and
upon heajring the Matter, it appear'd only to
be a diforderly Quarrel among the Planters and
Inhabitants of the Province, fo he was acquit-
ted.

Col. Weji held a Parliament in Charles Town.
A, jD. i<j82. In which feveral A£ls Vsere pafs'd and
ratify Vi by him, (^Andrew Perchall^ Efq-, William
Omeny Efq*, and Maurice Matthews^ Efq^ Deputies
of the Proprietaries^ ^ 2iS^An AB for High-ways^ for
f^pprcffmg Drunkennefs andprophane Swear ing^ for Ob-
fervation of the Lord's Day^ and for fettling the Mi-
j litia.

'Twas in this Governour's Time, that the Weftees^
ft Nation of the Indians^ were troublefome to the Co-
Bony, and attempted the Suhverfwn of this hopeful Set-
mementy as the Aft of Parliament • to raife Money
[for repelling them words it. There was aot much
p Blood fhed, or Money fpilt *, for 4 or 500 /. paid
the Charge of the War, and other publick Ex-
pences.

The Lords Proprietaries ere£led a Commiilion for
Maurice Matthews^ Efq*, William Fuller^ Efq^ Jona-
\than Fitz.^ Eiq*, diud^ohn Boon^ Efq*, to decide all Cau-
jfes between the Englljh and Indians, And j Mr. Weji
I is charg"d with dealing in Indians : For which, and
ioppofing the Proprietaries Party, he wasremov'd, in
! the Year 1583. and Jofeph Moreton^ Efq^ appoint- Jofeph
I cd Governour in his ftead. Moreton,

Twas about this time, that the Per fecution rais'd^/?; Go-^i
by the Popifh Fadlion, and their Adherents, \viEng-'^^*^°^^-
landy againft the Proteftant Diflenters, was at the
height •, and no Part of this Kingdom fuffer'd more
by it than Somerfet-flnre, The Author of this Hi-
ftory liv'd at that time with Mr. Blake^ Brother to

Z the

il

3 J 8 The Hifiory of Carolina.

the famous General of that Name, being educateij
by his Son-in-law, who taught School in Bridgwater ^
and remembers, tho then very young, the Reafoni
old Mr. Blake us'd to give for leaving England :,
One of which was. That the Miferies they endur'd,
meaning the DifTenters then, were nothing to whai
he forefaw would attend the F,.^.ign of a Popilh Suc-
cefior ^ wherefore he refolv'd to remove to Carolina :
And he had fo great an Intereft among Perfons ot
his Principles, I mean the DifTenters, that many ho^
neft (ubftantial Perfons engag'd to go ^ver with
him.

I mufl prevent all Prejudice to what I have faidj
by declaring, that this Book is written by one wha
is not himlelf a DifTenter, but verily believes, thei
true Church of England is the moft Orthodox and
the moft Pure Church in the World. And by the
true Church of England^ he underftands all thofei
who live up to the Doftrine it profefles ^ who byj
their Piety, Charity, and Moderation, are Ornaments
of our Holy Religion, and who do not blindly efponfo^
a Name out of Intereft, or from the Impreflionsi
of Education •, who pity, and not hate, fuch as dif*
fent from them ^ who are loyal to their Prince, fub-
mifiive to their Super iours, true to their Country ,j
and charitable to all : Of fuch a Temper is every
true Church-man*, and may their Number daily
encreafe, till we are all of One Mind and One
Religion, as we have but one God and One Sa-
viour.

If the Reader will pardon this Digreffion, he fhall
have no more •, and fo much 'twas neceflary to fay, ,,
that he may not think, whatever is faid of Mr. Blake^ \
or his Brethren, is out of Refpeft to his Profeflion, j
but as a Chriftian : For tho 1 doubt not there may
be many gccd Chriilians of the ianie Principles, I
Ihould efttt;ii them more, if they would be convinc'd
and cor:foi in ^ that the Uuion fo often recommended
by our UiaCic us and Glorious Queen Anncy may be
univerfal.

1 fay the niore of Mr. Blake ^^ becaufe his Family is
one of the moft confiderable in this Province ^ where
he arriv'd in the Year 1^83. with feveral ether
Families, the Followers of his Fortune. What E-

ftatc

The Hifiory of Carolina/ j j 9

te he had in England^ he fold, to carry the Effe£ls
long with him ^ and tho the Sum was not many
"houfands, if it did at all deferve the plural Number ^
ret 'twas all that his Great Brother left him, tho for
everal Years he commanded the BritiJJj Fleet *, and
n a time when our Naval Arms were viftorious,
nd tht Treafures of New-Spain fcldom reach'd
lome.

By Mr. Blah's Prefence in Carolina^ the Sober
^arty^ we call them fo in oppofition to Mr. yirch-
W^'s /// Livers^ began to take Heart, and the other
o be difcourag'd in their irregular Couri^s. The
Oentlcman I juft mention'd, in his Dcfcription of
jnrolinaj writes thus : In Governour MoretonV Time^
fcneral BlakeV Brother, with many Diffenters, came to
Carolina ^ which Blake being a wife and prudent Perfon^
' an heroick Temper of Spirit J flrengthned the Hands of
her inclined People, and kept under thefirfl loo fe and ex-
ravagant Spirit, &c. The Governour, as we are
old, marry'd Mrs. Eliz^abeth Blake, his Daughter ;
nd by this Alliance, the Strength of their Party
vas fo encreas'd, that we hear little of the other
ill Mr. Colliton's Government.

There being fome Complaints againft Mr. Mat-
hews, and the other Commillioners for deciding
^aufes between the Englijb and the Indians, they
vere difcharg'd, and the Commiflion abrogated.
The Lords Proprietaries order'd the Indians 400
^iles from Charles Town, to be taken into their
roteftion.

The County of Berkley, between Stono and Sewee^
vas now laid out i^ and foon after Craven County,
in the North of Berkley ; and ColUton County, on
he South : All which Counties were divided into
Iquares of 12000 Acres, for the feveral Shares of the
Proprietaries, Landgraves, and Caffiques.

Mr. Moreton, at his entering upon his Office,
aird a Parliament, which met in Form, and pafs'd
everal Afts *, as, Eor raifing 500 1, for defraying the
^ublick Charge of the Province *, for regulating the Sur-
•jsyor General's fees ', for railing the f'''alue of Foreign
Z'oin ', for Trial of fmall a?id i?iean Caufes under 40 s.
w* Damage of protejied Bills- of Exchange ; for afce?-

I'aining Publick Officers Eeesy to fufpend Profecution
Z 2 for

jj^o The Hijlory <?/ Carolina.

for Foreign Debts *, to inhibit the trading with Servant^
or Slaves \ for laying out^ and tnahng good High-Ways :
for preventing the taking arvay Boats and Canoos *, fn
}7iarkmg of all forts of Cattle *, to prevent tmlicens*4
Taverns and Punch- HovfeSy and afcertaining the Rata
and Trices of Wine^ and other Liquors *, to prevcm
Runaways, All which Ads were fion'd by Jofeph\
Moreton^ Efq', Govemour, JohnGodfrey^ Eiq*, Joht^,
JBoon^ Efq*, James Moor^ Efq*, Maurice Matthews.}
Efq', Andrew Fercivall^ Efq^ Arthur Middleton^ Efqj
Counfellors and Deputies ^ and Mr. Jofeph Oldys.
Clerk to the Parliament. At this time, Robert Gibs.
YX% was Treafurcr of the Colony •, John Moor^ Efq:
Secretary •, John Boon^ Efq, Robert Daniel^ Efq:
Mr. Bernard Schinkingh, Mr. Peter Hearn^ anc
Cap. Florence O Sullivan^ were appointed Coilimif-
fioners for ftating and palling the Publick Accounts
Maurice A^atthewsj Eiq*, was alfo Surveyor-Gene-
ral. The Trade of dealing in Indians continu'd, and
feveral of the Proprietors Deputies were concern*c
in it : Whether the Governour, Mr. Moreton^ fa-
voured it or not, we cannot undertake to determine,
'Tis certain, he did not long enjoy his Office : For il
appears by the Copies of the Original Inftrudions,
fent by the Proprietaries to his SuccefTor, that in the
Sir Rich, following Year the Pallatine made Sir Richard Kyrh
Kyrle Go- Governour. He was a Gentleman of Ireland j anc
vermur, dying within the Year, Jofeph Wefl^ Efq, was agair
w ^ft^ r . ^^^^^^ Governour by the Council ^ and being a Mar
Wclt,£/^; Qf j,g^j. interefl, the Proprietaries thought fit tc
confirm hmi in his Government : But they turn c
out Maurice Matthews^ Efq', James Moor^ Efq*, anc
Arthur Middleton^ Efq^ from being Deputies anc
Councillors, for difobeying their Orders, and fend
ing av/ay Indians. They alfo difplac'd their Secre
tary John Aloor^ Efq^ and put Rob, Quarry^ Efq^ ir
his Place.

Thus we fee the Litter has enjoy'd honourable
Offices many Years in the American Colonies \ witi
the intereft of which he muft, by this means, be verj
well acquainted.

In Mr. Weji's fecond Government, the Right Ho
nourable the Lord Cardroffe remov'd to Carolina,
and, with ten Scots FamilieSj fettled at Port-Royal

eiteem'c

I The Hijlory of Carolina. ^43

[efteem'd the mod convenient Place in this Provinc.e
jfor Commerce, as beinathebeft Port. The Lord Car-
droffe having been ditgulled with the Government
of the Province, for (bme ill llfage he met with, re-
turned to Scotland^ and i\\^ Spaniards diOodg'd the
ScotSy who had feated themfilves on tliat fine River.
This Lord was of the Houle of Buchan^ and in King
Williams Reign enjoy 'd the Title of Earl of Bn-
chan.

DifTenters continuing to come hither from all
Parrs of England^ the Colony thriv'd and encreas'd
in Numbers and Riches. "*

James ColUtorij Eiq*, of Barhadoes^ Brother to Sir
FeterCollitofjj Baronet, a Proprietary, being honour'd
with the Title of Landgrave, left the KUnd he liv'd
in, and tranfported himfelf and Family io,Cirolinaj
where he feated himfelf at old Charles Town, on
C?o/?ffr-River, built a handfome Houfe there ^ and
being made Governour, his Seat is lo this D-iy J^tnes
Call'd the Governour's Houfe. Had this Gentleman Colliton,
had as much Honour and Capacity as his Brother Sir r/^; Go-
Perery we fhould have had no Occafion to excufe vcrnour^
our felves for keeping to the Truth of Hiftory in
this Behalf. One of his SuccefTors writes in this
'Manner of his Government : ' The Party Governour Mr. Arch-
^ Moreton had gone a great way in fuppreffing, grew dale'i Dc
Fnow fo ftrong among the Common V<io^\^^ Wiitfcription of
J they chofe Members to oppofe whatfoever the Go- Carolina,
p vernour requefted \ infomuch that they would not
I* fettle the Militia Aft, tho their own Security de-
j* pended on it, and that it v/ould be Grounds of
* their further Strength. The Reafon of the Dif-
icontent the People lay under, were Difputes about
^he Tenure of their Lands, and Payment of their
iQuit-Rents, which were not fettled till Mr. Arch*^
dale's Government.

i Mr. Colliton call'd a Parliament, A, V, 1SB7,
This AfTembly not liking the Proprietaries Fwj-
[damental Conjiitutions '^ and thinking they could fup-
ply the Deficiencies in them, appointed a Committee
to examine them : And thefe Gentlemen drew up
a new Form of Government, differing in many
Articles from the former ^ to which they gave th:j
Title of Standing Lawsy and Temporary Laws. This

Z 5 Com-

542

The Hijlory of Carolina.

Committee were James ColUton^ Efq*, Governoui
Taul Grmball^ Efq-, and William Dunlop^ Efq*, Dc
puties ^ Bernard Schinking^ Thomas Smithy JvhnFarr
and Jofeph Blake^ Efqs*, Commoners. But neithe
the Lords Proprietaries, nor the People of Carotin,
accepted of them \ and thus the Fundamenta

Thomas
Smith,
Ef({\ Go.

vcrnour.

3

Col- Rob.
Quarry
GoveTTtOur
Mr,

Soutliwell

Co'^emour

Co/. Philip

Ludwell

Govermur

Thomas

Smith,

Bf<{\ Go-

venjour.

Conflitutions keep their Ground to this Day.

Mr. ColUton gave fuch Difcontent in his Adminl
ftration, that he was banifh'd the Province *, a Fat
few Governours of Colonies were ever fo unhappy
as to meet with.

Mr. Archdale tells us, Mr. Smith fucceedec
Mr. ColUton^ and that he fucceeded Mr. Smith ;
but then the latter muft have been twici
Governour : For we find feveral other Gentle
men, who had that Title and Office befof"
the Year 1(^^)4. when Mr. Archdale fays, Governou:
Smith wrote over to the Proprietaries, to advift
them to fend one of their Number to Carolina, Fo^
Col. Robert Quarry was Governour about the Yeai
1.690, After him, Mr. Southwell. And in the Yea;
1 692. Col. Philip Ludwell held this Government. Ii
which 'tis certain, he was fucceeded by the above
mention'd ThomM Smithy Efq*, Landgrave of thi
Province.

We are not doubtfiil of any Error in this Ordei
of the Governours, except in Mr. Southwell's :
our Informations having been uncertain as t(
him.

' Mr. Smithy fays Mr. Archdale^ was a wife, fo

* ber, welMiving Man •, who grew fo uneafy in th<
' Government, by Reafon he could not fatisfy PeopU
' in their Demands, that he wrote over, Anno 169^
' It was impofjihle to fettle the Country y except a Pr^
' prietary himfelf was jent thither y with full Power tn

* hear their . Grievances. The Proprietaries took
Governour Smith's Letter intoConiideration, and thi
Lord AjJjley was pitched upon by all the Lords as a
Perfon every way qualify*d for fo good a Work 5
but he defir'd to be excus'd, on Account of his par
ticular AiFairs in England. Upon which Mr. Arch
dale was chofen by the Proprietaries, to be fent
over with large and ample Powers. Which having
receiv'd, he embarked and fail'd to Carolim. When

he

The Hijlory of Carolina. 545

he arrived, and entCi'd upon tuc Government, injoh:.
Amvfiy \69^, he found all Matt':;rs in great Confu- Ardidale
(l^n, and every Fa6lion apply'd themlclvfrstohim.^/f> ^''*
in hopes of Relief. In order ro which he irminon'd'^^'^'^''"'"'
an Aflembly, and made a kind Speech to them. The
Parliament chofe Jonathan Amary Efq-, to be their
Spt-aker*, and having prefen ted a dutiful Addrefs to
thi Governour, proceeded to do Bufinv-^is. Rut the
Divifjois among them were fo great, that had not
Mr. AriMdale excrcis'd a great deal of Patience, nei-
jther his Power as Governour, nor his higher Title
|of Proprictiry, could have brought that AiTembly to
lany Temper, which he at lait eflfeded, and the
piforders of tne Province were remedy'd.

Th" '^ailiamenr prefcnted an Addrefs of Thanks to
^he ''^iovernour,to be tranfmitted to the Proprietaries,
and '-.I! things ended well. In his time thtTatfima"
fees^ an Lidian Nar.ion, who formerly liv'd under
the Spaniih Government, and now under the Eng-
lifh, made an Incjrlion into the Territories of ano-
ther Indian Nation, ntdt Sar25la Miriay not far from
St. Augiiftinoj t'vjuk fcveral Pri Toners, and intended
to fell them for SUvcs 2it Barbadoes or Jamaica, as
had been ufual among them. Mr. ArchUale hesivinz
of it, fent for theKi^gof theTrt;;7/;7^y^f/, and order'd
him to bring thofe indir • to O^^^/f j Town, which
he did. They were Ptipiits *, and the Kings of Eng-
land md Spain being at that time Confederates, the
Governour gave the King of the Tammafees Orders to
carry them to St, Augufiino^ with a Letter to the
Governour^ which may ferve to give us an Idea of
the Power of an Indian King, who receives Orders
from a Governour of a fmall Province, as Carolina
was then at lead, whatever it is now.

The Spaniard who commanded in St.Augvfiino, re-
turn'd Mr.Archdale a Letter of Thanks ', and not long
after another Indian King was fent by the Spanifli
Governour, with a Letter of Complaint, of wrong
done the Spanifh Indians by thofe ally'd to the Eng-
lilh.

The Spanifh Indians were called Churchcates *, of
whom the ApalachicoloeSy Englifh Indians, had kill'd
three. The Governour commanded that Nation,
p.ndall others depending on the EngUfh, to forbear

Z ^ molefl'

\

544 The Hiflory of C^LTolmz.

molefting thofe within the Spanifh Jurifdiftioh^
which had fo good an EfFeft, that when Mr. Robert
Barrow^ Mr. Edward Wardell^ and other Engliftimen,
were afterward caft away to the Southward o^ Augu-
ftirjoj the barbarous Indians offered them no hurt 5
and when they arriv'd at that Town, the Governour
fupply'd them with all NecefTaries.

Col. Bull^ one of the Council, and a greater Tra
der with the Indians, engaged that Nation which
dwelt about Cape Fear^ to fubmit to the Engliih
who however were afraid to truft them *, \for a VelR
coming from New-England being ihipwrack'd on that
Coait, the Paflengers, to the Number of 5^, de-:
. fpair'd of their Lives from thofe Barbarians, but re-:
folv'd to defend them ft Ives as well as they could :
Accordingly they entrenched in their little Camp.
The Indians came down, and by Signs of Friendfhip
. invited them to come forth ^ which they were afraid
to do. At laft, when their Provifions were almoft
all fpent, fomeofthem ventured out, were kindly re-
ceiv'd, and furnifh'd by the Indians with NecefTaries.
The King invited them to his Town, treated them ^
and 4 or 5 of them travellina to Charles Town,
gave the Governour notice of their Misfortunes",
which hearing, he fent a Ship to fetch the reft ^ and
they arriv*d faf.:!y at the Capital o^ Carolina.

In Mr. Archdale's Time, two Indians quarrelling
in their Drinking, one of them prefently kill'd the
other *, whofe Wife being by, immediately difmem-
ber*d the Murderer, to revenge her Husband's
Death, cutting off his Privities with a Knife. The
Governour happening to be near the Place where the
Murder was committed, order'd the Criminal to be
purfu'd. He was taken in a Swamp about 1 6 Miles
from the Town ^ to which he was fent under a Guard.
The Nation to whom the flain Indian belonged, hear-
t ing of his Death, their King came to Mr. Archdalc^
and defir'd Juflice upon the Murderer. Some of
whofe Friends would have bought him of? as ufual ;
but nothing lefs than his Death would fatisfy the
injur'd Nation*, and, according to the Cuftom of his
own Country, the Governour order'd him to be (hot
by the Kinfman of the Deceas'd. As he was leading
to Execution, his King came to him^ and bid him

• die

The Hijlory of Carolina. J45

IJte Hie a Mariy fince he mufi die, adding', he had often
'wewam'd him ofRum^ the Liquor which he was drunk
ith when he kill'd the Man, and now he mufi loofe

r Life for not taking his Council,

Wnen he came to the Tree, he defir'd not to ba
ty*d to it, but to ftand loofe, faying, I will not fiir when
he Jhoots me. So he was fh(jt in the Head, and fell
■*own dead.

This Piece of Juftice hinder*d a War between the
Nations to which thefe two Indians belong d. The
Indians inhabiting the Country about the River Vem-
licoj were almofl: all confum'd by a Peftilential Dif-
cafe, while this Governour was in Carolina •, and the
Coranines, a bloody and barbarous People^ were mofi of
them cut off by a neighbouring Nation.

In his Time feveral Families remov'd from New-
England, to fettle at Carolina, and fcated themfelves
on the River Sewee, in North Carolina^ Thefe are all
the Events which happen 'd during Mr. Arc hdale's Go-
vernment, at leaft he has thought fit to communicate
no more to the Publick ', and as inconfiderableas they
may appear to fon)e Perfons, who are us'd to turn o-
ver the Grsecian and Roman Hiftories, if they will
give themfelves the Trouble to examine the Affairs
of thefe two Empires, they will find them as trivial,
in the beginning at leaft, if they can diftinguifh the
Hifiory from the Fable.

We cannot expeft much Bufinels in the Infancy of
a Colony *, and yet Carolina is not fo young, but
Faftions have been as rampant there, as if the People
had been made wanton by many Ages of Profpe-
rity.

Mr. Archdale, to ufe his own Phrafe, Return* d for
England, being not fent for home. And Jofeph Blake,]o^eph
Efq^ Son of the before-mention'd Mr. Blake, being Blake
become a Proprietary, was look'd upon as the fittelt ^% ^^'
Perfon to fucceed him in his Government *, in which ^^''"^"''" -
Office he behav'd himfelf to the Satisfaction of the
Country, whichhegovern'd with equal Prudence and
i Moderation.

In his time Major Daniel brought from England
newConftitutions, confifting of 41 Articles, where-
in as ample Proviiion was made for Liberty of Con-
fcience, as in the Fundamental Conflitutions. Thefe
*- ■ new

J 46 The Hijiory of Carolina.

Jolin Eifl new Laws were call'd, the laft Fundamental Conjiitit^
of Bath tiortsj and fign'd by 7ol?« Earl of ^^r/7, Palatine*, An-
Takme^ thony Lord ^fldey^ the Lord Craven^ the Lord Carta-
ret^ the Earl of JBath^ Sir John Colliton, William
norfjburghMcvchdint J Thomas Amy^ and WiL Thorn-
hurgh \ but they were never confirm'd in Parliament
at Carolina,

Mr. Blake J thohe washimfelfa DifTenter, finding
there was no fettled Maintenance for the Church <3
England Minifler, procur'd an A£b of AfTembly (iru
which there were 1 great Number of DifTenters) for
the fettling a very convenient Houfe, with a Glebe^
two Servants, and t$oLper Annum upon the Mini-i
fter of Charles Town for ever. Twas by his Influ-i
ence that A61 paft, and he gave his AfTent to it ^
he, as Governour, having a negative Voice to all'
Bills. His Lady alfo was one of the greateft Benefa-
ftors towards the Ornaments ot the CKuixh. And
this Friend fliip deferv'd a more grateful Return than
they met with from thofe who iucceeded in the Go-
vernment.

Mr. Blake dying about the Year 1 700. after hehacl
been Governour 4 or 5 Years, the Proprietaries De-
puties met, according to their Inftrudlions in fuch
Cafes, and proceeded to the Eleftion of a new Gover-
nour *, which Poft is generally conferr'd on the eldeft
Landgrave, if there's no Objeftion to him, and no
Perfon fent from England with that Charafter.

Jofeph Moreton Efq^ being the eldeft Landgrave,
was elefted Governour by the Deputies : but Capt.

?ame5 Moor^ one of thele Deputies, knowing the
arty he had among them, objefted a&ainft Mr. More-
ton^ as if he had made a Breach of the Truft repos'd
in him by the true and abfolute Lords and Proprieta-
ries, by accepting of a Com million from King Willi"
^w, to be Judge of the Admiralty, when he had at
the fame time a CommilTion from the Lords Proprie*
taries for the fame Office.

Tho this Obje£lion was anfwer'd by Mr. Moreton^
Friends*, That it did not appear by the Charter ^ the
Proprietaries can impower any one to tryPerfonsfor FaBi^
committed out of their Dominions^ which is neceffaryfor
Juch a Judge *, and the Proprietaries could not grant
it ^ yet (uch was Mr. Moor*s Intereft, that on this;

bi§

The Hiftory of Carolina. ^47

his Objeftion Mr. Morcton was fer alide, and his Op- Co/. James
ponent Mr. Moor chofen Governour. Mr. Moreton ^^^ ^*"
inform 'd and complain'd to the Proprietaries, but ^<^''"^^-
was never redreft.

From this Eleftion I date the Rife of all the Mif-
fortunes that have fince befallen this Colony, and
that have given the Government of England fo much
„ Trouble.

f The Earl of Bath wasdead, and his Son John Lord Jolm ^^
r Cranvilley lately advanced to the Houfe of Peers, was ^'fanvilte
Palatine. All the World knew how zealous that^^**""'*
Gentleman had been for promoting a Bill againft Oc-
cafional Conformifts in England^ and that ne fhew'd
his Averfionto DifTenter seven in the Court of Stan-
tiaries'mtiiQ Wefij while he was Warden. The Bit-
ternefs of his Spirit appear*d in the Speeches he made
to the Reprefentatives of that Court •, and was fuch,
that he was not long employed by a Government,
which is founded on Principles of Juftice .and
Moderation •, which has in all things promoted
Union, and which has united the Hearts of all the
Subjffts of the Britifh Empire more than all the
Princes could do fince the Conquefiy and many Ages
before it.

In an ill time therefore did this Palatine counte-
nance the Divifions in Carolina^ by encouraging this
and the fucceeding Governour in their vain Endea-
vours, to eftablifh that for a Law there, which had
been rejcfted with fuch Marks of Abhorrence in En^*
land by our Illufirious Reprefentatives.

Mr. Moor was eafily confirm'd in his new Dignity
by the Palatine •, and as he is faid to have fought after
it, to enrich himfelf, fo he madeufe of it to that end,
he being in mean Circum fiances, iftheReprefenta-
tion of the principal Inhabitants of the Colony does
not deceive us.

Let us give the Reader the proper Words, that we
may not be accused of Partiality, which we detefl in ^
all things that hurt the Truth. But we know very
well, that Fa£lion will often accufe Fa£l of Partiali-
ty *, and an Hiflorian may write Things true, and
yet by writing the Truth only of one Side, and con-
cealing what is to its Difadvantage, it may give i
plaufible Appearance to a bad Caufc j wherefore

g4S "The Hijlory of Carolina.'

we folemnly declare, that after a full Enquiry we
have not been able to learn any thing that could ex-
cufe the Diforders we are about to relate, and vindi-
cate the Adminiftration in Carolina^ while the Lord
Granville was Palatine. Whether that Lord or his
Governours ought to be blam'd moft, let the World
judge.
Cafe of Mr. Moor^ fays the Author of the above-mention' d
X?/J. in Reprefentation, having thus boldly gotten the Go-
Car.f.29, vernment, refolv'd to make the beft u^ of his Author
50^ rity, and finding himfelf too poor, with the Counte-

nance of his Office, to make any confiderable Profit
of the Indian Trade, he laid the Defign of getting it
wholly into his Power. He to that end procur'd a Bill
to be brought into the Afiembly, then fitting, for re-
gulating the Indian T^ade : Which Bill was lb drawn,
that had it paft, he would have engrofs'd all that be-
neficial Commerce. But Mr, Robert Stephens^ and
Mr. Nicholas Trott (who had not then for fa ken the
Country IntereftJ and fome others, fo plainly fhew'd
the ill Aim of that A£l, that 'twas thrown out of the
Aflembly : Which Mr. Moor dilTolv'd, perceiving
they would not anfwer his Ends.

We do not think our felves oblig'd to keep to the
Words of this Reprefentation, which are too rough
in fome Places •, but we keep religioufly to the Senfe^
and having refcr'd the Reader in the Margint to our
Authority, he cannot fuppofe we endeavour to im-
pofeonhim.

The Governour call'd a new Afifembly about the
latter end of the Year 1701. At the choofing of which,
tho the Ri;^hr of Electing bain the Freeholders only,
he fo influenced the Sherijf\ that Strangers^ Servants^
Aliens ^ ;?^j;,Malatoes and Negroes were poirdj and re-
turn'd.

Such as at the Place of Ele^Vion oppos'd thefe Pra-
ftices, were abus'd, and fome afiaulted by Mr. Moor*s
Favourites. By this means having got feveral into
the Aflembly, Men of no Senfe and Credit, who
would vote as he wou'd have them j he there kept
them from being thrown out, on the Petition of thofe
who were un;uftly excluded.

CoUiton Coun ty fent a. Reprefentation againft him to
the Palatine, containing in Subftance the fame, as
•" that

The Hiftory of Carolina^ 3I49

that we have fpoken of before ^ therefore we cannot
fufped the Truth of it.

When the Governour was afraid any of the Mem- Ibid. ^34^
bers he was (iire was in his Intereft would be turn'd
out, on Petitions, he prorogu'd the Aflembly : And
when ar laft they were fuffei 'd to fit, the Inquiry into
the Sheriff of Berkley County's Return was obftru-
^ed, by fetting on fdot an ill contriv*d Defign of rai-
fmg Forces to attack St. ^w^w/hw, a Fort belonging
to the Spaniards, to the Southward of Gjro//>;^. If
any Member ot the AflTembly undertook to fpeaka-
gainft it, and to (hew how unable the Province was
at that time to undertake fuch an Expedition, he was
prefently look'd upon by him, and his Adherents, as
an Enemy and Traitor to his Country *, and accor- P. 35%
dingly revil'd and affronted \ tho the true DeHgn of
the Expedition, as the Reprefentation from Colliton
Cqunty tells us, was no other than catching and making
Slaves of Indians^ for private Advantage, He would
have had this Military Enterprize been undertaken
before the War with Spain wasproclaim'd *, but the
Aflembly carry'd that in the Negative.
• Before we treat of this Expedition, we rauflob-
ferve what paft further in the Aflembly. Mr. John
Afl)^ one of the Members, proposed to have the lad
Fundamental Conjiitutions^ which Mr. Daniel brought
over, confirm'd ^ but he was oppos'd by Mr. Troff Ibid,
and Mr. Horvy the Governour's Creatures.

This Mr. Trott had himfelf been Governour oiPro-
vidence^ and beliav'd himfelf fo arbitrarily, that he
was complain'd of to King William fome Years before.
Trott and Hotv expos'd the Conft:itutions as ridicu-
lous*, and the Country was thus left in an unlettled
Condition.

There's one Article in this Reprefentation which
is very extraordinary : That the faid late Governovr
Moor did grant Commijfions to Anthony Dod(^wotthj
Robert Mackoone, ana others y to fet upon^ ajfaultyCoW Court-
killy defiroy^ and take as many Indians as they poffibly 7 J^^p^-
could \ the Profit and Produce of which Indian Slaves AnUlc ^.
were turned to his private Vfe. Whereas fuch Vnder^ .
takings^ vnjufi and barbarous in themfelves^ will in all
Probability draw upon m an Indian War*

We

11

J 50 The Hifiory of Carolina.'

We have (aid enough to give an Idea of the Condi*
tion the People of Carolina were in under fuch a Go
vernment, and have taken it all from Memorials pre-
fented by their Agents to the Lords Proprietaries*
The next thing that comes in our way is the War oi
Augujiino,

Two thoufand Pounds were rais'd by an Aft of th<
Aflembly, to defray the Charge of this Expedition.
The Governour preft as many Merchant Ships as
were neceflary to tranfport the Troops he intended
to embark \ who were ordered to rendezvous at ?m
RoyaL i

The Number of Men which were lifted for this
Enterprize were 1200, 600 Englifh, and ^00 Indi-i
ans. Col. Moor took the Command on himfelf, as
General of all the Forces that fhould be raised within
the Limits of his Government.

Col. Rob. Danlely a very brave Man, commanded
a Party who were to go up the River in Teriagcis^
and come upon Auguftim on the Land fide, while<
the Governour fail'd thither and attacked it by Sea.
They'both fet out in ^«^r:^, 1702. Qq\. Daniel W
his Way took St. John\ a fmall Spanifb Settlement ;i
as alfo St. Mary'sj another little Village, belonging
f o the Spaniards. After which he proceeded to Au-
guflino^ came before the Town, enter'd and took it ;
CoL Moor not being yet arrived with the Fleet*

The Inhabitants having notice of the Approach of ^
the Englifb L.cid pack'd up their beft EfFefts, and re-
tir'd with them into the Caftie, which was furroun-
ded by a very deep and broad Moat.

They had laid up Provifions there for 4 Months,
and re{blv'd to defend themfelves to the laft Extremi-
ty. However CoL Daniel found a confiderable Boo-
ty in the Town. The next Day the Governour ar-
rived, and a Council of War was immediately call'd,
in which 'twas refolv'd to land.

Accordingly the Governour came afhore, and his
Troops following him, they entrench'd, ported their
Guards in the Church, and blocked up the Caftie.
^ The Engliih held the Poffeliion of the Town a whole
* Month , but finding they could do nothing for want
of Mortars and Bombs, they difpatch'd away a Sloop
for 'Jamaica *, but the Comaiander of the Sloop, in-

ftead

The Hifiory 0/ Carolina.' ^ jjii

ftead of going thither, came to Carolmaj out of Fear
or Treachery. Finding others offer'd to go in his
ftead, he proceeded in the Voyage himfelf, after he
Ihad lain fonie time at Charles-Town.

The Governour all this while lay before the Caftle
of Auguji'mo^ in Expe^laiioa of the Return of the
iSloop : Which hearing nothing of, he fent CoU
pamely who was the Life of the Adlion, to Jamaica^
ion the fame Errand.

I This Gentleman being hearty in the Defign, pro-

icur'd a Supply of Bombs, and returned towards -/?/<•

\lvftmo. But in the mean time two Ships appear'd ia

jfhe Ojfing^ which being taken to be very large Men

of War, the Governour thought fit to raife the Siege,

ind abandon his Ships, with a great Quantity of

res, Ammunition, and Provifion, to the Enemy.

n which the two Men of War enter 'd tke Port

^ jiugujiino, and took the Governour's Ships. Some

ay he burnt them himfelf. Certain it is, they were

oft to the Englifh, and that he returned to Charles*

town over Land, 300 Miles from Auguftino, The

wo Men of War that were thought to be fo large,

MTov'd to be two fmall Frigats, one of 22, and the

bther of 1 6^ Guns.

When Col. Daniel came back to Jhigufilno^ he
ffz& chas'd, but got away •, and Co\. Moor retreated
H\t\i no great Honour homewards. The Periagas
jiy at St. John\ whether th^. Governour retir'd,
ind fo to Charles Town, having loft but two Men
a the whole Expedition. Arratommakaw^ King of
lie TaniofeaveSy who commanded the Indians^ re-
peated to the Periagas with the reft, and there flept
jpon his Oars, with a great deal of Bravery and
inconcern. The Governour's Soldiers taking 2 falfe
Marm, and thinking the Spaniards were coming,
lid not like this flow Pace ot the Indian King in his
flight -, and to quicken him in it, bad him make
More Hafte : But he reply'd, No *, tho your Go-
vernour leaves you, I will not ftir till I have feen
ill my Men before me.

The Firft Reprefentation, call'd alfo. The prefenti\),p, 3^'
hate of Affairs in Carolina, refle^^s a little too bit-
erly on Q)l. Moor on this Head ^ and one would
iifpe^l the Truth of what it contains, if it was not

con-

} 52 . The Hrjtory of Carolina.'

confirm^ by the fecond. We are told there, Theyy
fent Plunder to Jamaica by their trufiy Ojjicersy imder
Coloitr of feeking Supplies^ and fending for Bombs and
Mortars. Which is a malicious Turn given by CoL
Moor's Enemies to Col. Daniel's going to JamaicOy^
who by the Difpatch he made there fhew'd he went
really for Mortars •, and had the Governoar ftaid till
he had return'd, the Caftle of Augvfiino had perhaps
now been in Engltfh Hands *, for the Spaniards had
not above 200 Men aboard the two Figats. Thi»
Expedition, as unfortunate as it was in it felf, wti
much more fo in the Confequence of it •, for iti
brought a Debt of ^000 /. on the Province. Tho
AfTembly had been under a Prorogation during the
Govemour's Abfence, and when he return'd ther
met. The firft thing they went upon, was to raiMil
Money to pay off the Debt above- mentioned, and
then they took into Confideration the Danger of
the Country, as it lay expos'd to the Southward*
But while thefe Bills were paffing, another for thy
better regulating Eledions, pafs'd the Lower Houia
twice, and was fent up to the Govemour and CottiH
cil, by whom 'twas reje£led without ^o much as t
See the Conference. Upon which feveral of the Membeni^
J(rprefe7j' j^lous of their Privileges, and being fo order'd by
tation cf ^hofe that fent them, entered their Proteftation, and
jke Mem- left the Houfe •, but return'd the next Day, offering
6ers of to fit longer if the reft of the AfTembly would join
CoUiton with them, in afTerting their Right. The whok
Uwjtj, AlTembly confifts of but 30 Members, and 15 Of
them protefted againft the irregular Proceedings at
the Governouf. Inftead of tempering MattenL'
wben they ret«rn*d to the Houfe, they were abusV
and treated with the raoft fcandalous Reflexions,
nnbecomiag an Aflembly that reprefented a whole
Province. And as they were infulted within Door%'
they were aflaulted without *, for a Day or two af-
ter Lieut. Col. George Dear shy drew his Sword upoQ. j^
U^mas Smithy Efq^ a Landgrave, and once Gover-jfg
nour of the Colony, threatning his Life. John Afit^ '
Efq^ a Member of the Aflembly, was not only abus'd
in the Srreets by a Company of Drunken FellowjL
but forc'd aboard a Ship belonging to Cap. Rhetty and
threatned to be hang'd, or fent to Jamaica^ or Icf

oa'

tlie

The Hijlory of Carolina. 351

L n fome Defirt-Ifland. This Mr. Aflj is the Mm
v.'ho was employed as Agent for the People of Cj-
rolinay to reprefent their Grievances in the firft Me-
morial, caird, The prefect State of u4 fairs />; Carolina*,
and the Perfons who thus birbaroufly treated him,
were George Dearshy^ Nlcholis Nctry^ Tljomxi Dalton^
and other?, whom, lays the Reprefentation ot Colli-
ton County, Article XL the Governour had treated
t;/imediatcly before the Riot begari^ and us'd fuch Ex-
pcjjlons to them^ as gave them^ next their Drink^ the
freatefi Encouragements for what they aSted'^ telling^. 3^^
them, Ehe protefting Members would bring the People
on their Heads for negleEling to pay the Country s Debts.
After the Riot began^ of Part of which he w.is an Eye-
Witnefs^ having firft drunk with Jome of them^ he
Withdrew himfelfout of the way. This Riot continu'd
4 or 5 Days *, and Edmund Bellinger ^ Efq*, a Land-
grave, and Juftice of Peace, attempting to fupprefs
it, was cali'd opprobrious Names by the Rioters, and
Rhett can'd him for a confiderable time. The
Rioters ailciulted Mr. Jofeph Boon, a Merchant,
deputed by ColUton County, to prefent the above-
niention'd Second Reprefentation to the Pala-
tine and Lords Proprietaries, and put him in Dan-
ger and Fear of his Life, without any Provocation.
The fame they did by Mr. James Byres^ who with the
reft complain'd to the Governour ^ and receiving no
Satisfa<ftion, they ask'd him, whether he did not look
on himfelf, as Governour, oblig'd to keep the Peace
of the Province: The Governour reply'd. That's a
Queftion I am not obligd to anfwer. He told them,
'twas a Juftice of Peace's Bufinefs.

The Rioters went one Night to the Houfe of one
John Smithy a Butcher in Charles-Town^ and forcing
open the Door, threw down a Woman big with
Child, and otherwife mifufmg her •, ftie brought forth
a dead Child, with the Back and Skull broken.
Thefe Inftances are enough to (hew any Man the
Temper of this Governour and his Party •, who were
the fame that ftickled fo much for t\\^ unhappy Bill
we muft fpeak of in the Sequel of this Hiftory. What
followed upon ^his Riot, is told us in a late Tra6^,
which I inall make ufe of in the A^uthor's own
^Vords, ' As this Riot wasrais'd, encourag'd, and
- A a * coun-

g 54 Th^'Hifiory of Carolina.

Ctf/«f of * countenanc'd by the laid Governour and Council \

Dtf. in « And as no Afliftance could be obtain'd to quell i^

Car. 1^, c j;.^ all Methods to enquire into, and punifli it, have

' been rendered ineffcdual, and the Courfe of Juftice

* intirely^flop'd. For Sir Nathaniel Johnfon was
Sir Nath. * made Governour in the Room of the faid 2\4oor,
Johnfon * The faixi Governor Afpor was prefently made At-
ijovcrnor. * torney General ^ and Mr. Trott^ another of the

* chief Abettors of the Riot, the Chief Juftice of the
' Common Pleas \ who in this Province is fol^
' Ji^^R^. Sir Nathaniel Johnfon was General of'
' the Leward J/lands^ in the Reign of the late King;

* James '^ but he quitted his Government upon thSi
' Revolution, and rctir'd to Carolina^ where het
' liv'd privately till the Death of the late King 7^/««. ;

* Upon which he firfl took the Oaths to the Govera-

* ment *, and fome time after was made Governour
' of tiie Province. And he has fince his being Go-
^ vernour appointed fuch Sheriffs, as prevent all

* I^ofecutions of this Riot ar their AiTizesor Quar-

* ter Seftions (which are the only Courts of Juftice
^ in this Province) where Crimes of this Nature can

* be try'd^ and where the (aid Mr. Trott is fole
' Judge, by returning fuch Jurors as were knowa-
' Abettors of the faid Riot : So that there is a total

* Failure of Juftice, and nothing but Corruption lA'

* the whole Frame and Adminiftration of Govera-

* nien.t.

CoIilto/Z'County Reprefentation tells us particu-
larly, that Mr. Btdllnger did what u\ him lay to have
the (aid Riot inquir'd into. He gave in the Record of
it to the Bench *, and fome of the Grand Jury urg!d
^ to have it prefented, but to no purpofe. The firft
Reprefentation informs us, that tne Grand Jury pre-
fented it to the Court as a great Grievance, that the .
Kiot was not look'd into, and the Rioters prbfecu-
IQ^ '-) yet no Juftice againft them could be obtain'd ^
thQ Judge giving for Anfwer, 'Twas before the Covn-
Cilj his Superiors : The prefent Governour, That
it was an yiBlon done before his coming to the
Co'venmicnt j that he thought the time of Profe-
cut Ion iapsd^ but would take care the like Jbould be m
more.

This

The Hiftory of Carolina. J5$

This Anfwer had in the laft part of it a Face of
Moderation *, and fuch an Air was -necefTary, becaule
an AfTembly was abou t beinp ele^led. The Cot/Jpira- lb. p. 20.
tnrs^ as my Author terms them, fm thata^mv Par-
liamem might fet all things to rights again^ and there^
fore when the tifne of a new EUtiiou came^ which^ ac-
cording to their Conjiitiition^ is once in two Tears ^
they refolv'd to procure a Cotnmons Houfe of jiffembly
of the fame Complexion with the former^ and by more
illegal Pra^ices. If thofe they had us'd in the former
EleElions would not do their Bufimfs^ their Defigns took
Effetl ^ a?id fuch a Commons Houfe of Affcrnhly was re-
turn^dy as fully anfwer'd their Expettations.

The firft Reprefen ration brought over by Mr. j^J/j^
inforiiis us. That at the Election for Berkley and Cra-
ven County y the f^iolcnce in Mr, Moor's Time^ and all
other illegal PraElices^ were with more Violence repeated^
and openly avowed by the prefent Governour^ and hps
Friends.

The fecond Reprefentation-adds, Jews^ Strangers^
Sailors^ Servants^ Negroes^ and almojt every Frenchman
in Craven and Berkley CountieSyCamc down to ele^^ and
their Votes were taken^ and the Perfons by them voted
for^ were returned by the Sherijfs.

The AfTembly meeting, chofe Job Huw^ Efq^ to
be their Speaker, and this was that Parliam^int, who,
to opprels the Proteftant Diflenters, brought in a
Bill contrary to the firft and laft Fundamental Con-
flitutions to the true Intereft of the Colony, and the
Right of every Freeholder there. Tvvas entitled ,
jin Act for the more effectual Prefervation of the Go-
vernmenty by requiring all Perfons thatjhall hereafter be
chofen Members of the Commons Houfe of Affcmblyj and
fit in the fctmCy to^ ike. and to conform to the religious
iVorfljip in this Province^ according to the Church of
England, and to receive the Sacrament of the Lord's
Supper according to the Rights and Vfage of the faid
Church,

Every Diflenter that was turned out of the Houfe,
by virtue of this A£l, made room for the moft bigot-
ted of the Fa£lion to get in ^ for it provided, that the
Perfon who had the moft Votes next to fuch Diflenter,
fhould be admitted in his Place •, and thofe that op-
pos'd the Diflenters being generally, according to the

A a 2 be-

55<5 The Hijhry of Carolina,

before-mentionM Author, Men of violent and perfe-
curing Principles, the Faclion fecur*d the Power irt
their own Hands.

There were 1 2 Members for this Bill, and 1 1 a-
gainfl: it, in the Lower Houfe ^ and in the Upper,
Jcfcpb Moretori^ Efq*, a Landgrave, and one of the
Proprietary's Deputies, was deny'd the Liberty of
entering his Proteii againfl it. The Bill pafs'd the crth
o^May^ A. D. 1704. and was fign'd by Sir Nathani^
el Johf7fon^ Col. Thomas Broughton^ Col. James Moor^
Robert Gibbs^YSq-^ Henry Noble ^ Efq*, Nicholas 7rott^

\ The Governour and Proprietaries Deputies, upon

pifling this Acl, allarm'dall theDifTenters, who ac-
cording to the Orthodox Minifter of Charles Towrty
Cife of the Reverend Mr. A^Iarfion's LtttQr to the Reverend
Dijj, Pare dV. Stanhope^ are the fobereft^ 77Joft numerous^ and
2, p. 57. j.i(^ijc(l People of thif Province •, and this AfTembly was
composed of many Men of very loofe and corrupt'
Morals. • I

We have fhewn in the Beginning of the Hiftory of
Carolina.^ that by the Fundamentals of the Province,:
the DKieiittTs -could not be juftly excluded from any
Rights of the Members of it^ we have fhewn here;
what a fort of Convention, and by what Government
countenane'd, this Ailembly was *, and there's no
need of exaggerating Matters, to make the thing
look black ^ * wherefore we Ihall proceed in our
Hiftory.

It cannot be imagin'd, that a People who bad been
us'd fo ill, wou'd fit ftill, and tamely bear fuch bar-
barous Ufage •, efpecially confidering thofe that were
concerned in the Riot were fome of the worlt, and
thofe that fuffer'd by it, fome of the beft Men in th«
Province.

Col. Jofeph Moreton^ and Edmund Bellinger^ Efq^
Landgraves, and Deputies of the Lords Proprietaries,
all the other Members of ColUton County, and feveral
of the greateft Worth and Reputation in Berkley
County, prevailed with Mr. Jofeph Ajh to come for
England^ to reprefentthe-miferable State of the Pro-^
vince to the Proprietaries. , \

• The Faftioii being apprehenfive of their Danger
in iuch a Proceeding, did their utaioll to prevent;

Mr."

The Hiftory of Carolina/ 357

Mr jiP)S Voyage \ and 'twas not without the grea-
teft Difficulty that he got away fnom Carolina to ^Ir-
ii^inia^ where his Powers and Inftru^lions were con-
vey'd to him, as Agent for the Gentlemen and Inha-
bitants above-nam'd.

Coming to England^ he apply'd himfjlF to the
Lord GrafivilU^ then 1-^roprietary of the I^rovince :
But finding he was entirely in the Intereds of the
prevailing Party in Carolina^ he defpair'd of feeing
the Grievances he came to complain of, redrefs'd :
He therefore drew up the firft Reprefentation, often ^

cited in this Treatif^, printed a .Sheet of it, and in-
tended to go through, with if, but dy'd before he
could finiih it \ and iiis Papers, after his Death, were
betray'd into his Enemies Hands.

How this Agency was lik'd in Carolina^ we may
fuppofe ^ and that the Author o^yThe C.ife of the
Dlijcnters in Carolina, does not impofe upon ns, in
telling us, 77;f Go^ernour and his Agents profecuted
and infulted fever aL of the Inhabit ams^ and particularly
Lwdgrave Smith, on the account cf fome private Let-
ters which they fent to the f aid Alb, while he was in
Virginia and England, and which were found among
the Papers betray d to the Covernour'i Agents.

Mr. AJ/j may probably reprefent Things with too .
much Partiality, efpecially if what Mr. Archdale ^'^■'''''^J
(ays of him be true *, Their firfi Agent feem'd not a ^^•/'•^5«
Perfon fuitably qualify^ d to reprefent their State here^
not that he wanted Wit^ but Temper.

What Share the Governour had in this Bufinefs,
appears alfo in the fame Traft. Sir Nathaniel John- ^* 23.
fon^ by a Chymical Wit, Zeal, and Art, tranfmuted
or turn'd this Civil Difference into a religious Con-
troverfy ^ and fo fetting up a Standard for thofe cal-
led High Church, ventur'd at all to exclude all the
Diffenters out of the AfTembly, as being thofe prin-
cipally that were for a fi:ri£l Examination into th=j
Grounds and Caufesof the Mifcarriage of the Af^gu-
^/«5 Expedition.

The Party did not flop here ^ for on the ^th of No-
member an A61 pad, and was fign'd by the Gover-
nour, and the Deputies above-nam*d ', entitl'd.
An Acl for ejiabllflnng Religious Worfi/ip in this Pro*
liime^ accoi'ding to the Church of England *, and for

" A a 3 th%

J 58 The Hijlory of Carolina.

T. 24. thterecliiigofChvrt'ihes forthe PMick WorfljipofGody
and alfo for the Maintenance of Minifiers^ and the
building convenient Hovfesfor them.

Which Aft Mr. -^/^rW^/^ acquaints us, notwith-
ftanding its fplendid Glofs, favoured of a perfecu*
ting Spirit, and of a haughty D6minion over the
Clergy it felf^ for they fetup a High Commiflion
Court, giving tht ni Power to place and difplace Mi-
nifters, and aft much in the Nature of the High »
Commifiion Court erefted by King James II. in 1
England. Thefe Commifiioners were Sir Nathaniel !
Johnfon^ Thomas .Br ought on y Efq*, Col. James Moor j.
Nicholas Irctty El(q-, Col. Robert GibbeSj Job HoWj
Efq-, Ralph Iz.ard, Efq-, Col. Jamfs Risbee^ Col. George
Logan^ Lieut. Colonel William Rhett^ William ^^mith^
Efq*, Mr. John Stroude^ Mr. Thomas Hubbard^ Rich-
ard Beresjord^ Efqrj Mr. Robert Seabrook^ Mr. Hugh
Hichy John Jjhbyj Efq*, Capt- John Godfrey ^ James
Sertirier^ alias Smithy Efqj and Mr. Thomas
Barton.

It will not be improper to give a Charafter of this
James Serurier\ who has been mightily employ'd by
thQ prefent Government in Carolina *, and we cannot
do 'it better, than in ufing the fame Words Mrsi
Blake^ Mother of the Proprietary Jofeph Blake^ Efqj
writes to the Lords Proprietaries. Towards the Sa-
tisfaBion of the Auguftino Debty anAEi was contriv^d^.
for forcing the Currency of Bills of Credit to the lvalue of
Vooo /. Thefe Bills were declard current in all Pay-*
merits^ and the Refufer of them fueable in double the
Valve of the S^m refus d \ whereby the boldcfi Stroke
has been ^iven to the Property of the Settlers in this Pro^
vince^ that ever was known in any Country not governed
by Arbitrary Power. And the bad Confequenccs of this
forced Currency y in relation to Trade with Str anger s^ are
fo %reat^ that they can fcarccly be exprefi. But there
has nothing of this been vrcigh'd by your LordJJjifs Depu^
ties here J or by the pack'd Alcmbers of our Commons

, , Houfe of ASembly. Be fides all this^ the People arc not

fatisfyd how many Bills arc truly fent abroad ^ and the
great Concern Air, James Smith, alias Serurier (wh(i
cheated the Scots Company of a ccnfidcrable Sum of Mo^
zfeyy and with his Keeper made his Efc ape from Londoa
Juitfjer) had in this Contrivance^ .gives a Jealoujy of

indi*

The Hijlory of Carolina. 'J5^

idlreEl TraEtkes. By this the Re.i tier. unci erftjinJs
what Inconveniences the Augufiino Expedition
brought upon the Colony, and what fort of Perfons
were Promoters of this Occaiional Bill in America.
Bat to fhew that this Faftion in the A fTembly had
nothing lefs in their View, than the real Advance-^ ^ . ^
ment of Religion, and the Church of Englard \ the JjC °L
Reverend Mr. Edward //dr/?o?7,.Minifter of that^^^_ ^^'
Church in Charles Town^ was cenfur'd by them, for '
three PafTages of a Sermon preach'd there by him %
two of which PafTages were not in the faid Sermon \
and that which was amounted to no more, than that
the Clergy had a Divine Right to a Maintenance.
They deprived him of his Salary fettl'd on him by Adl
of Parliament, and of <>o /. befides due to him by an
Aft'of AfTembly: Tho the chief Reafon was his having
vifited Mr. Landgrave Smithy when he was in Cuftody
of a MelTenger, being committed by the Commons
Houre,and living Friendly with the Di (Tenters*

Of this AfTembly the fame Reverend Divine fays,
They made fomc very odd and iitjjuflifiahlc Larvs^ which ^^^ ^^'
have^ occafiond great Feuds and Ammo fi ties here. And ^^^^^l^ ^^ ^
in his Reprefentation to the Lords Proprietaries ^^q' p^'
A'fofi of the late Mejjthers ef A[[e?nbly have been con- 2,p,\j,
ftant Abfenters from the Holy Sacrament, : So 'tis no ' ' '
Wonder they have inferted an abfurd Oath in a late
AEly dec. I cannot think it will be much for the Credit p. 62.
and Service of the Church of England here^ thatfuch
Frovifions J/jould be made ^ for admitting -the mofl loofc
and profligate Perfons toft and vote in the making of our
■Lawsy who will but take the Odth appointed by the late
AEl. And of the High Commillioners 'tis fiid. Lie- P- ^^
ven of the Twenty were never known to receive the Sa-
crament of the Lord'^s Supper,

And that this furious Fa^ion were no Friends to
the Church of England is plain, by their Delign to
wrefl: theEcclefiadical Jurifdiftion out of the Hands
of the Right Reverend Father in God, Henry Lord
Bifhop of London, Mr. Marjion being threatcn'd in
Col. Risbee\ Houf^, That at the yicxt Sejjtons ofAjfem-
hly he flwuld fee the Bifijop of London'j Jurifdiclion a-
boUfiid there. And of this Carolina Parliament he .

I iadds further. Our Lower Hoife of A(fe7}ibly imprifon ^. ^f*
h q Fore of the Houfe^ fine die, md ^id Defiance to

A a 4. the

360 The Hijlory of Carolina.

the Habeas Corpus Ach^ tho made in Force there by an
P. 60. A^ of AJfemhly. The Governour was very cholerick

with the A'iimftery becaufe he had made Landgrave
p. 58. Smith i/ yifit-f at the Honfe of the Mejfenger \ and a

Bully lafifd him caufelejly with his Whip^ and tore his

Gown from his Bach His Creatures alfo in the Af-

femhly were the occafion of his Sufferings,

If I am accused of bein^ partial in reprefenting this
Matter, I aniwer, that oe fides the Memorials pub-

lilh'd by the Agent of Carolina^ Mr. Archaale\.
Tra£l and others, 1 have diligently inquir'd intai
the Truth of the Fa6l, and have not been able to
learn the leaft hint that makes againft it, or vindi-
cates tht Party that is complained of, and were pow-
erfully protefted by the Lord Granville ^ notwith-
{landing it was made out to him, that the AlTemblfJ
Tm l,p» in pairing the Oceafional Bill in Carolina^ jwere guilty
38. of the moft notorious ill Praftices, and were Men o^

corrupt Principles and Manners. That Bill wai
brought into the Houfe the 4th of Mayy and carry'd;
fo precipitately, that it paft the d^th, four Days be-i
fore the time to which they were prorogu'd. There
never were, above 23 Members prefcnt, from the)
2 <rth of April to the 6th of May, There was but oneit
more for it than againft it ^ and of the latter manjjj
were Members of the Church o( England, '

There's one thing very remarkable in the A£^
which is the Stile : Be it cnaBedj by his Excellen
John Lord Granville, and the refi of the true and abj
lute Lords and Proprietors of Carolina, C^c, A Stil
never aiTum'd by them till very latety. From whence

. we may obferve how pleas'd that Fa£lion is every
where with the Defpotick and Abfolute Power, info-
much as to ufurp the Name, when they cannot ob-
tain any thing more. The Cafe of the Dijfentersin
Carolina, is fo fulj of Irregularities in the Courfe of
this Affair, that we muft refer the Reader to it.
We have taken the moft material, and now are to
fee what was done in England relating to this
Matter.

The principal Merchants in London trading to
Carolina^ drew up a Petition to the Lord Granville
againft paillng this A£V, or to order its RepeaL
V/liich Petition they lodg'd with Mr. Bootte^ the A-

gent

The Hifiory of Carolina. 361

aent of Carolina^ who follicited • the Palatine feven
Weeks beforq he could prevail to have a Board of
Proprietaries call'd.

Mr. Archdale^ one of the Proprietaries, oppos'd
the ratifying the Bill againft the DifTcnters at the
Board, and vsrith fuch folid Reafbns, that 'tis ama-
zing to find the Palatine make this lliort Anfwer to
all of *em : Sivj yon are of one Opinion^ and I am of a-
nother *, and our Lives may not he long enough to end the
Controverfy : J am for this Billj and this is the Party
that 1 will head and countenance.

What other Tone could he have talked in had he
been Sultan of Carolina ? Mr. Boon pray'd he might
be heard by Council. The Palatine reply'd, What
Bufmefs has Council here ? It is a prudential A^ in me ^
and I mil do as I fee fit, Ijee no harm at all in this
Bill-, and am refolv^d to pafs it. He fhould have ad-
ded, Car tel efi notre Plaifir.

As all Methods to procure Juftice from this Board
were ineffeflual, in the Cafe of the DilTenters, the
, fame were they in Mr. Marfton's Cafe, and the A-
bufes he met with from the Party, the Lord Gran-
ville was refolv'd to head and countenance. And
what that Party was in England^ and how they have
feen their unreafonable Attempts baffled and explo-
ded, is too well known, to need any Remembrance
here.

The Bill which occafion'd all the Complaints in
' Carolina^ having paft thus illegally and arbitrarily,
the DifTenters in this Vtov'mct being notoriovjly known P. i2#
to be above two thirds of the People^ and the richeft and
(bbereft among them, according to Mr. Marfion's
Evidence, 'twas not likely that they would
fuffer themfelves to be infulted and perfecuted with-
out feeking Redrefs, The very Aflembly who pad
the Bill, about half a Year afterwards pall another to
repeal it, when the Houfe was full ^ but it was loft
in the Upper Houfe j and the Governovr^ in great In- P. 41^
dignatio'n^ diffolv'd the Commons Houfe^ by the Name '
of the Vnfieady AJfe/nbly- The Society for pro-
pagating the Gofpel in America and elfewhere,
meeting in St. Paul's Church, taking the A£l for the
Ellablilhing of Religious Worihip, ($^c, into Confi-
deration, refolv'd not to fend or fupport any Miflio-

naries

J 62 The Hijlory of Carolina.

narics in that Province, till the f^id A^, or tht
Claufe relating to the Lay Commillioners, was an-
nul'd.

There being no Hopes of any Redrefs of the Grie-
vances the Inhabitants of this Colony fufFer'd in
Carolina^ nor from the Lords Proprietaries in Evg-
(ofidy they refblv'd to bring the Matter before the
Houfe of Lords in England^ not doubting but to
have entire Juftice done them by that auguft Aflem-
bly y where the Language of their Palatine was ne-
ver heard from the Throne, at leaft in this Reign j
or the lafti both which are the Glory of ihtBritiJh
Annals.

Mr. Boon was not only im power 'd by the principal
Inhabitants of Carolina to a£i: as their Agent, but he
-was allifted in his Agency by feveral ehiinent Mer-
chants of London, who fign*d the Petition to the
Houfe of Lords*, as Mr. Micaiah Terry ^ Mr. Jofcph
Paice^ Mu Peter ReneWj Mr » Chrifiopher Fowler^ and
others.

The Effe£l of which was, after a full hearing of the
Caufe at the Lord's Bar, that moft Honourable
Houfe, who have done (uch great Things for the Li-
berties of England^ voted an Add^efs to the Qijeeri,
in behalf of the Province of Carolina : But the Rea-
der cannot be better fatisfy*d, than to have it in their
own Words ^ by which the State of the Cafe will be
befl feen.

The Bum-
lie- M-
d^efs cfthe
J^ght Ho-
iiourablg
tbt^ Lords
SphitUiil
ayjdTempo-
rd in Par-
lignum af-
/rambled,
Die Mar-
tii 12,
1705.

' The Houfe having fully and maturely weighed
the Nature of thefe two A6ls, found themfelves
oblig'd in Duty to Tour Majefly, and in Juftice to
your Subjefts in Carolina (who by the Exprels
Words of the Charter of Your Royal Uncle King
Charles IL granted to the Proprietors, are declared
to be the Liege People of the Crown of England j
and to have Rieht to all the Liberties, Franchifes,
and Privileges of EngUflymen^ as if they were born
within this Kingdom :- And who by the Words of
the fame Charter, are to be fubjeft to no Laws,
but fuch as are confonant to Reafon, and as near as
may be to the Laws and Cuftoms of England^ to
come to the following Refolutions*

HrA

The Hifiory of Carolina, -561

* FirflyT]\^t it is the Opinion of this Houfe, that the
'Aft of the AfTembly of Carolina^ lately pafs'd there,

* and iince fign'd and feal'd by John Lord Granville^
** Palatine, for himfelf, and for the Lord Cartaretty

* and the I.ord Craven^ and Sir John Coiliton^ four of

* the Proprietors of that Province, in order to the

* ratifying it, entitled, An Acl for the eftablifljing Re-
^ ligious Worflnp in this Province^ according to the

* Church of England, a?7d for the ereEhitig of Churches
^for the puhlick iVor/hip of God^ and alfo for the Main^

* tenance of Mlniflers^ and building convenient Houfes
^ for them. So far forth as the lame relates to the

* edablifhing a Commillion for the difplacing the

* Reftors or Minifters of the Churches there, is not

* warranted by the Charter granted to the Proprie-

* tors of that Colony, as being notconfonant to Rea- *
*fon, repugnant to the Laws of this Realm, andde-

' ftruftive to the Conftitution of the Church of Eng-
^land,

^ Secondly^ That it is the Opinion of this Houfe,

* That the A£l of the AfTembly of Carolina^ entitled,

* An AU: for the more effeclual Prefcrvation 'of the Go'

* vernment of this Proi^ince^ by requiring all Perjons

* thatfljall hereafter be chofen Members of the Commons

* Houfe of Ajfemblyj and fit in the fame^ to take the

* Oaths J and Jubfcribe the Declaration appointed by this

* Aii^ and to conform to the Religious IVorJbip in this

* Province^ according to the Rites and Vfage of. the f aid
< Churchy lately pafs'd there, and fign'd and feal'd by
' John Lord Glanvilky Palatine, for himfelf, and the

* Lord Craven^ and alfb for the Lord Cartarett^ and
' by Sir John ColUton^ four of the Proprietors of that
f Province, in order to the ratifying of it, is found-

* ed upon Falfity in Matter of Faft, is repugnant to

* the Laws of England^ contrary to the Charter

* granted to the Proprietors of that Colony, is an
' Encouragement to Atheifm and Irreligion, deftru-

* ftive to Trade, and tends to the depopulating and
f ruining the faid Province,

564 The Hifiory of Carolina.

Mity itpleafe yottr Majefiy ^

We your Majefifs mojl dutiful SuhjeElSj having thus
humbly prefented our Opinion of thefe AEhs^ we befeech*
your Majefty to vfe the moft effeBual Methods to deliver
the faid Province from the arbitrary Opprejfwns^ under
which it now lies *, and tq order the Authors thereof to
be profecuted according to Law,

To which Her Majefty w<is graciouily pleas'd to
anfwer :

I thank the Houfe^ for laying thefe A^atters fo plainly
before me'^ I am very fenfihle of what great Confequence
the Plantations are to England, and will do all that is. '
in my Tower to relieve my Subjects,

It appeared to the Houfe, that fome of the Pro-
prietors abfolutely refused to join in thefe A£ls. This
Matter being referred to the Lords of the Committee
of Trade, they examined into it *, and finding all the
Faft charg'd upon the Promoters of thefe Bills, true,
reprefentid to Her Majefty, the 24.th of May^ 1705.
That the making fuch Laws i? an Abufe of the Power
granted to the Proprietors by their Charter, and will
be a Forfeiture of fuch Power. They fiirtHer hum-
bl^f; offer 'd to her Majefty, That Ihe would be pleas'd
to give Direftions for re-affiiming the fame into her
Majefty's Hands by Scire Facias^ in her Majefty's
Court of Queen' s-Bcnch. Which Reprefentation was
fign'd by tfe Right Honourable the Lord Dartmouth^
the Honourable Robert Cecily EicJ^ Sir Philip Meadows^
William Blathwayte^ Elq^ Matthew Prior^ Efq^ and
John Pollexfen^ Efq^

On the I oth of June^ her Majefty was pleas'd to
approve of the faid Reprefentation ^ and accordingly
fiaving declar'd the Laws mention 'd therein to be
NULL and ^^OID, did Order, That for the more
effecftual Proceeding againft the faid Charter, by way
of Quo Warranto^ Mr. Attorney, arjd Mr. Sollicitor
General do inform themfelves fuljy concerning what
may be moft ncceflary for efFe^ing the fame.

I Thus

The'HiJiory 0/ Carolina.^ 565

Thus did our niofl: Gracious Sovereign hear the
Cry of the Opprefs'd, right the Innocent, and do
Juftice on the Oppreflor. For no Diftance of Coun-
jtry can put any of her Subjects out of her Proteftion ^
nor no Difference of Opinion ( provided they are
kept within the Bounds of Duty and Religion^ pre-
vent her favouring alike all her People, and doing
her utmoft to nuke them all happy, as the infinite
God has made her Reign to her felf, and her Em-
pire, in a diftinguifh'd manner.

The AfTembly which paG'd thefe two memo-
rable Afts were difTolv'd in the following Year, and
a new one fummon'd ro meet at Charles Town. At
the Eleftion, Craven and Berkley Counties were fo
ftreightned by the Qualifying Aft, that they had not
20 Men to reprefent them, unlcfs they would choofc
a DifiTenter, or a Man not fit to fit in the AfTembly.
Nineteen of the Party a gain ft the Occafwval Bill were
chofcn, and one Mr. Job How was elefted by the In-
tereft of the Goofecreek Faftion, a Branch of the for-
mer. The Fre?ichy who were Free-holders, voted
for them, being induc'd to it, by a Frenchman's
being fet up for a Candidate. They alfo procured
Marters of Ships, particularly Cap. Cole^ who lay in
the Harbour, to vote on their Side. This Eleftion
was made in the Town, and the Faftion gave out.
An ^(Tembly was chofen, who would repeal the
Church- Aft, and not pay the Aug^^film Debt, threat-
ning if they did, the Houfe and Town iliould quick-
ly be too hot to hold them.

In Colliton County, there were but 14. Men would
qualify themfelves : Therefore none of the DifTenter*
appear'd, and there were but 10 Votes out of 200
that appear'd at the Eleftion. The i o Electors voted
for 14. Candidates, and the Sheriff return 'd 10 that
had the Majority of Votes.

On Jan, 2. 1705. the Members met, but not ^*
nough to make a Houfe, and choofe a Speaker. Mr.
Stephens^ oneof the Members, ask'd Mr. //<?ip, in the
Governour's Prefence, to attend *, but he refus'd.
Before Night the Houfe was compleat, and waited
on the Governour, and ask'd if he would dircft them
to choofe a Speaker ? He anfwer'd, he thought 'tVvas
Xqo late, but if they would venture they muft do it

with

i66 7h€ Hijlcry cj C2ir6\\r\z.

with rpeed, for he was not well, and 'twould endan-
ger his Health to fit up. So they prefently chofe Mn
Seahrookj and prefcnted him to the Governour ^ who
approved of the Choice.

The next Day the Houfe met, the Speaker in the
Chair, and the Members were call'd upon to qualify
themfelves: Six did, and three more were ready to
do it, and Debates arifing about Qualifying, the^
Houfe adjourned. , ^

^ The Houfe meeting again, a Report was, as 'tisi?

faid, induftrioufly fpread, that the Members had for-'
feited 50 /. a Man for adjourning before they werefl
qualify'd. Mr. How and Mr. Wiggingtm attended]
in their Place?, and offer'd to qualify themfelves 51
but Mr. Bornwell coming with a McfTage, the Houfe(:|
waited on the Governour \ wjio fpoke to this Pur-
pofe :

GENTLEMEN^

Ton are building on a wrong Foundation^ and then
the Super firv^ure will never fi and *, for you have dif»
folv'd your [elves by adjourning^ before there was a com-
petenf Number of Members to adjourn^ and I cannot
dijfolveyou if Iwouldy you not being a Houfe. All this 1
hncw very well^ as being my felf many Tears a Member of
the Houfe of Commons/;^ England *, and therefore as
J am Head^ J would advife you to go back no more to
the Houjej but go every Man about his own Bufinefs :
For if you JJjould perfiji in fettling and making Laws,
be/ides the incurring the Penalties of the jiEl^ the Laws
would be of no Force^ dec.

The Speaker refus'd to return to the Chair, and
the Members dffpers'd. The Governour and Coun-
cil difowning the Allembly, Mr. Wigginton declared,,
'Twas his Opinion the Houfe was difiblv'd. But thein
DifTolution was aggravated, by the Plealure the Go*
vernment took in making them Felo defe^ their own
Murderers.

Then another AfTembly was call'd, the Choice of
which was carry'd on with greater Violence than
the former. Job How^ Elq^ was choien Sp^-aker,
and the Members for the moft Part qualify 'd them-

. felves

The Hiftory of Carolina. 367

Reives according to the Qualifying A61. The Faftion
bad not then heard of the Proceedings againft them
[n England^ which indeed were not come to a Con-
rlufion. They continu'd their Irregularities as if
Lhey were the moft innocent Men in the Province,
ind the only true Patriots. They pafs'd an hd for
their Continuance two Years after the Death of the
jrefent Govef nour, or the SuccelTion of a new one : ' •

rhe Reafon is told us in the Preamble, Whereas the
Church of England ha^ of late been fo happily efiablijb'd
among thewy fearing by the Succefjion of a new Gover-
nouTy the Church rnay be either under min'dy or wholly
fubverted-y to prevent that Calamity befalling thetn^
be it enactcdy &c. Mr. Job How, Speaker of the
AfTembly, dying fome time after, Col. William Rhett
was choien in his Place. But what has been fince
done in thefe Affairs, we know not more than in ge-
neral, that the two Arts have been repeal'd, and
the Party who drove things on with iUch Fury,
have entirely loft their Credit, and that the Propri-
etaries are oblig'd to them fur tlie Caufe now depen-
ding •, \^^here^n if they are caft, the Government of
t*he Province will be forfeited to the Crown, They
may thank themfelves for it, or at leall their
late Palatine the Lord Granville-^ for^fmce the
foregoipg Pages were written, that Lorddyd.

How things may be manag'd now, is not difficult
to be forefeen, from the good Intelligence between the
Perfons we have juft mention d ^ and the Fall of this
Faflion is a terrible Example to all Colonies, not
to let any Prejudice or Paflion hurry them on to
do things which they cannot anfwer to their Superi-
ours in England,

Tis not yet known who will be Palatine of this
Province, there being fome Difputes in theSucceilion.
;*Tis fuppos'd the Lord Craven will fucceed the late
Ijord Granville, who a/ljgn'd his Propriety to the
pake of Beaufort,

CHAP.

^368 The Hijlorj of Carolina.

G H A P. 11.

Containing a, Geographical Defer ipt ion of Ca-
rolina ; as alfo an Account of the Climate^
Soil, Produity Trade^ Firjl Inhabitants^

^npIS very well known, that the Province of Caro*
•*• Una has been a long time divided into two fepa-
rate Governments, t\iQoviQC2\Vdi North Carolina^ and
the other South Carolina ^ but the latter being the
more populous, goes generally under the Denomina-
tion of Carolina^ and as fuch we have treated of it
in the foregoing Pages. The Proprietaries of North
Carolina are the Proprietaries of South Carolina *, tho
the Governours are different, in other things they
are exa£lly. the fame And we fhall put them
together in the Geographical Defcription •, as alfo in
our Account of the Climate, Soil, Produ«^, Trade,
firft Inhabitants, &c.

Carolina^ as has been faid, contains all the Coaft
of North America^ between 3 1 and 3 6 Degrees of
Northern Latitude. Its Breadth is not to be compu-
ted, Kmg-Charles II. having granted the Proprietors
all the Land V/eftward in a direft Line from the a-
bovemention'd Degrees to the South Seas. 'Tis in
Length three hundred Miles. Its Situation is moft
convenient for Trade, the Coaft pleafant and fafc,
nor ftormy, or frozen in the Winter.

As to the Climate, Mr. Archdale fays of it, Caro^\

Una is the Northern Part of Florida, viz. from 29

D r of ^^Sf^^^ f(^ 3^ ^t and is indeed the very Center of the

Car t ' habitable Fart of the Northern Hemifphere *, for taking

' ^' ' it to he habitable from the EquinoEhial to 6^ Degree s^ the

Center 0/ Carolina lies in about 3 2. which is about the mid*

die of6\^ lying Parallel with the Land of Canaan,^//^ may

he called the temperate Zone comparatively^ as not being

pefler'd with the violent Heats of the more Southern

Colonies^ or the Extremes and violent Colds of the more

Northern Settleme?its, Its ProdiiBion anfwers the Title

of Florida, quia Regio eft Floi:ida. Carolina North

and

The Hi (lory of Carolina/ 569

and South is divided into 6 Counties *, of which two
are in North Ccirolina^ Alhf marie and Clarendon ^ and
four in Souths Craven^ Berkley^ Collhon, and Cartarett
Conntie?.

The firft is Albemarle County, to the North, bor-
dering on Virginia. Tis water'd by yUbeinarle Ri-
ver 5 and in this Part of the Country lies the Ifland
Roanoke^ where Philip Amid.is and Arthur Barlow^
whom Sir i^Falter Rawleigh Cent toFtrginia^ landed.
This County miy he faid to belong to Vtrginia^ as
New Englandydcc. did, which juftifies King Charles's
Grant. When Carolina was firft fettled, Albemarle
was more planted than any of the other Counties,
and confifted of near 500 Families. But the Plan-
tations upon Afi)ley River in time grew upon it fb
much, that nioft of the Planters here remov'd thi-
ther. This River is full of Creeks on both Sides of
it, which for Breadth deferve the Name of Rivers,
but they do not run far into the Country. At Sandy
Point, it divides it felf into two Branches, Noratoke
and Notaway^ and in the North Point lives an /w-
dian Nation, call'd the Mataromogs* Next to Al-
bemarle is Pantegoe River •, between them is Cape
Hattoras^ mentioned in the Hiftory of Virginia,
Next to it is Neu[e River. The Coranines^ an Indian
Nation, inhabit the Country about Cape Look-
out.

Next to Albemarle is Clarendon County *, in which
is the famous Promontory, call'd Cape Fear^ at the
Mouth of Clarendon River, call'd alfo Cape Fear
River. Hereabouts a Colony fromBarbadoes formerly
fettled. The Indians in this N-^ighbourhood are rec-
kon'd the moft barbarous of any in the Province.
The next River is nam'd Waterey River, or Winyann^
about 25: Leagues diHant from AJbley River : Tis ca-
pable of receiving large Ships, but inf-^rior to Port
Royal^ nor is yec inhabited. There's another fmall
River between this and Clarendon River call'd Wingon .
River, and a little Settlement hunour'd wit.i the
Name o{ Charles Town, but fo thinly inhabited, that
'tis not worth taking Notice of. VVe come now to
South Caroli?Uy which is parted from North by Zantee
River. The adjacent Count* y is call'd,

B b Craven

J 76 The Hifiorj <?/ Carolina.

Craven County *, it is pretty well inhabited by Etig-
iijh and French ^ of the latter there's a Settlement on *
Zantee River, and they were very inftrumental in
the irregular Ele^^ion of the Vnfieady Affemhly.
The next River to Zantee is Sewee River *, where
feme Families from New England fettled : And in
the Year 1706. the French landing there, they were
Vigoroully oppos'd by this little Colony *, who beat :
off the Invaders, having forc'd them to leave :
many of their Companions dead behind them. This
County (ends i o Members to the AfTembly. We now
enter

Berkley County, pa fling ftill from North to South*
The Northern Parts of this Shire are not planted, ,
but the Southern are thick of Plantations, on Account 1
of the two great Rivers, Cooper and AJlAey, On the :
North Coaft, there's a little River call'd Bovod
River *, which, with a Creek, forms an Iflands, and i
off of the Coafts are feveral liles, nam'd the Hunt*
ing-J/lands^ and Sillivants Ifie. Between the latter 1
and Bowal River, is a Ridge of Hills *, which, from i
the Nature of the Soil, is calFd the Sand- Hills. The (
River Wanda waters the North- Weft Parts of this *
County, and hgs feveral good Plantations upon it^
as Col. Daniel's on the South Side, and Col. Dearshy's
lower down on the North. It runs into Cooper RivcS]
near the latter, and they both unite their Streams
with u^filey River at Charles Town. The late Af-
fembly enabled. That a Church fhould b® built on
the South-Eaft of Wando River, and another upon
the Neck of Land, lying on the North- Weft of
Wandoy but we do not fee that this Aft was o*
be/d.

Charles Town, the Capital of this Province, is built
on a Neck of Land between j4filey and Cooper Ri-i
vers, but lying nioft on Cooper River, having a Creek I
on the North Side, and another on the South. It lies im
32 Deg. 40 Min. N. Lat. 2 Leagues" from the Sca.This
the only free Port in the Province, which is a great
Difcouragement to it, and a vaft Injury to Trade:
"Tis fortify' d more for Beauty than Strength. It has 6
Baftions, and ^ Line all round it. Towards Cooper
River are Blake's Baftion, Granville Baftion, a Halfl
Moon, and Craven Baftion. On the South Creek'

are

The Hiftory of Carolina. 571

are the Pallifades, and Afldey Baftion^ on the North
a Line •, and facing AflAey River are ColUton Ba-
ftion, Johnfon'% Cover'd Half-MoDn, with a Draw-
bridge in the Line, and another in th^ Half-Moon.
Cartarett Baftion is next to it. If all thele Works
are well made, and can be well manned, we fee no
Reafon why they fhould not defend as well as beauti-
fy the Town ^ which is a Market Town, and thither
the whole Produft of the Province is brought for
Sale. Neither is its Trade inconfiderable •, for it deals
near 1000 Miles into the Continent : However, *tis
unhappy in a Bar, that admits no Ships above 200
Tuns. Its Situation is very inviting, and the Coun-
try about it agreeable and fruitful : The High-ways
extremely delightful, efpecially that cali'd Broad-way^
which for three or four Miles make a Road and
Walk, fo pleafantly greerij that^ fays my Author, /Archd,
believe no Prince in Europe, by all his Art^ can make P* 9»
fo pleaCant a Sight for the whole Tear. There are fe-
veral fair Streets in the Town, and fome very hand-
fbme Buildings *, as Mr. Landgrave Smith's Houfe on
the Key, with a Draw-bridge and Wharf before it j
Col. Rhett's on the Key *, ali^j Mr. Boon\ Mr.
Loggan's^ Mr. Schinki?7g'sy2ind 10 ur 12 more, which
deferve to be taken Notice of. As for publick Edin-
ces, the Church is mod remarkable : Tis large and
ftately enough *, but the Number of the Profellorsof
ihQjinglicane Worfhip encreafing daily, the Auditory
begin to want Room, and another Church. This
is dedicated to St. Philip *, and by the Ad, which ap-
pointed the High Commillion Court, 'twas enabled.
That Charles Toirw, and the Neck between Cooper and
Aihley River^ as far up as the Plantation of John Bird,
Gent, on Cooper River ^ i?ulufive^ ts^ and from hence-
forth fijalljor ever be a dijlintl Parijh^ by the Name of
St. Philip'j in Charles Town ^ and the Church and
Caemetry then in this Town were enafled to be the
Pariih Church and Church- Yard of St. Philip's in
Charles Town. Mr. Williams v/as the (irft Church of
England Minifter in C:rolina : A Perfon, of whom
fince Mr. Marfton has faid fo much, we ihiil
lay no more. One Mr. Warmel was fent over atter
him. The Reverend Mr. Samuel Marfial was the
firfl eftablilh'd Miaifter at Charles Town •, and his

Bb 2 Succellor

0^2 The Hifiory of Carolina.

Succeflbr was Mr. Edward Marfton^ thp prefent Re-

ftor of St. Philips '^ he [came over feven Years ago.

Mr. Kendal^ Miniftcr of Bermudas, was invited to

this Colony ^ and Mr. Corbid^ an Acquaintance of

Kir. MarflG-a% coming by chance, he got him fettl'd.

in this Province.

Sfe Mr, The Society for propagating the Gofpel fent over

Marfton'i Qne Mr. Thomas^ to convert the Roman Catholick

inter to Jndians '-, hut he did not obey his Mijjiorj. On the con-

Dr. Stan- ^j^^j^y^ *twas by his Influence on Ibme Men of Inte*

2 o7S/>^^^^ here, that Mr. Kendal \n2.% difplac'd : Upon

of Didrn which he went diftraded.

p; «58. ' ^^- ^^^^'''f^^^^^ was alfo us'd fo ill by him, that he-'
alfo dy'd .dilh'a<fted *, and Mr. Corbin was forc'd to i
leave the Colony, by the caufelefs Quarrels of the ;
Inhabitants', in which the DifTenters had thcleaft
Hand. Tw^as by their Procurement that the 150/.
a Year, &c» was fettled on the Orthodox Minifter
of this Church. The Church (lands near the cover'd
Half Moon.

There's a Publick Library in this Town, and a
Free-School has been long talk'd of: Whether foun-
ded or nor, we have not learn'd. The Library is
kept by the Minifler for the time being. It owes
its Rife to Dr. Thomas Bray •, as do moft of the Artie-
rican Libraries, for which he zealoufly follicited
Contributions in England.

Not far ofF, by Cartarett Baflion^ is the Presbyteri-
an Meeting-hou!"e ^ of which Mr. Archibald Stobe
- is Minifler. Between Collitomnd A/Mey Bdidion \s
the Anabaptiil Meeting-houfe, Mr. William Screven
Minifrer. The French Church is in the Chief Street :
Be fides which there is a Qjakers Meeting-houfe, in
the Suburbs of it, properly fo call'd, on the other;
Side of the Draw-bridge, in the Half Moon, toward
Aj/jiey River.

To the Southward is the Watch-houfe *, and the
moft noted Plantations in the Neighbourhood of
' Charles Town, are Fcrgufons^ Vnderwood\ Gilbert-
fon and Garnett's.

We may fee by this Defcription that the Town is

full of DilTenters, and would flourifh more, were

not the Inhabitants uneafy under the Government

there. For one may iiragine they who Eed from

^ ' Eng'

The Hijlory of Carolina. .g7j

England^ to avoid PeiTecution, cannot be well pleas'd
to meet with it in America \ nor to crofs the AtLtn-
ttck^ to live under Oppreliion abroad, while their
Relations and Friends at home enjoy all the Blef-
fings of a peaceful and gentle Adminiftration.

There are at leaft 2yo Families in this Town, mofi:
of which are numerous, and many of them have
loor 12 Children in each', in the whole amoun-
, ting to about ^ooo Souls.

In Charles Town the Governour generally refides,
the Adembly fit, the Courts of Judicature are held,
the Publick Offices kept, and the Bulinels of the
Province is tranfaifted.

The Neck of Land between Cooper and AJJAey Ri^
vers is about + Miles over •, and the Banks oF both of
thefe are well planted. The chief Settlements on
Cooper River are A£tthew'Sj Gree?7\^ Gray\^ Star-
key's, GrimhoH\ Dickcfon\ and Jzuird's \ the latter
on Turky Creek. About a Mile from thence !s the
Mouth o^ Goofe-Crcck^ which is alfo very well plan-
ted. Here Mr. JF////j>';;C^?'^/?7above-meMtion'd liv'd,
and had a Congregation of Church of Enc^land Men ♦,
and one of the Churches propos'd to be built by the
AfTembly which pafs'd the two fatal Acls we have
fpoken of, was to be ere(fled.

Mr. Tl)0)7ias^ a Millionary fent by the Society be-
fore-mention'd, fettled here, by Capt. Hows and
Col. AIoor\ Sollicitations', as did Mr. Stackhoife^
and the Reverend Dr. Lejau.

Mr. Afarflon in his Letter to the Reverend Dr.
Stanhope^ accfii".;s Mr. Thomas of being the Occafioii
of the ill Ufige that made Mr. Kendal run diftra-
tled. He complains hv^ never had Llniverlity Edu-
cation, laying, Tl'jat the bed Service your Society can do
this young Man ^ Air. Thomas, ;V, to maintain him afetv
Tears at one of our Zhlverfities^ where he may better
learn the Principles and Governmcn'- nf the Church of
England, &c. andfome other ufef'ul Learning^ which I
am afraid he wants.

Sir John Teaman's^ and Mr. Landgrave BcHck-
gers Plantations are here ;, as alio Col. 6'//7/7j's, Mr.
Schinking% and Coiliton's Company. Between this
and Back River are Col. Aifoors and Cul. Ouarry s
Piaiitationi.

B b 3 E.ici

J 74 ^^^ Hijlory c?/* Carolina.

Back River falls into Cooper River, about 2 Miles
above Goofecreek^ and itsWeftern Branch a little
higher. Here another Church was propos'd to be
built. The moft noted Plantations are Capt. Com-
fnings^ 2iuAS\x Nathaniel Johnfons^ bordering on the
Barony of Mr. Tljomas Colliton.

We muft now take a View of jijhley River, where
we firft meet with Mr. Landgrave MT^/^'s Plantation
on one fide, and Col. Gihhs's on the other. Mr. Ba-
dens over againft Col. Godfrey's •, Mr. Simond's op-
pofite to Dr* Trevillian's *, and Mr. Pendarvis's to Mr,
Wefi% Mr. Colliton*s to Mr. MarJJjal's^ and others,
aim oft contiguous.

This Part of the Country belongs to the Lord
Shaft shury. On the South -Weft of AflAey River is
the great Savana. One of the Churches intended to
be ere£led in this County, was to have been built on
j4//jley River.

Dorchefier is in this Shire, bordering on Colliton
County. Tis a fmall Town, containing about 350
Souls. There's a Meeting- Houfe belonging to the
Independants, the Paftor of which is Mr. John
Lord. Next to it is Stono River, which divides
Berkley from Colliton County. To which we muft
now proceed, obferving only that Berkley County
fends ten Members to the Afiembly. The fame
does,

Colliton County ^ which Stono River waters, and is
join'd by a Cut, near Mr. Blake's Plantation, to
Wadmoolaw River. The North-Eaft Parts of this
Divifion of the Province is full of Indian Settlements ^
and the Stono^ and other Rivers, form an llland,
caird Boones Ifland, a little below Charles Town,
which is well planted and inhabited. The two chief
Rivers in this County are North Ediftow^ and South
Edijiow. At the Mouth of the latter is Col. Paul
Crimboll's Plantation ♦, and for two or three Miles up
the River, the Plantations are thick on both fides, as
they continue for three or four Miles higher on the
North-fide, and branching there, the River meets
with the North Edifiow,

' Two Miles higher is Wilton^ by fome caird
Ifexo ljO?jdony a little Town, confifting of about
5^ Hdufes. Landgrave Moretovy Mr, Blake ^ Mr.

Boon-)

The Hijlory of Carolina. J75

Boon^ Landgrave Xvrf/, and other con (iderable Plan-
ters, have Settlements in this Neighbourhood, which
is Sir John Collitons Precin6l.

A Church was to have been built on the South-fide
of the Stom^ had that Projeft gone on, and the Aifl
taken effe£l. This County has 200 Freeholders, that
vote in Eleftion for Parliament Men. There*s an
Orthodox Church in this Precin£l, of which Mr.
Williams is Minifter.

Cartarett County is not yet inhabited, but is ge-
nerally efteem'd to be the moft fruitful and plea-
fant Part of the Province •, this and ColUton County
are diftinguifh'd from the other by the Name of the
Southward. In it is the great River Cambage^ which
joining with the River May^ forms with] the Sea
Ifland Edelano.

The Country upon the River May was inhabited
by the Wefioe^^ an Indian Nation already mention 'd.
There's a pleafant Lake and Valley in it ^ and the
I firft Englifh that came to QiroUna^ thought of fettling
' hereabouts \ but the Indians advis*d them to the con-
trary, becaufe the Harbour of Port Royal was the
fineft in Florida^ and would have tempted the Spani-
ards to difturb them.

The Scots fettled here, under the Lord Cardrofsy
but were loon forc'd to abandon their Settlements,
as has been elfewhere hinted. Port Royal River Vies
20 Leagues from ^J/jley River ^ to the South, in 31
Degrees, 45 Minutes, North Latitude. It has a bold
Entrance, 1 7 Foot low Water on the Bar. The
Harbour is large, commodious, and fafe for Ship-
ping, and runs into a fine fruitful Country, prefera-
ble to the other Parts of Carolina. It fpends its felf,
by various Branches, into other large Rivers. This
Port is not 200 Miles from Augujiino^ and would be
a great Curb to the Spaniards there, where their Set-
tlement is not very confiderable.

Next to it is the River of Aiay^ and then San Mat-
tdio •, which is the laft of any Note in the Englifh
Florida^ a Name this Province highly defer ves.

The Air of this Country is healthy, and Soil fruit- Arch. p. !,
ful, of a landy Mould, which near the Sea appears
ten times more barren than it proves to be. There's
a vaft Quantity of Vines in many Parts on the Coafh,

B b 't bearing

^7^ 5^^^ Hijlory of Carolina.

bearing abundance cf Grapes, where one would
wonder they fliould get Nourifhment. Within
Land the Soil is more mix'd with a blackifh Mould,
and its Foundation generally Clay, good for
Bricks.

ItsProdiKfts are the chief Trade of the Inhabitants,
who fend it abroad, according as the Market offers \
and 'tis in demand in Ayncricct or Europe. But the
thief Commerce from hence is to Jamaica.^ Barba-
docs^ and the Leivard Illands. Yet their Trade to
JLjjgLmd is very muchencreas'd *, fornotwithftanding
all the Difcourr^gen-ents the People lie under, ft-ven-
teen Ships came laft Year, laden from CarJina^
with Rice, Skins, Pitch, and Tar, in the Firglnla
Fleet, befidts (Iragling Ships.

Its principal Commodities are ProviHons, as Beef,
Pork, Corn, Peafe, Butter, Tallow, Hid'es, Tann'd
Leather, Hogfhead and Barrel Staves, Hoops, Cot-
ton, Silk •, be fides what they fend for E'fjglarid, •
Their Timber Trees, Fruit Trees, Plants, and Ani-
mals, are much the iame with thofe in Plrgimaiy in
w^hich Hiftory may be feen a large Account of them :
But fince Mr. Archdale has been a little parti-,
cular ill his, and has added a fhort Defcripcion
of the Natives, &c, we will communicate what he
fiys to the Reader.

P« 9' ' Tis beautify 'd with odoriferous Woods, green all

* the Year :> as Pine, Cedar, and Cyprefs. 'Tis nata-

* rallv fertile, and eafy to manure. Were the Inha-
^ bitants induftrious. Riches would flow in upon
^them^ for lam fatisfy'd, a Perfon with 500/. dif-

* creetly laid out in England^ and again prudently
' manag'd in 6'<:/ro//;7^, fhall in a few Years live in as

* much Plenty, as a Man of 300 /. a Year in England ^
' and if he continues careful, not covetous, fhall in-

* creafe to great Riches, as many there are already
^ WitnefTes, and many more might have been, if

* Luxury and Intemperance had not ended their

* Days.

^ As ic the Air, 'tis always ferene, and agreeable to^

* any Conititucioni., as tiic firft Planters experienc'd,'

* There's feldoni any raging Sicknefs, but what is

* brought from the Southern Colonies *, as the late

* Sicknefs was, which rag'd, ^, P, 1705^. and carry 'd

* , -'' - ^off

The Hifiory of Carolina. 377

* off abundance of People in Charles Town, and other

* Places.

' Intemperance alfo has occafion'd (bme Diftempers.

* What may properly be laid to belong to the Country
' is, to have fome gentle Touches of Agues and Fe-

* vers in July and Augufl^ efpetially to new Comers. Ibid

* It has a Winter-Seafon, to beget a new Spring.
Jw,ti there^ adJs my Author, at twlce^ five Tear r ^ and p. 7,
had no Sicknefs^ but what 1 got by a car clefs violent
Cold :, and indeed J per c civ' d that the Fevers and Agues
were generally gotten by Carclcfnefs in Cloathingj or In-
temperance.

*- Everything generally grows there that will grow
in any part of Europe^ there being already many
forts of Fruits, as Apples, Pears, Apricocks, Necf^a-
rines, gV. They that once taft of them, will defpife
the watry wafhy Taft of thofe in England. There's
fuch Plenty of them, that they are given to the
Hogs. In 4 or 5 Years they come from a Stone to
be bearing Trees.

' AH forts of Grain thrive in Carolina^ as Wheat,
Barley, Peas, &c. And I have meafur'd fonie
Wheat- Ears 7 or 8 of our Inches long, it produces
the beft Rice in the known World, which is a good
Commodity for Returns home :, as is alfo Pitch, Tar,
Buck, Doe, Bear Skins, and Furs, tho the laft not
fo good as the Northern Colonies.

^ It has already fuch Plenty o^ Provifions, tSit it in
a great meafure furnifhes Barbadoes^ Jamaica^ &c.
There are vail Numbers of w-!d Ducks, Geele, Teal^
and the Sea and Rivers abound in Fifh. That which
makes Proviiions l"o clieap, is the Shortnels of the
Winter : For having no need to n\o\s for Winter
Fodder, they can apply their Hands in raifing other
Commodities.

' The Rivers are found to be more navigable than
was at firft believ'd •, and 'twas then prudently con-
triv'd, not to fettle on the mod navigable ^ but on
Afljlcy and Cooper River, thofe Entrances are not fo
bold as the others •, {.^ that Enemies and Pirates have
been difhearten'd in their Deligns to difturb that
Settlement.

' The new Settlers have now great Advantages
over the firlt Planters, fince they can be fup-

ply'd

J 7? The Hifiory of Carolina.

* ply'd with Stocks of Cattle and Corn at reafonable
' Rates.

I Diall conclude this Account of C^r<?/?>2^, with an
Extract of a Letter from thence, from a Perfon of
Credit *, in whofe Words I communicate it to the
Publick : He fpeaks of th^ Southward,
* The many Lakes we have up and down breed a
Multitude of Gee fe, and other Water-Fowl. All
along Port Royal River, and in all this part of Ca-
rolina^ the Air is fo temperate, and the Seafons of
the Year h regular, that there's no Excefs of Heat
or Cold, nor any troublefome Variety of Wea-
ther : For tho there is every Year a kind of Win-
ter, yet it is both fhorter and milder than at AJh-
ley or Cooper River *, and pafTes over infenfibly, as
if there was no Winter at all. This fweet Tem-
perature of Air, caufes the Banks of this River to
be cover 'd with various Kinds of lovely Trees ^
which being perpetually green, prefent a thoufand
Landskips to t\\t Eye, fo fine, and fo diverfify'd,
that the Sight is entirely charm'd with them. The
Ground is very low in moft Places near the River \
but rifes gradually, atadiftance, with little Hilk,
adjoining to fruitful Plains, all cover 'd with
Flowers, without fo much as a Tree to interrupt
the Profpeft. Beyond thefe are beautiful Vales,
clqath'd with green Herbs, and a continual Ver-
dure, caus'd by the refrefhing Rivulets that run
through them. There are a great many Thickets,
which produce abundance of Simples. The Indi-
ans make ufe of them for the Cure of their Dif-
eafes. There are alfo Sarfaparilla, Caflia Trees,
Gumms, and Rofin, very good for Wounds and .
Bruiies \ and fuch a prodigious Quantity of Ho-
ney, which the Bees make every where, that the
Store of it is not to be exhaufted. Of this they
make excellent Spirits, and Mead as good as Af^-
laga Sack. The Bees fwarm five or fix times.
There's a kind of Tree, from which there runs
an Oil of extraordinary Virtue, for Curing
\younds. And another Tree, which yields a
Balm, thought to be fcarce inferiour to that of
A'fecca,

Silk is come to a great Improvement here, fome

Fami-

TheHiJlory of Carolina. 379

Families niakine 4.0 or jo Pound a Year, and their
Plantation Work not negle^ed, their little Negro
Children being ferviceable in feeding the Silk- Worms.
And we muft do Sir Nathamel Johnfon the Juftice,
to own he has been the principal Promoter of this
Improvement, as alfo ot Vineyards. He makes
yearly 3 or 400 /. in Silk only.

But 'tis objefted, Since the Climate is fo proper,
fince Grapes are fo plentiful, and the Wine they
make fo good, why is there not more of it ? Why do
we not fee fome of it ?

To which I anfwer, That the Inhabitants either
think they can turn their Hands to a more profitable
Culture, or impofe upon us in their Reports *, for I
would not think them fo weak, as to negleft ma-
king good Wine, and enough of ir, if they could,
and thought it worth their while.

They manufacture their Silk with Wool, and
make Druggets. The French Proteftants have fet
up a Linnen Manufacture ^ and good Romalls are
made here.

A French Dancing-Mafter fettling in Craven Coun-
ty, taught the Indians Country-Dances, to play on
the Flute and Hautboit, and got a good Eftate *, for
it feems the Barbarians encourag'd him with the
fame Extravagance, as we do the Dancers, Singers,
and Fidlers, his Countrymen.

Tho we have faid enough of the Flrgiman Indians,
who are much the fame with the Carolman ^ yet
fince we find Mr. Archdale fpeaks of them in parti-
cular, let the Reader fee what he has faid of 'em.

' Providence was vifible in thinning the Indians,

* to make Room for the Englifh. There were two

* potent Nations, the Weftoes and Sarnmias^ who
' broke out into an ufual Civil War before the Eng-

* lifh arrived ^ and from many Thoufands reduc'd
' themfelves to a fmall Number. The moft cruel
' of them, the Wefloes^ were driven out of the Pro-

* vince^ and the Saramias continu'd good Friends,
' and ufeful Neighbours to the Englilh. It pleas'd
' God alfo to fend unufual Sicknefles among them •,

' as the Small-Pox, &c. The Pemlico Indians in P. 2, 5.

* North Carolina^ were lately fwept away by a Pefti-
^ lence j and the Caranine^ by War. The Natives

are

jSo The Hijlorj of Carolina.

p. 7. ^ arc fomewhat tawny, occafion'd chiefiy by oiling
' their Skins, and by the naked Rays of the Sun. They
*are generally flreight body'd, comely in Perfbn,

* quick of Apprehenfion, and great Hunters •, by which
' they are not only very ferviceable, by killing Deer,

* to procure Skins for Trade with us^ but thofe that
'live in I Country-Plantations procure of them the

* whole Deer's Fleni,and they will bring it manyMiles

* for the Value of about 6 d. and a wild Turkey of
*■ 40 Pound, for the Value of 2 d.

They have learn'd one of their worft Vices of the
Englifh, which is. Drinking ^ and that occafions
Quarrels aniongthem, one of which we have men ti-
on'd in the time of Mr. ArchdaWs Government. As
to what he would excit..' us, to their Converfion to
Chriftianity, 'tis a Project which, like a great many
other very good ones, we rather wifh than hope to
fee efFe(9:ed.

-VI r. Thomas was fent to inflru^ the Tammofees in
the Chrillian Religion, and bad an Allowance of 50 /.
a Year from the hefore-mention'd S'>ciety,Se(ides other
Allowances : But finding it an improper Seafon, his
Mifiion is refpited *, the RejLiop. is, thofe Indians re-
volted to the Englifh from the Spaniards ', and not be-
ing willing to embrace ChrilHanity, 'tis f-Mv'd they
would return to their old Confederates, if any means
were made ufe of to that purpofe.

This Country is in a very flourifhing Condition^
the Families are very large, in fome are i o or 1 2 Chil-
dren *, and the Number of Souls in all is computed to
be 1 2 000. The Children are fet to Work at 8 Years old.
The ordinary Women take care of Cows, Hogs, and
other fmall Cattle, make Butter and Cheefe, fpiri
Cotton and Flax, help to ibw and reap Corn, wind
Siik from the Worm?, gather Fruit, and look after
the Houfe. 'Tis pity this People diould notbeeafy
in th'jir Government *, for all th3ir Induftry, all
the Advantiges of the Climate, Soil, and Situation
for Trad ^, will be ufelefs to them, if they live under
Opprcflion ^ and Pcnfylvania will have no occafion
to complain, that fhe tempts away her Inhabitants *,
being a new Beauty, a fairer, and confeqUently a
powerful Rival.

We

J>Proprietaries. f^

The Hijiory of Carolina. 381

We fhall conclude this Hillory and Account of
Carolina^ with a Lift of the prefent Proprietaries,
and chief Officers of this Colony.

William Lord Craven^
Henry Duke of Beaufort^
The Honourable Afaurice

jijhley^ Eiq-, Brother to

the Earl o{ Shaft sbury^
John Lord Cartarett^
Sir John ColUton^ Baronet,
Jofcph Blake J Elq'i
John Archdale^ Efqj
Nicholas Trottj Efq ^

Sit Nath. Johnfonj Governour, Sallary 200 /.a Year.

Col. James Moor^ "^

Col. Thomas Br ought on y I

Col. Roh.Gihys, ^Counfellors.

Mr. Nich. Trotty \

Mr. . Ward, . )

Mr. Hen, Noble ^ j

Speaker of the AfTembly, Wtlli.tm Rhett^ Efq^

The Secretary, — IVardy Efq*, His Salary ^0/.

a Year.
The Chief Juftice, Mr. Trottj co L
The Jud^e of the Admiralty-Court, Col. James

Moor^ 40 /.

Surveyor General, Hovo^ Efq*, 40 /.

Attorney General, Col. James Moor^ 60 /.

Receiver Ge.ieral, the fame, 50 /.

Naval Officer, Mr. Trottj 40 /.

Colleftor of the Cuftoms, Col. Tljomas Broughton,

Agent for the Colony in England^ Mr. Jofeph Boone.

THE

•382

THE

HISTORY

OF

HUDSON's-BAY.

CONTAINING

An Account of its Difcovery and Settle-
ment, the Progrefs of it, and the pre-
fent State ; of the IndUnSy Trade, and
every thing elfe relating to it.

5 r— w-S WAS in the Reign of Queen Elizabeth^
I that all the Englifl) Dominions on the
I Continent of America were difcover'd,
JB. except Hudforis Str eights \ which being
the moft Northerly, ihould have been treated of
firft, and put at the Head of the other Settlements ^
but the French have a large Dominion between the
Englifl) at Hudfons Bay^ and thofe at New England :
And befides there being no Towns nor Plantations
in this Country, but two or three poor Forts to de-
fend the Faftories, we thought we were at Liberty
to place it where we pleas'd, and were loath to let
our Hiftory open with the Defcription of fo miferable
a Wilderriefs, and fo wretched a Colony. For as
rich as the Trade to thefe Parts have been or may
be, the way of Living is fuch, that we cannot reckon
any Man happy, whole Lot is caft upon this Bay.

In

The Hiftory of HudfonVBay. jSj

In the Year i57<^. Cap. Martin Frobifljer made his
firft Voyage for the Difcovery of a PalTaae to China
and Cathay by the North- Weft ^ and on tlie 1 2th of
June he difcover'd Tierrade Labrador^ in 6^ Degrees
8 Minutes, and entered a Strei^ht, which U call'd
by his Name. On the ifl of Oftober he return'd to
England, In the following Year, he went a fccond
time on the flime Difcovery, came to the fame
Streight, and us'd all podible Means to brmg the
Natives to Trade, or give him fome Account of
themfelves ^ but they were fo wild, that they only
ftudy'd to deftroy the Englifi). Cap. Frobiflytr ftay'd
here till Winter drew on, and then he return'd to
England, He made the fame Voyage the following
Year, and with the like Succefs.

Six Years afterwards, A. Z). 1585. John David
faird from Dartmouth on the fame Adventure, came
into the Latitude of 6\ Degrees i j Minutes, and pro-
ceeded to 66 Degrees 40 Minutes. In the Year enfu-
ing, he ran to 66 Degrees 20 Minutes, and coafted
Southward again to 55 Degrees. Sailing thence in ^4.
Degrees, he found an open Sea tending Weftward,
which he hop'd might be the PafTage fo long fought
for ^ but the Weaiher proving tempelluous, he re-
turn'd to England, In OEhober^ the next Year, he did
the fame.

After which there were no more Adventures this
way, till the Year 1507. when C^p, Henry Hudf on
difcover'd as far as 80 Degrees 25 Minutes : At the
Mention of which, the Reader will almoft freeze
as the Writer does •, for that Country is fo pro-
digioufly cold, that Nature is never impregnated
by the Sun ^ or rather, her barren Womb produces
nothing for the Subfiftance of Man. In t6oS. he
fet out again ^ and, having added little to his for-
mer Difcoveries, return'd. Two Years after which,
A. D, 1610, he again undertook a V^oyage to find
out the North- Weft PafTage, proceeded 100 Leagues
farther than any Man had done before him, till he
could not go forward for Ice and Shoal Water ;, and
finding himfelf imbay'd, he refolv'd to winter there.
In the Spring, A. D. 1611. purfuing a further Difco-
very, he and feven more of his Company were feiz'J^
the reft of his Men put into an open Boat, and com-
mit red

3 84 The Hiftory of Hudfon'j Bay,

mitted to the Mercy of the Waves and Savages. By
one or the other of which he perifh'd, dearly purcha-
fing the Honour of having this large Streight and Bay
call'd after his Name.

We know 'tis pretended, that a Dane made the
Difcovery of this Streight, and that he call'd \X.Chri-
ftiana^ from the King of Denmark^ Chrijliern the
IVth. then reigning. But Cap. Hudfon was the Man
who difcover'd it to the Englijb^ and who indeed firffc
fail'd fo near the Bottom of the Bay, as he did with-
in a Degree or two.

The fame Year that he dy'd, Sir Thomas Button j
at the Inftigation of Prince Henrys purfu'd the fame
Difcovery. He pafs'd Hi(dfon\ Streights, and leaving
Hudfon's- Bay to the South, fettled above 200 Leagues
to the South- Weft, and difcover'd a great Continent,
by him calFd New-Wales. He winter'd at the Place
afterwards call'd Fort Nelfon^ carefully fearch'd all
the Bay, from him caird Buttons Bay^ and return'd
to Digg's Ifland.

\n- 1^16, Mr. Baffin entered Sir Thomas Smith's
Bay, in 73 Degrees, and return'd defpairingto find
any PafTage that way.

Thus we fee all the Adventures made to the North
Weft, were in Hopes of pafting to China *, but that
is a Difcovery as latent as the Philofophers Stone, the
petual Motion, or the Longitude.

In 16-51. Cap. James fail'd to the North- Weft,
and roving up and down in thofe Seas, arriv'd at .
Charlton Illand, where he winter'd in 52 Degrees, '
much beyond Hudfon^ Button^ and Baffin, Cip.Fox
went out this Year on the fame Account, but pro- :
ceeded no further than Port Nelfon,

The Civil Wars in EngLvid put Difcoveries out of
Mens I leads •, the Bold had other Work cut ou.t
for them :, and we hear of no more (uch Adventures ■
till the Y"ar 1^57. when Zachariah Gillam^ in the
Nonfuch Ketch, pafs'd thro Hudfon's Streights, and
then into Baffin s Bay to 75 Degrees*, and thence
Southward into 51 Degrees*, wherein a River, after-
wards cu-ird Prince Rupert's River, he had a friendly
Correfpondence with the Natives, built a Fort, nam'd
it Charles Bort^ and return'd with Succefs.

The

I

1^ The Hi {lory of HudfonV Bay. 585

The Occafion oiCillafn's going was this : Monfieur
Radifon and Monfieur Goofelier^ two French'?nen^
meeting with fome Savages in the L^ke of Jijftmponah^
i\\ Canada^ they learnt of them that they might go
by Land to the Bottom of the Bay, where the Englifl)
had not yet been. Upon which they defir'd them to
conduft them thither^and the Savages accordingly did
it. The two Frenchmen return'd to the upper Lake
the fame way they came, and thence to Quebec^ the
Capital of Canada •, where they offer'd the principal
Merchants to carry Ships to Hudfon\-Bay^ but their
Projeft was rejefted. Thence they went to France^
in hopes of a more fivourable Hearing at Court \ but
after prefenting fevcral Memorials, and fpending a
great deal of Time and Money, they were anfwer'd
as they had been at Ouebecj and their Project look'd
upon as Chimerical. The King of England^s Ambaf-
fador at Paris^ hearing what Proposals -they had
made, imagin'd he fhould do his Country good Ser-
vice, in engaging them to ferve the EngVfJ)^ who had
already Pretences to the Bay : So he perfwaded them
to go for London^ where they met with a favourable
Reception from fome Men of Quality, Merchants,
and others, who employed Gilla?n befure-mention'd,
a New England Captain, in the Voyage *, and Radifon
and Goofelier accompanying, they arriv'd at the Bot-
tom of the Bay, and fucceeded as we have hinted al-
ready.

When Gillam return*d, the Adventurers concerned
in fitting him our, apply'd themfelves to King Charles
the lid. For a Pattent ^ who granted one to them ind
their SucccfTors, for the Bay cali'd Hudfon's-Bay^ and
the Streights cali'd Hudfons-Str eights. The Pattent
bears Date the 2d. of May^ in the 2 2d. Year of that
King's Reign, AD, 1670,

The firfl: Proprietors or Company, cali'd the Hud^
fin's- Bay Company ^ were.

Prince Rupert, Mr. Richard Cradoch

Sir James Ha^es. Mr. John Lett on,

Mr. William Toung, Chriftopher Wrcnn^ E(qV

•Mr. Gerard Weymans, Mr. Nicholas H^jward.

Cc The

J 26 The Hiftorj of HudfonV Bay.

The Bay lies from 6\ Degrees North Latitude to
yi Degrees, and is lo Degrees, or 600 Miles in
Length.

Before we proceed any further in the Hiftory,
it will not be improper to give an Account of the
Country, Climate, Product, Trade, and Inhabi-
tants.

The Mouth of the Streights, which is in about <rt
Degrees North Latitude, is 6 Leagues over. At the
Mouth is an Ifland, call'd Refolution, Charles
Ifland, Salisbury Ifland, and Nottingham^ are in the
Streights, and Mansfield Ifland in the Mouth of the.
Bay.

Hudfons Streights, which lead to the Bay, are a-
bout 1 20 Leagues in Length •, the Land on both Sides
inhabited by Savages, of whom we have little or no
Knowledge. The South Coafl is known by the Name
of the Tierra Laharador^ the North by as many
Names as Men of feveral Nations have been there,
and pretended to the Difcovery of it. On the Weft
Side of the Bay, the EngUJb made a Settlement,
built a Fort at Port Nclj'on^ and all that Country goes
by the Name of New South Wales, The Bay here 'is
caird Button's f, and Hi^djon\-Bay^ which is broad-
eft in this Place, may be near 130 Leagues
broad.

On the other Shoar, or the Coaft of Labarador
lie feveral Iflands, call'd the Sleepers Ifjes, and the, J
Baker's Doz^en, The Bottom of the Bay, by which,
we underftand all that Part of it from Cape Hen'
rletta Maria ^ in New South Wales^ to Redonda^ below
Prince Rupert's River, is about 80 Leagues long, and
mucii of one Breadth all the way, being between
40 and JO Leagues over.

Here are feveral Iflands; to which the firft Ad-
venturers gave the Names of fon^.e Great Men in
England^ c; fome that employ 'd them ^ as Lord
Wcjhns Ifiiind, Sir Thofnas Roe's Ifland, Charlton
Ifland, and others. The two oppofite Shores are
caird the Erft Main and Weft Main, The former
is Labarador^ and the latter New South Wales. The
Continent at the Bottom of the Bay is by th^ French^
pretended to be Part of New-France •, and indeed toj'
crofs the Country from St, Margaret^ River, which

runs

The Hijlorj of HudfonV Bay. 387

runs into the River of Canada^ to Rupert's River, at
the Bottom of Hudfon's-Bay^ is not above 150
Miles.

At Rupert's River, the Etigllfi) built their firft
Fort, which they call Charles Fort. They never had
any Towns or Plantations here, and probably never
will. They live within their Forts in little Houfes,
or Hutts, wherein the Builders confider nothing
but to defend them from the Cold and Riins, tho
they are not fo much difturb'd by the latter as by
the former.

There's an Ifl.ind about 5 or ^ Leagues from the
Weft: Malrjf ciH'd the Little Rocky Ifle^ it being a
nieer Heap of liocks and Stones, with fome fmall
Brufh-Wood growing upon it. Tis fuppos'd
to overflow with great North- Weft Winds,
which make a High-Tide all over the Bay. In this
Ille is plenty of Gulls and Sea Swallows. About
3 Miles from xK^ South South-Eaft Part of the Ifland,
lies axlangerous Reaf of Sand, which is dry at Low-
Water.

Charlton Ifland is a light white Sand, covered over
with a white Mois, full of Trees, Juniper and Spruce,
tho not very large. This Ille affords a beautiful Pro-
ipe6l to fuch as nuke it in the Spring, after a long
Voyage of 3 or 4. Months, in the moft dangerous Seas
in the World, occaiion'd by the vail Mountains of
Ice, which drive in the Bay and Streights ^ againft
which, if Ships happen to flrike, they are daih'd in
Pieces as certainly as if they ran againft Rocks : For
indeed they are Rocks congeal'd, or rather petrify*d
by the Violence of the continual Frofts.

To fee one Day the Shoar on the Weft Main bare,
the Mountains cover'd with Snow, and Nature look-
ing like a Carcafs frozen to Death \ and the next to
behold Charlton Ifland fpread with Trees, and the
Branches making as it were a green Tuft of the whole,
is a Surprize, that muft give the greateft Plea-
fure after the Fatigues of an intollerable Winter
Voyage.

The Air even at the Bottom of the Bay, tho by
the Latitude *tis nearer the Sun than Lo;?^^^/, being
but in 51 Degrees, is exceftive cold for p Months, the
other three Months very hot, but on a North- Weft
Wind. C c 3 Tbf

jSS The Hipry ^/Hudfon^ Bay.

The Soil on the Eaji Main^ as well as the Weft,'
bears no manner of Grain. Some Fruits, Goofe-
berries, Strawberries, and Dew Otter-berries, grow
about Frtrice kifperfs River.

The Commodities for Trade here, are Guns, ,
Powder, Shot, Cloth, Hatchets, Kettles, Tobacco,]
&c, which the EngUfl) exchange with the Indians •
forFurrs, Beavers, iMartin, Fox, Moofe, and other
Peltry *, and the Curious, who have any Tafte of '
Commerce, will not think it a Digreflion to infert
a Standard of Trade, which the Hudfon\:Bay Com'
pany fix'd about 25 Years ago*, and by which may
be feen what Advantage they made of this Trafficki
This Paper being put into my Hands, among o-
thers relating to the Affairs of the Company, is as
follows.

The STANDARD how t\\Q Company s Goods
muft be barter'^ in the Southern Part of the Bay,

Guns. Ofje with the other i o good Skins *, that is^

WinterBeaver ^12 Skins for the higgefi
fort^ I o for the mean^ and S for the
fmalleft. '

Powder, * A Beaver for half a Bound,

Shot. A Beaver for four Potmds,

Hatchets. A Beaver for a great and little Hatchet.

Knives. A Beaver for 6 great Knives ^ or 8 Jack

Knives^

Beads. A Beaver for half a Pound of Beads.

Lac'd Coats. Six Beavers for one good Lacd Coat.

Plain Coats. Five Beaver Skins for one Red Plain Coat.

Coats. For Wotnen^ Lac'd^ 2 Tardsj 6 Beavers,

Coats. For Women ^ Plain^ 5 Be aver s*

Tobacco. A Beaver for one Pound.

Powder- 7 A Beaver for a large Powder-Horn an

Horns. S two f mall ones.

Kettles. A Beaver for one Pound of Kettle.

Looking-GlafTes and Combs. Two Skirn^ . 1

■)
'Tis plain by this Standard the Company got pro-i

digioully, and had they traded much, their Au^ionst

m\ght have been now $00 per Cent, as they were once'^

but their Returns were fiiiail, and their Charges*!

^ T great!

The Hiflory of Hudfon'j Bay. jS^

great : Ten thouland Beavers in all thsirFaflories was
one of the bell Years of Trade they ever had, befide:^
other Peltry.

As to the Ind'ums^ their Manners, Cufloms, Lanr
gua^e, GovernnKnt, and Religion, they are the fame
with the CmadiVis •, and La Hontan has defcrib'd them
very naturally, excepting that he has rais'd Nature,
and made her too polite in this barbarous Clime,
where Barbarity her felf is in the Height of her Em-
pire.

The Jndums about Rupert's River, and other Places
in the Bay, are more fiinple than ihQ Canadam^ who
have had longer Commerce with the Europeans.
They are generally peaceable, and not, given to
quarrel either with themfelves or others, except the
NodwaySy a wild barbarous People on the Borders
of HuafonsStr eights '^ who fometim^js in flight Par-
ties make Incurfions on the other Indians^ and, ha-
ying knock'd 8 or lo on the Head, return in Tri-
umph.

The Indians of certain Diftrichs, which are
bounded by fuch and fuch Rjvers, have each an
Okimahy as they call him, or Captain over them, who
is an Old Man, confider'd only for his Prudence and
Experience. He has no Authority but what they
think fit to give him upon certain Occafions. He is
their Speech-maker tp the EngliJ}}\ as alfo in
their own grave Debates, when they meet every
Spring and Fall, to fettle the Difpofition of their
Quarters for Hunting,. Fowling, and Fifhing. Eve-
ry Family have their Boundaries adjufted, which
they feldom quit, unlefs they have not Succefs there
in their Hunting, and then they join in with fome
Family who have fucceeded.

Theii* Notions of Religion are but very flender.
They fay^ there are two ALmetoes, or Spirits, the one
fends all the Good things they have, and i\\^ other
all the bad. Their Worfhip confifls in Songs an4
Dances at their Feall*s, in Honour of xhQ Manctocs
that have favoured them : But if they are fick
or familh'd, they hang fome little Bawble, which
they fet a Value upon, on the Top of a Pole,
near their Tent, to pacify the Spirit uifended, as
they conceive.
^ ' C C 5 Ul

390 The Hi (lory (jfHudfon^ Bay.

Let the Learned fay all the fine Things that Wit, •
Eloquence, and Art, can infpire them with, of the
Simplicity of pure Nature, the Beauty and Inno-
tence ^ thefe Wretches are an Inftance, that this In-
nocence is downright Stupidity, dnd this pretended
Beauty a Deformity, which puts Man, the Lord of
the Creation, on an equal Foot wath the Beads of the
Forreft.

The Hiftory of Hudfon's Bay will not afford us

much Matter. The Settlements are too inconfide-

rable, to defer ve much Pains to be taken about

them. What we know of them is as follows.

Cliarles In the Year 1^70. the Company fent over Charles

Baily,E/^; ^^//y, Efq*, Governour : With whom went Mr.

Govirnoiir Kadifon^ the Frenchman before-mention'd, and 10

or 20 Men, who were to ftay on the Place •, his Re-

fidence being at Rupert River, where a mean fort has

been built.

Mr.-5^//j/ appointed Mr. Thomas Gorfl to be hisSecre*
tary, and order'd him to keep a Journal of their Pro-
ceedings there, which is now in my Cuflody *, but the
Events it contains are too trivial to be remembered :
what are moft curious I fhall report *, and the Rea-
<ier muft excufe me, if they are of no more Impor-
tance : They ferve to give him an Idea of an
Infant Colony, ia one of the rudeft Parts of the
World.

The chief Indian near the Fort had the Name of
Prince given him. Two other Indians were caird
' Feter and the Chartcellour \ who with their Wives
and Families came to the Governour, to beg Subfi-
ftaijce, declaring they could kill nothing, and were
almoft ftarv'd. For if thefe Barbarians could meet
with no Game, they had no Meat.

Thus we fee in what a miferable Condition thefe
Englifli there we* like' to be, if Supplies did not
come regularly from Endand. Mr. Bafly having fed
the Prince, theCh:inceliour, \i\%Coca?mJh^ or Wife,
and the reft of them, fent them up the Falls a fifhing,
and follovv'd them in his Canoo^ to hunt up in the
Cour.try \ kit could meet with no Game, ex-
^tfpt 2 Moofe, and no People to trade with.
Thefe Moofe 'are but indifferent .Meat *, howe-
ver the Air is iharp, to make it relilh as well

The Ktjlory of Hudfon'/'Bay. J 91

as Venifon, and 'twas accordingly very «\'ell-
come.

vSotiie Days afterwards the Indians returned. The
Prince brought a young Deer : The Chancellour
and nis Wife fome Fifh ani Moofe. The preatefl
rare of the Autumn Fovrl here, i^reGeefe, or which
there's then Plenty, and they begin to come about
the Beginning of September^ a furc fign that the Peo-
ple mull take their Leave of Summer, and prepare
for a long Winter of near forty Week?.
. The Englilli had now worle Hutts than afterwards,
and no Covering for them but Moofe Skins. There
was at this time a FacHiory at Port Nclfin^ where
Captain Coofelier arriv*d in Augufl^ '1^73. He
fcarch'd the River for Indians, but met with none.
He (aw feveral Wigwam^^ where they had lately been,
and fuppos'd them to be gon^- up the Country. He
fawalfo the Relifls of Sir Thom-ts Buttons, Ship ^ and
one of his Company, Mr. Coie^ brought home a
piece of Shot, a piece of her Bulk-head, andafmall
piece of Cable, which had lain there about 60
Years.

This Captain was order'd to fearch for Severn
River, but could not find it, the 'twas in the old
Drauglitsofthis Bay.

About the Beginning of Oclober the Geefe fly a-
way to the Southward ^ a terrible Sight to t"he poor
Europeans in the Bay ^ for by that they know the
hard Weather is approaching, and begin to provide
Wood for Winter before the Snow falls.

Now Mr. 5.///J/ and hib little Colony fell to patch-
ing up their Cabbins, and prepare for the Enemy 3
and they had nothing to fear but the Seafon. He
fent a Sloop to Feint Comfort^ between Ri.pert River
and Charlton lOand, to kill Seals, to make Oil for
their Lamps, they having no Candles, and the
Nights being long.

About the loVi o^ OEloher the ke begins to conr
geal on the Shores *, but often warm Weather comei
after that, and thaws it. The 23d g( Othber fever
ral Indians came to the Fort to trade-, and among
ethers,- one from Quebec. In one Night the Snow
was a Foot deep, and by the 5th of Ncve?;iber the Ri-
ver was frozen over,

C Ci|. Abou^

392 T/^f ////?(?rj (?/ HudfonV Bay.

About the middle of the Month Partridges come,
of which they kill'd 5, as white as Snow. The Eng- •
lifhthat were there, diverted themfelves, while the
Weather permitted, with killing Partridges-, but
truly there feems not to have been much Plenty of
them, for four Men, in a Weeks time, kill'd but
5 5, They Fowl'd for them about Vetera River, and
Fremhmans River \ the one above, and the other
below Ruperfs, But in December and January ths
Frofls were fofevere, they could notftay out. The
Governour's Boys Feet and Face were fpoil'd by the
Frofl, in catching of Partridges.

The Snows in the Woods, when at the deepeft,
are 7 or 8 Foot ^ fometimes they do not "exceed 4
Foot, as in the Year 16^3. and then leaft Moofe is
to be had. The 25th of January^ 3 Indians brought
Beaver to the Fort, and a little frefh Meat. They
reported, that as they p2i{{ Moofe River ^ about 10
Days Jonrney from Rt^pert\ they faw fome de^d
Bodies of Indians, which they fuppos'd to be Onacha-
noes^ mofl: of that Nation being deftroy'd by the
Nodwayes^ who were th^n^howt Moofe River '^ and,
as they threaten'd, intended to vifit the Englifh in the
Spring •, they were accordingly as good as their
Words. The i ft q{ February there was fuch a Change of
Weather, that it rather thaw'd than froze. The En-
glifh with living on Salt-Meats, were all down with
' the Scurvy in this Month : For tho they continu'd to
catch Partridges, there were fa few caught^ they
went but a very little way among them.

Several fndians came ^n March^ and built thovcWig-
rrams at the Eaft End of the Fort, intending to ftay
there all Winter^ that they might be ready for Trade
in the Spring. The Nation that took up their Quar-
ters near the Fort were the Cvfcididahs •, and the King
fent Mr. ^^i/y word, hew^ould come to him fpeedily.
The Governour on the 23d o^ March, accompany'd
^y John Abrahawy and others, travell'd on the Ice to.
Toint Comfort, where were fome Indian Tents, to
buy what frefh dry'd Meat he could j the Store at the
Fort being almoft fpent, " '

About the 20th of /I/^rr/? it began to thaw, 2nd
t\i^ Ncdwayes Hill threatning the Englifh with War,
ihe Governour prepai'i every thing necefTary in the
*■' '* ' - • ' Fcrc

The Hiftoryof Hudfon'^ Bay- 393

Fort for his Defence. On the 25th of Marchj 6
Men, as A mbafFaclors, came from King Cufudidahy
to notify his Approach, and that he would beat the
Fort next Day, which he made good, and vvjs trou-
bled that the Governour was abfent. He brought a
Retinue with him, but little Beaver, the Indians
having fent their bell to Cwada.

The Englifh at the 'Fort flood on their Gaard, and
Mr, Cole commanded them in the Governour's Ab-
fence *, for whom the King fent 2 Indians. And the
3 1 ft of A'farchy the Governour return'd, with a
fmall Supply n( Afoofe Flelh. On theiftof^pnV,
the Geefe, the Promife of the Spring, begin to
return again, and prodigious Qtiantities were
caught.

AH this while the Indian King flay 'd at the Wig-
wams, near the Fort *, and the reafon of it was,
They were apprehenfive of being attack'd by fome
Indians, whom the French Jefuits had animated a-
gainft the Englifh, and all that dealt with them.
The French us'd many Artifices to hinder the Na-
tives trading^ with the Englifh ^ they gave them
great Rates for their Goods, and oblig'd Mr. j^aily
to lower the Prices of his, to oblige the Indians, who
dwelt about Moofe River, with whom they drove
the greateft Trade.

The French, to ruin their Commerce with the
Natives, came and made a Settlement, not above 8
Days Journey up that River, from the Place where
the Englifh traded. -Twas therefore debated, whe-
ther the Company's Agents fhould not remove from
Rvptrfs to Moofe River-, to prevent their Traffick
being intercepted by the French.

Onthe^d of^pr/7, 167 s^, a Council of the princi-
pal Perfons in the Fort was held, where Mr. Baily'^
the Governour, Capt. Goofelierj and Capt. Cole^
were prefent, and gave their feveral Opinions. The
Governour indin'd to remove. Capt. Cole was a-
gainft it, as dangerous j and Capt. Coofelier for going
thither in their Bark to trade, when the Indians be-
longing to King Cufcudidah were gone a hunting,
and there w^s no fear of the Fort's being fur-
priz'd.

Th«

594 ThHifiory of Hnd^ori's Ba,y.

The Indians went to building their Wigwams near
the Fort, and rais'd their Waufcoheigeiny or Fort, fo
near the EngUfh, that the Pali fad oes joined. One
of thofe Barbarians being jealous of his Wife, and
finding her in the Fort, puli'd out a Hatcher, which
he hadhidden under his Coat, and gave her a defpe-
rate Wound in the Head*, but fhe did not die of it.
The Indian fearing the Governc>ur wou'd puniHi
him for ftriking in the Fort, fled to x\\q Woods.
Upon which Mr. Baily ordered that no Indian, but
King Cvfcudidah^ and his chief Courtiers, fhould be
admitted into the Fort, and a Watch was fet upon
the Gate.

As the Ice grew rotten and melted, the Indians
who ventur'd on the Rivers fell frequently in ^ but
they all fwam like Ducks, and feldom or never were
any of them drown'd. The great Thaw began a-
bout the 2othof jipril^ andthen all theEnglifh ha- ■
viiig rpent thsir Beer, and Winter-Liquor, return'd
to drinking of Water.

Geefe and Swans were now to be had, and that
fuppiy'd in fome meafure their Want of Provifion.
Tne Governour having been cheated by the Indians
tit Point Comfort J in his Moofe Fleflj^ went thither,
and oblig'd them to maRe Satisfaction.

On the 2oth of May ^ 12 Indians, SubjeCls to King
Cvfcudidahj came in ieven Canoos, and the King
nieeting them, conduced them to the Fort, where
they told him, there would be few or no Vpland In-
dians come to trade that Seafon, the French having
perfwaded them to come to Canada : However Mr.
Bally order'd the Sloop to be got .ready, and rcfolv'd
Xo go up the River.

Upon the Arrival of this new Company, among
yvhom was the King's Brother, a Feaft was made \
the Manner of which was this *, They all fat down tO:
gether, and one Man, a Kinfman of the Kings,
broke the Meat and Fat in fmall Pieces, according to
the Number of Men there. After a fhort Speech
made by the King, the.Subftance of which was, for
them to take Courage againfl their Enemies, and o-
ther Stories. The Company Ihouted, and then the
Man who broke, diftributed th^ Meat about to
X^A€na^ they crying, Qh ! Ho! as much as to fay, /

The Hiftory ^/Hudfon^ Bay. 595

thank you, Tis incredible, to tell the Abundance
of fat Beaver, Moofe Flefh, and Fat, they eat to-
gether with tlie Broath, and Fat as black as Ink,
which they drink. Then every Man had a fniall
Piece of Tobacco diftributed to him, and they all
fell to Smoaking^ Some afterwards danc*d, fome
fung, and a Man beat a Drum, which was a Skin
put over a Kettle, and l:.c'd a-thwart. They conti-
nue this commonly all NigHt, and when they go
home, carry what Meat is left to their Sqwaws, it
being very rare for them to admit the Women to
their Fealts. ^

X On the 22d of May^ the Indians at their Wig-
wams, near the Fort, had a Pf^wir^ip, or fort of Con-
juring \ which is thus, There*s a fmall Tower built,
y^iXhWyth Sticks, about 8 Foot high, the Top being
open ^ but the reft cover'd very clofe with Skins,
that none may fee into it. In the Night, the Man
that Tomvffws goes into the Tower *, the reft fit nigh
it, and in their Places ask him feveral Qaeftions,
whichjin a manner they know already *, as^ When
any Strangers will be here? The FciriPOTP^r guefles
at the time, and anfwers accordingly. The Maneto,
or their God, told them, the Nodways would come
down upon them e're long, and advis'd them to be
upon their Guard, as alfo againft the Mifligoofesj or
Englifh. i

They Pomwow often, and upon feveral Occafions.
If it happens not as they exoefted it would, then the
Afaneto is Muchocauwan^ or very bad *, and if it falls
out to their Defires, then Maneto is Moruchfice^ or
good. When they kill a Moofe, their Maneto is
White and Good, When they kill none, then he is
Bhck and Naught, They Powwow very much when
they celebrate any Marriages. Every Man has com-
monly two Wives, whom they keep in great Subje-
ftion, and make 'em do all Slavery *, as draw Sledds^
'cut Wood, make Fires, and drefs Mt^ofe Hides. The
^ Men only hunt, and kill the Game : The Women
fetch the Beaft that is kill'd, and take Care to pre-
ferve the Flefh.

The next Day the Governour, and fome Engliih
and Indians arm*d, went down to the Bottom ot the
Bay, to Frerjchmem River, to fcek for the Nodways^
but could me«t with none. - ' At

^g6 The Hlfiory of HudfonV Bay.

At the latter end o^ May the Geefc go to the North-
ward, to breed. On the 27th, about 50 Men, Wo-
men and Children, came in 22 Canoos, to trade,
but brought Jittle or no Beaver with them. They
were of the Nation calTd PiJ}}hapocanoeSy near a-kin
to the Eskeimoesy and both alike a poor beggarly '
People : By which we may perceive the French ran
, away with tlie beft of the Trade.

The Governour having got every thin^ ready for
'a ^^oyage to Moofe River^ fent Capt. Goofcller^ Capt.
Colcy Mr. Gorft^ my Author, and other Englifli In-
dians, to trade there. They got about 25:0 Skins ', "
snd.the Captain of the Tabittee Indians inform'd
them, the French Jefuits had not brib'd the Indians,
not to deal with the Englifh, but to live in Friendfhip
'\with the Indian Nations in League with the French.
•He blam'd the Englifli for trading with fuch pitiful
' Nj[itions, as the Cufcudidahs an d Fifl}hapocarJoes^ a d vi fi n g
ihem to fettle at Moofe Sebee^ and the Vpland Indians
would come down and trade with them. The Rea-
fon they got no more Peltry now, was, becaufe the
Indians thought 6'^o/^//>r was too hard for them, and
few would come down to deal with him.

My Author, in this Voyage, paft by Rohlt^fon
Ifland, Willow Ifland, and faw feveral White Whales.
The Musketoes are extreamly troublefome in May
and Jvne^ efpecially after Rains. The Nodways
coming down within a Qaarter of a Mile of the Fort,
the Alarm was given the Englifh and Indians *, but the •
Enemy were afraid to come farther •, and Mr. Baily
with a Party of both, purfu'd them in their Retreat,
but could not come near enough to do any Execution.
This Fright being over, Mr. Baity {ail'd himfelf
for Afopfe Sebee^ and brought home 1500 Skins ^
the Sljcchittavpamsy 50 Leagues from that River,
having come to trade with him. By the 24th of
June all the Indians had left their y/igwams near
the Fort, and were gone abroad to hunt and trade,
fome v;ith the Englifh, and fome by themfelves.

The Governour undertook a Voyage to difcovcr
Shechittaxvam River *, and thence intended to coaft a-
Jopg to Port N^lfor?^ where as yet w^s no Fort. In
t\\Q mean time Mr. Gorftj who v^^3S left Deputy at
the To|:t, fent a YauL and four Men well arm'd.

■s\

The Hiftory of HudfonV Bay. 397

up the Nodways River, which, as hieh as they could
po for the falis^ was 5 Miles broad, full of fmall
Iflands and Rocks *, in which Geefc breed.

By the Beginning of Augujl^ the Enalifh that re-
mained at the Fort had almoft Ipent all their Provifi-
ons, their Powder and Shot, and began to be in
mortal dread of ftarving. They kill'd Ducks, Teal,
and Plover, and fomeof them were always out, for
their Lives depended upon it.

After about 2 Months Voyage, Mr. 5j;/y return'd,
and gave this Account of his Voyage in the Sloop.
On ' the I /Tth of July he fail'd from Moofe River^
and arriv'd at Schettawam River on the 1 8th, where
no Englifhman had been before. He ftay'd there
till the 2ifl, but could meet with little or no
Beaver.

Tis a fine River, and a good Channel, to the
N. W. in 52 Deg. N. L. He treated with the King,
and his Son made them a Promife to come with a
Ship and t rade with them the next Year. In returrt,
they afTur'd him, they would provide Store of Bea-
ver, and bring the Vpland Indians down.

The 2 id he fet fail towards O;;^ Henrietta Afarla^
and faw a great Ifland, flretching N. N. VV. and S.S.
E. diftant about 1+ Leagues from the Mouth of
Shechlttawam River. The I (land being two Days Jour-
ney in Circumference, Indian Padling, which they
account to be 30 Leagues^ 'twas nam'd Power's
Ifland.

The 23d, upon a Point, as he and his Crew were
failing along Shore, they fpy'd a great Smoak *, they
flood in for it, and found 7 diftrefs^d Indians there.
This Point lay in 52 Deg. 40 Min. The Governour
took them in, and gave them Paffageto a fmall Ri-
ver, caird Equon^ loo Leagues to the Southward of
it \ where they faw the Bodies of fome Indians dead
cm the Ground. There had been a great Mortality
among them, and feveral were flarv'd to Death for
want of Food *, this Country being fuch a miferable
Wildernefs, that it affords not fufficient Suftenance
for the wretched Inhabitants.

On the 27th of July^ the Sloop ran upon Ice, and
had like to have founder 'd. Their Pilot was a Wa- '
Jljahoe^ or New Scvrrn Indian, and 'twas reported,

that

J 98 The Hljlorj t;/ Hadfon'i Bay.

that he had two Rows of Teerli *, but he hated (b
niuch to fee the Coinpafs, that he w^as very trouble-
feme to the Crew *, io the Governour ordered him to
be put afhore.

The Indians on New Severn River are as poor as
the Eiskemoes *, and indeed all the Northward Indians
are more beggarly and brutal than the Southward.
The Governour underftanding by fome Wa/hahoc '
Indians, there was no Beaver to be had, and that
t\iQ Sea beyond the Cape was full of Ice, refolv'd to
return, neither he nor his Conjpany having eaten any
thing in two Days, but a few ibdden Peafe and Oat'
Meal.

In their Retuirn they were forc'd a-fhore upon
Charlton Ifland, where they lay 2 or 5 Days in Di-
ftrefs, and at laft got off, with the lofs of feveral
NecelTaries. After he had returned to the Fort, on
the 30th of Augufi^ a Canoo arrived 2XRupert\ Ri-
ver, with a Miflionary Jefuit, a Frenchman, born
J of Englilh Parents, attended by one of G^fcudidafjs

Family, a young Indian. The Frier brought a Let-
ter to Mr. Baily from the Governour of Queheg^
dated the 8th of OBoher^ i <f 73. For the Prieftlhould
have been at Rupert's River feveral Months before,
. but that he was ftop'd by the Indians. The 'Gover-
nour of Quebec defir'd Mr. Baily to treat tht Jefuit
civilly, on account of the great Amity between the
two Crowns ^ and Mr. Baily refolv'd to keep the Je-
fuit till Ships came from England*

He brought a Letter alfo for Capt, Goofelier^ which
gave Jealoufy to the Englifh of his correfponding
with the French^ his Son-in-law liv*d at Quebecy
and had accompany'd the Priefl part of hiTway,
with 3 other Frenchmen, who being afraid to ven-
ture far among ftrange Indians, return'd.

The Tabittee Indians being within the Hudfon's Bay
Company's Pattent, 'twas an Encroachment for the
French to trade with them ^ the Jefuit confefsid they
did it. .Mr. ^.^//ycloath'd him, the Indians having
rob'd him ^ and entertain'd him wuth great Kind-
nefs. The Pritft refolving to return to Europe in an
Englifh Ship, did not like another Journey of 400
Miles Length, thro* many barbarous Nations, over
Land, and a Country almoltimpaflable.

The

TheHiftory of Hudfon^-Bay. 599

The EngUfh were frequently allarm'd with Reports
of Incurfions from the Nodways and Aloofe River In-
dians, whofe Quarrel with him, was their felling
too dear. The Governour, to prevent being fur-
priz'd, order'd all their Merchandize to be put a-
Doard a Bark that was left with them, and went to
|fifh and fowl at Peter's River •, but .^ot little Fowl,
[and their Fifhing-Tackle began to want Supplies.
t*Twas now th.e nth of September^ and fo long had
ithefepoor Men Hv'd ii this Defait, holding a preca-
rious Peing by their Guns and Fifhing Tackle.
'Their Patience was at Lift fp :nt, and the Governour
ideclar'd, if he did not hear from England in 5 Days
Itime, he would retCirn home aboard the before-
mention'd B^rk.

! On the 1 7th they were all to depirt for Point
Comfort^ to ftay there till the 22d, and then make
the beft of their Way for England. For later
than the 22d oi September^ no Ships had ever ai'riv'd :
All the Flower and Bread they had left, did not
m.ike above 300 Pound. Xh^y had but 2 Barrels of
good Peafe, and joGeefe in Pickle, to vijflual their
Bark with for their \' oyage ^ and having but a very
htile Powder in the Store-houfe, they defpair'd of
killing much more Game.

In this deplor:-iMe Condition were they, when the
Jefuit, Capt. Goofel'ter^ and another Papift, walking
downwards to the Sea-Hde, at their Devotion, heard
7 great Guns fire diftin<^ly. They came home in a
Tranibort of Joy, told their Companions the News,
and anur'd them 'twas true. Upon which they fir'd
5 g^eat Guns from the Fort, to return the Salute,
tho they could ill fpare the Powder upon fuch an
Uncertainty.

Next Day an Indian came, and gave therti notice,
that he had heard great Guns lall Night ^tjittifaw-
yem^ or Point Comfort. Their Sloop was then at the
Point, and they expe£led every Minute to have
the News conhrm'd.

One may imagine with what Impatience they
waited. The Day was well nigh fpent, and no Sloop
come, which threw them all into Defpair. In
the Evening the Sloop appear'd in the River, but
having no Enfign out, they concluded they were all

loft

400 The Hijlory of HudfonV Bay.

loft Men^ and in this Extremity of Sorrow, they

were foon reviv'd by the Sight of .5 Englifhmen,

whom they had not k^n before, and from whom

they underftood, the Prince Rupert ^ Capt. Gillam

Commander, was arriv'd, with the new Gover-

nour, William Lyddal^ Efq*,

Wil. Lyd- The next Day the old Governour, and Mr. Gorfiy

dal £/^; {ail'd for Point Comfort^ where the Sh^ftshury^ Capt.

Covcrnour Shepherd Commander, arriv'd alfo from England.

And the new Governour's Commiflion and Inftru-

•^ions being read, all Hands fet to work, to refit and

load the Ships home as foon as poffible.

On the 1 8th o^ September Mr. Lyddal landed, and
took Poflellion of the Fort, the Colours flying, and
Guns firing, to falute him. Mr. Baily deliver'd him
the Pattent, and after that he was no more call'd Go-
vernour. Mr. Lyddal finding the Seafon would be fo
far fpent, before the Ships could be unloaden and loa-
den again, that it would be impra£licable to return ^
after feveral Councils, 'twas refolv'd, they fhould
Winter at Rupert'% River*, and Capt. Gillam^ and
Capt. Shepherd's Ships 'Crews were employ*d to cut
Timber, to build Houfes for them, as alfo a Brew-
houfe and Bake-houfe in the Fort.

The Provifions they brought, fell very fbortof
the Complement of Men that were to be fed by them.
They had 3 o Men to feed in the Fort, and in the
Houfes^ and but 10 Months Bread for them, at j
5 Pound of Flower a Head weekly, which was not e- '
nough to laft them all the Winter at Land, and
viftual their Ships too. Mr.Gorfi^ who was their
Store-keeper, foon brought them to fhort Allowance, ^
to husband their Store , but the Men murmured ^ \
and Mr. Lyddal ordered they fhould have full Al- ;
lowance, laying, If we Jiarve^ we'll flarve altoge- 1
^ ther. \

By this means they were reduced to great ;
Streights, and forc'd to pinch harder than they
needed have done, had they been good Husbands of
their Bread at firfl.

Such was the State of this Infant Settlement, and .;
it has not mended much fince*, for Want and Cold ,
have every Year endangered the Lives of all that have \
beentheie. ^

Be-.

■.I

The Hi ft or J c/HudfonV Bay.

Before we proceed in our Hiftory, we (hall com-
municate to the Reader a fmal! Didionaj^ of the
Language of the Indians at the Bottom ofxhe Bay,
which is like the reft diftinguifh'd by feveral Dialeds,
but this is the Cufcudidah's,

401

Arakana^ Bread.
jifianiy Come hither.
jiffmne^ Shot.
Aplt^ a Fire-Steel.
jirremitogify^ to fpeak.
A Notch, prefcntly.
Chlckahigon^ a Hatchet.
Eskoriy a Chi (Tel.
Manltowghigin^ a Red-

Coat.
Mtuu^ Stockings.
Mokeman^ Knives,

Mekifl}^ Beads.
Moufiodawbi/h^ a Flint.
No mun-nlfs e to ta, 1 do

not underftand you.
Owma^ this.

Vlfl}fhifl)^ a little thing.
Pajiofi^on^ a Gun.
Pijlofii^on a hlfl), a Piftol.
Pihkkcman - a Tack-

Knife.
Petta a fljum. e. give me

a Piece.
Pe qiilfl) a con Gan Movoon^

I eat fome Pudding.
Spog, m^ a Pipe.
Stmna^ i^ Tobacco.
Soth. im, m, Red-Lead.
Shekahoon^ a Comb.
Taney^ Where.
Tinejonec. ifo^ what do you

caH thib ?
lequan What do you

fay?
Tapoy^ that true.

Thojwith this,! muft leave my Journal ^ from other
good Memoirs, I ftiall continue the Hillory to the
prePjat time.

Mr. Baily^ who had very well difcharg'd his Truft,
returning to England^ inform'd the Company fully
of their Affairs •, and now as they advanc'd in Repu-
tation, fo they were induftrious to encreafe their
Trade and Settlements. They appointed a Trader
to adl under the Governour and Chiefs of the Fa-
ctories, at other Rivers, according as they were fet-
tled.

Port Nelfon was the next Settlement which they
made, and thither tkey fent John Brldger^ Efci*, with
the Charafter of Governour for the Hudjcu^s-Bay
Company of the Weji Maln^ from Cape Henrietta
Maria^ which was included in the Governour of the
Eaji Mains Patten t.

Dd Mr.

402 The Hijlcrj (?/HudfonV Bay.

John Mr. Lyddal was ibcceeded by John Nlxon^ Efq^

Nixon, in whofe time the Conipany thought of removing
j/ij; 6> their cliifF Faftory from Rupert\ River to Chickewan
vtrnour, j^jver, as the Place moft reforted to by the In-
dlans,

Charlton Tfl?.nd was now frequented by the Ships
bound to Hudfon\-Bdy^ and made the Place of Ren-
dezvous for all the Faflors to : bring their Mer-
chandiie to, and load it there aboard the Compa-
ny's Ship.
John ' ^^"^ ^^^ ^^^"^ 16^2, Mr. Bridger embark'd for Port

)Jridger ^Slelfcn^ where a Fa<^ory was to be eftablifh'd, and
£/i^-; Go- a Fort built ^ but before he arriv'd, Cap. Benjamin
veniour ofG'illam^ Mafter of a New-England, Ship, and Son of
Ton ivJel. Cap. Gillam^ Commander of the Prince Rupert^ then
i^n. in the Company's Service, fettled at that Fa£lory *,

but had not been there above 14 Days, before Mr.
RadiJJon and Cap. Goofelier^ who had defer ted the
Englifljj arriv'd from Canada,

The Company having difmifs'd them their Ser-
vice, thefe two French- men in Revenge procured fome
Merchants o^ Canada to undertake a Settlement there.
Gillam was not flrong enough to repel them, but
he remain'd at Port Nelfon ^ where 10 Days after
Radiffon and Gocfeliers Arrival, came Mr. Bridger,
The French no fooner perceiv'd he was come, but
they fent aboard his Ship immediately, and com-
Aianded him to be gone, for that Mr. Raddifon and
Cap. Coofelier had taken Pofleflion of the Place for
the French King their Mafter.

Mr. Bridger^ being warranted (o to do by the
Company's Commiliion, unloaded fome of his Goods,
and with all Hands went to Work, in order to make
a Settlement.

Raddifon continued at Port Nelfon *, and Mr.Bridger
and he became very intimate : Which Intimacy lafted
from OHoher^ 16S2. to^the February following, when
Raddifon feiz'd Bridger and Gillam^ with ail their
People and Effects.

having kept theiai fome Months in a fort of
Imprifonnient, ahmi ^ugufi the French ^ui feveral
of the Company's and Gillam's People aboard a rotten
Bark, and they were taken up by an EngUfl) Ship near
Cd^^Hci-irUttaMaria^Bridger aud Gillatn they carry 'd

with

The Hijlory of Hudfon^ Bay. 40 j

with them to Canada^ where Raddijon and Goofciicr
ran fome oftheir Cargo alhoar, intending to defraud
their Employers. •

After which they made their Efcape, and ^ot into
France. The Company havin:^ Notice of it, writ to
him, and he to the Company, promifing, if they
would forgive the Injury he h.^d done them, and
employ him ap^ain, at fuch a Sallary, he would un-
dertake to deliver the French^ whoi^i he had left there
till he came again, to them, and Icize all the Furrs
they had traded for, which would make them Satis-
faftion for the Wrongs he had done them. Accord-
ingly they forgave him, employ 'd him again, and
he took Port Nelfon from his Country-men. But
before his Arrival C^p.John Abraham had been there t^j^^ A-
with Supplies of Stores *, and finding Mr. Bridger braiiam
was gone, he ftay'd himfelf, and wascontinu'd Go- fj'^-^ Go'-
vernour by the Company, in 1^84.. v-rfwur of

In the preceding Year, Mr. Nlxon^ Go vernour of i'?''^ Nci-
Rupert's River, was recall'd, and Henry Sergeant^ '^n-
Efq;, made Governour. By whofe Inftruftions we ^l-^^^y
find the chief Faftory was remov'd from Rupert's to t^'^^^A"^
Adoofe-Sebee^ or Chkkewan River, which has ever f^nce JUl^^^f'r

b III I jiM r-« • 1 r- -I 1 uCrtiOUT or

een calid Albany River :, where a Fort was built, a ^ihany

Faftory fettled, and the Governour made it the Place /^ver.
of his Refidence. 'Tis at the Bottom of the Bay, below
Rupert's River. He was order'd to come every Spring,
as foon as the Trade was over, to Charlton Ifland,
and bring whit Goods he had with him, to wait
for the Arrival of the Company's Ships : From
thence he was to vifit the other Fa<n:ories, and lee
that their Merchandife was (cut in due time to Charl-
ton Ifland, to attend the Ships Arrival.

The Governour of Canada having given the Hud-
fon's-Bay Comoany to underftand, the Fre?7ch were
very much offended at their Difcoveries in thu^f;?
Parts, Mr. Sergeant was order'd to be careful that he
V/as not furpriz'd by them.

' There is an lOand in the Bottom of the Bay, call'd
Hays Ifiand, where a Faaory had been fettled.
This Ide and Rupert's River were near the Frentk^ Al-
bany being more to the Southward ^ and of thefe
Faaories the Company were mod: apprehenfive that
their Enemies would endeavour to dirpolTefs them.

Dd 2 We

404 \Tf^6 Hi[iory e?f HudfonV Bay.

We perceive by thefc Iialruc'ticns, that their Ser-
vants in the Bay had been very unfaithful to them,
and Interlopers invaded their Privileges. They ap-
pointed Mr. Hugh f^erner to be c]i\tid.tRupert\ River,
and Mr. George Gcyer and Mr. Tljomai Savage to be
chief Managers at the Ifinglafs River, which had been
lately difcovei'd ^ and there v^rcrc great Expeftations
of a mighty Advantage to the Company by that
Difcovcry, but it came to ncth'mg, tho there was
a Faftory fettled there, in order to promote
it.

The Company intended to plant a* Colony at
Charlton Ifland, and order'd Mr. Sergeant to build a
Fort there, and always keep fome Men upon it.
Warehoufes were alfo built to receive the Furs that
were brought thither from the Factories, and Con-
veniences were made for the Reception of fuch as
w^ere oblig'd to winter there. The Company' al-
ways enjoyn'd their Governours to endeavour to
fave the great Charge they were at in fending con-
flan t Supplies of Provifions, by planting Corn and
other Grain there. Butalas! Tho the Climate by
its Diftance from the Sun, fhould be as warm as ours ^
yet for Reafons, which the Naturalifts will eafily give
us, 'tis fo cold and frofty, that it kills almoft all forts
of Roots in the Ground which are fown there ^ and
thofe Plantations, fo often recommended Ijy the Com-
pany, were chimerical and imprafticable.

C3rders were alfo given to difmifi Cap. Gillam their
Service, for his Sons Offences :, and Cap. Sandford
had the fame Ufage, on Account of his Relation to
the Gillam s *, for there's nothing fo terrible to a Mo-
nopolizer, as an Interloper. Cap. Will'.fim Bond^ who
had been under Mr. Baily^ was fent tor home ^ and
other Regulations made in the Management of Af-
fairs : But all could not hinder the Ruin of them all
by the Enemy.

The Company, by their Governours and Agents,
made fuch Com pafts with the Captains or Kings of
the Rivers and Territories where they had Settle-
ments, for the Freedom of Trade there, exclufive of
all others, that the Indians could not pretend they
had encroach'd upon them. Thefe Compafts were
render'd as firm as the Indians could make them, by

fuch

The Hiftory of Hudfon'/ Bay, 40$

fuch Ceremonies as were nioft facred and obligatory
among them.

Now were the Company in PofTefTion of ^wt Set-
tlements, viz^ Albany River, Hayes Ifland, Rupert
River, Port Nelfon^ and New Severn. Their Trade
at each of them was confiderable. Froni A^h^-- j i\i-
ver they had generally 3500 Beaver*; a Year , and by
Mr. Sergeant's great*s Care and Fidelity, their Com-
merce encreis'd (b much, that the French began to
be afraid all the Vpland Indians miglit Dv. drawn
down to the Bay. They knew they could do any
thing with King James II. who then reign*d in
Englandy and that no Affront would make that Prince
break WixhLexvis the XI Vth. Wherefore they refolv'd
to drive the Englifl) out of all their Places in the Bot-
tom of the Bay. Firft, they took Hayes Ifland, and then
the Fort on Rupert's River. The French Company at
Canada procur'd a Detatchment of Soldiers to be Tent
under the Chevalier de Troyes ^ who came over Land
from OuebeCy and in a time of profound Peace com-
mittedlthefe Afts of Hoftility.

'Tis worth obierving that theFrench have fo good an
Opinion of their-^mc^» Colon ies,as to take not only
all lawful, but even unlawful Means to preferve and
enlarge them, as contemptible as they are in th^^m-
felves *, whereas the £;7g/;y^, who, next the Spaniards^
have the richefl Plantations in that Part of theWorld,
have been as negligent of them as if they were not
worth keeping.

The 8th ol July^ 16^6, the Chevalier de Troyes
came before the Fort at Albany River *, where the
Governour, Mr. Sergeant^ then refided. Two In-
dians had informed him of their having furpriz'd the
Forts at Hayes Ifland, and Rupert River, and had
brought with them the great Guns from thofc
Places.

Two Hours after, the Englifi hc^vd them difcharge
their Guns, and faw i'om<: of theni at a Difi:ance.
Upon which part of tne Company's Servants de-
clared, thty would not venture thtir Lives unlefs they
might Le aflur'd c f Pay, and fent Jchi Parjons and
John Garret^ two of thjeir Number, in all their
Karnes, to the Governour, to tell him their Re-
. fo-

4o6 The Htflory of HudfonV Bay.

(blutions. Mr. Sergeant^ by Promifes, and giving
them Cloaths, and other NecefTaries, prevail'd with
them to return to their Charge. But in a Day
or two they mutiny 'd again, and Elia^ Turner the
Gunner, poflefs'd the People with an Apprehenfion,
that it was impofiible to hold out the Place *, de-
daring, that for his Part he would throw himfelf on
the French. Accordingly he went to the Goyernour,
and defir'd Leave fo to do ^ but being threatned to
.be fliot to Death, in cafe he attempted it, he was
at Lift perfwaded to return to his Pofl.

The EngliJJ) fhot at the French as long as they
appear'd in the Bruftjes^ and forc*d them to
retire under the Banks, where the Guns from the
Fort could not hit them. The French fbot only at
the Engttjh with fmall Shot, as any of them ap-
pear'd upon the Flankers. When they had retir'd
under the Banks, they fet to work to entrench them-
lelves, and caft up a great Bank of Earth, which
cover'd them fo, that the Englijh could do no Execu-
tion upon them.

The Governour all this while imagin'd, the Ene-
my was only raifing a Bank to fecure themfelves
from the Shot of the Fort : But afterwards he per-
ceiv'd they were preparing a Battery •, and then he
commanded the Guns of the Fort to fire upon
them inceffantly, which however did them no
hurt.

Frederic Johnfon^ who officiated as Gunner, on
Turner's refufing to a£V, advis'd Mr. Sergeant not to
fhoot away the Remainder of the great Shot in the
Fort, there being, not above a Round more •, and he
fuppos'd the French muft have brought their Guns
by Water *, if fo, he hop'd to fink their Boats ^
which would have done more Service, than firing
upon their Entrenchments. But the Frcnch\\2i6. found
a Way to bring their great Guns thro' the Woods,
and had planted them on their Battery before the
Englijh faw them.

The Governour fent out Francis Cave and John
Michem.^ to fee if they could obferve the Pofl u re of
their Enemies *, and the Spies brought Word,
that they had finifh'd t}ieir Battery, and mounted
their Guns, which they faw them load. This

The Hi ft or y cf HudfonVBay. 407

This fo difheartned the People, that afTemblinc
themfelves together, they agreed to depute the molt
confiderable among them to go to the Governour,
and in all their Names prefs him to make the beft
Terms he could, and furrender the Fort. Accord-
ins,! y Edward Coles^ Philip Scovell^ Hugh Mitchel^
l^llliam Arriugton^ William Holder^ John Stephens^
and others, came to Mr. Sergeant^ and declar'd, they
would ftand by him no longer *, alledging, 'twas in
vain to think they fhould be able to hold out. They
added, If any of them fhould loofe a Leg or an
Arm, or be kill'd, they had Reafon to doubt, whe-
ther the Company would take Care of them, their
Wives, or Children, inftancing the Cafe of one Cole-
burn 'j wherefore they demanded of him to capitu-
late.

In the mean time the French fir'd upon the Flan-
hrs'^ md the EtigliJJjy whatever the Governour com-
manded them to the contrary, abandon'd their Ports.
He refused to beat a Parley, and threatned thofe that
would not do their Duty.

The Enemy's Shot had made a Breach in the
Flankers *, and damag'd the Houfes in the Fort. Up-
on which, and the repeated Defires of the Men, who
faid. The Tear would be fo far fpent^ that they could
not hope to get home^ but tnufi be /iarv'd if the Factory
JJjoula be taken^ the Governour confented to a Parley \
Mr. Bridger afTuring him the Enemy were Mining
them, and they fhould certainly be blown up : Cap.
Outlaw alfo agreed to capitulate, and the white Flag
was hung out. After which a Treaty was concluded,
and is as follows.

ARTl-

^o8 7he Hifiory of HudfonV Bay.

ARTICLES agreed upon be-
tween the Chevalier Ae TroyeSj
Commander in Chief of the De-
tatchmeat of rhe North-lfeji^ for the
French Company at Canada ; and
Henry Sergeant^ Efq; Governour
for the Englifh Company of Hud-
fonS'Bay^ July i6. 1686.

Imprimis. TT is agreed upon to deliver up the Fort,
■^ together with all the Goods belonging to
the faid Company, which are to be fcheduVd for the
mutual clearing of us the fore-nam'd^ and SatisfaElion
of all Parties,

II. 77?^^ all the Company V Servants at Albany River
Jhall enjoy all Wearing Apparel belonging to them*
felves.

III. That the aforejaid Henry Sergeant, Eff^ Go-
vernour^ Jhall enjoy and pojjefs all that belongs to him-
felfj and that his Minifier^ his three Men Servants

and Maid Servant^ Jhall conjiantly be permitted to re*
main with him^ and attend him.

IV. That the Chevalier de Troyes fl}all convey all
the Company^ Servants to CharUon Ijlandj there to .
expeEi Englilh Ships for thdr Tranfportation j and if
Engliih Shipi Jhould not arrive^ then the afar ef aid
Chevalier de Troyes is to ajfiji them with what Fef- ■
fels the Country affords^ for their Conveyance into Eng- i
lawd. ^ 1

V. That the fvd Chevalier de Troyes Jhall de-
liver to the faid Henry Sergeant, Eff^ Governour^
or to his Store- houfe- Keeper J fuch Frovifions as Jljall

be J

The Hiftory of HudfonV Bay. 409

be thought fitting and necejfary to carry them for Eng-
land, // no Ships come from thence^ and in the mean
time give them fuch Svjlenance m jhall be fufjicient for
them,

Vr. That all the Store-hottfes ftjali be lock' d upland the
Keys deliver d to the fatd Chevalier de TroyesV Lieu*
tenant j that nothing may be in the f aid Storehoufes em^
bez.z.led^ till the Account he tahn^ according to the fir/t
Article.

Laflly, Ttjat the Governour and all the Company's
Servants at Albany River ^fljall come out of the Fort^ and
deliver it up to the j aid Chevalier de Troves ^ all Men^
the Governour and his Son excepted^ being without
Arms^ which ts to be forthwith.

Accordingly the Fort was furrender*d, but thcFrcnch
I made no Scruple to break fo much of the Articles as
they could get any thing by j for they plundered Mr.
Sergeant of all his Goods, and fent him and his Fa-
mily away in a very ordinary Bark, ill fupply'd
with Provifions : Such is the Honour of that Na-
tion.

The Company, notwithftanding it appears very
plain by the above-mention'd Account, which was
! iworn to before Samuel Keck^ Efq j a Mafter in Chan-
cery^ that ihQ Governour did all he could to defend
[the Fort, us'd him at his Return to England as
barbaroufly almoft as the French had done *, but
his Majefty was pleas 'd to take him into his Ser*
vice, which was the bed Juftification of his Con-
dua.

At this time, Thomof Phips^ Efq^ was Gover-
nour of Port Nelfon^ which was not then taken ^oniaj
by the French ', and the Company expe^ed Fort ^^l'P^>^
Albany vio\3\d hdiVQ been reftor'd to them in King„y^^» ^^'
James's time, but all their Sollicitations were m vain, Port^cU
and ali the Settlements they had. Port Nclfon ex-foj,^
cepted, were abandoned to the French, King
William^ in his Declaration of War againft the French
King, takes this particular Notice ofde Trcyes's inva-
ding Fdudfo?i\-Bay^ and deftroying the Englijh Fa^Sto-
ries there, as the French' had done in other Places.

Ee ' Bu

I

410 The Hiflory of HudfonV Bay.

But that the French King fljould invade our Cha-
ribbee-Iflands, and poffefs himfelf of our Territories
cf the Province of New-York, and Hudfon'i-Bay,
tn a hofiUe manner^ feiz^ing our Forts^ burning our
Subjects ShipSy and enriching his People with the Spoil
of their Goods and Merchandiz^es^ detainirfg fome of
9ur Suhjed:s vnder the Hardfljlp of Jmprifomnent^ cau-
fing others to he inhumanly kiWd^ and driving the refl
to Sea in a fmall F'effely are AU:ions not becoming even
an Enemy *, and yet he wasfo far from declaring himjdf
foy that at that very time he was negotiating here in
England hy his Minijiers a Treaty of Neutrality and
good Correspondence in America. Such was King
\Villiam\ Judgment of his Fraud and Violence,
^ which his PredecefTor, with an unparallel'd Compla-

cency, excus'd.

The War breaking out, as has been faid, between
the two Nations, the Hudfons-Bay Company foljici-
ted for Soldiers to be fent thither to recover their
Settleaients *, and in the Year 16 9 i. they retook all
ihQ Forts and Faftories, which the French had
taken from them in time of Peace.
Tohn ^'^ which Expedition they met with no more

knight, Difficulties than the Chevalier de Trcyes had met
f/j; Co- with. Cap. Grinnington wa?^ the Perfon employed
vermur c/for this Service ^ and John Kmght^ Efq, waf -ippomt'
Ion Al- ed Governour of Fort Albany : But his Government
^^y* was of no long Continuance ; for in a little time the J
French fent luch a Power againft the Er^li//.^ that '
they again drove them from all their bt^ttlenicnts
in the Bottom of the Bay.

The French Company made Mondeur de la
Tores Governour of Fort Albany^ and garriibn'd
all the Forts they had taken^' which made it ne-
cefTary for the Government to fend a ftronger
Power than the Company could raife to recover
them.
' , The King of England^ to proteft their Trade,
aflign'd them two Men of War for their Ser-
vice, in the Year 16 96. as the Bonaventure^ Cap,
Allen Commander,, and the Seaford.

Cap. Allen J coming into the River Hayes^ fent
to fummon all the Forts to furrender •, and the
French Goyernpur finding Jie eould not defend

th^m

The Hiftorj of HudfonV Bay. 41 1

them againft the Engliflj^ capitulated, and on the
id otAugvfi^ i5ptf-. i\i\'xtn(\tx'^ Albany Fort, upon
certain Articles \ the Chief of which were, That
all thofe in the Forty as well French as Indians, and
ene Engliftiman, the Governdurs Servant^ fljould
have their Lives and Liberties^ and that no Harm
er Violence J})ould be done to their Perfons^ or any
thing that belong d to them ^ That they fljould march
§ut with their Arms^ Drums beating^ Colours Jiying-t
Match lighted at both cnds^ Ball in Mouthy and
carry with them the two Guns they brought from
France :^ That they fiould all embark with their Cloaths
and Goods^ without being vijited or pillagd ' in any
thing *, and if they met with any French ^^i[felsy
there fljould be a Truce between the Englitli and
them •, and the faid French f^ejfels fljould be per-
fnitted to take aboard the Perfons that came out of
the faid Forty with all thst belonged to them. Theie
Conditions were a little too honourable to giant,
but not to be com ply 'd with.

Gap. Allen took the Governour, and Ibme of
his Men, aboard his own Ship •, fome he put a-
board the Seafordy and xhQ reft aboard a Merchant-
Man, cajrd the Bering,

In his Return, he fought the A'fary Rofe Frigat-
then a French Privateer of 50 Guns, and was kill'd
in the Engagement, w^hich gave the Frenchman an
Opportunity to bear away.

As to the other two Forts, they follow'd the Fate
of Albanyy and Mr. Knight was reftor'd to his Go-
vernment. At which time, John Geyevy Efq-, was joha
Governour of Port Nelfon, Mr. Knight had ferv'd Geyer,
Mr. 5pr^^^»r while he was Governour ot Yon Albanyy Ef^\ Go-
and was well acquainted with the Trade. ventour of

In the Year 1697, the Fiamfflnre Frigat, and ^^r/ Ncl-
Owners Love Fire-fhip, two ot the King's Ships, ^o"*
were loft in this Bay, and all the Men drown'd.
Indeed the Ice renders it fo dangerous, that the
Commerce feems not to be worth the Risk that
\% run for it. Whether thofe two Ships ran a-
gainft thofe frozen Mountains that float in that
Sea, or founder'd, is not known \ but 'tis cer-
tain, they were loft, and that all tJie Men pe-
riOi'd.

The

41 2 The Hijlory of Hudfon'i Bay.

The Trade to this Bay has dccreas'd, ever fincc
the ufe of Beavers has fallen off in England. Peltry
.. is not now the Commodity it was, and this Com-
pany of Confequcnce does not make the Figure they
did 15 or 14 Years ago.

In the prefent War, they loft Port Nelfon to the
French ^ and have either given up, or deferred all
their Settlements, except Fort Albany *, where Mr.
Knight managed their Affairs, till the Year lyo^.
when he was fucceeded by

John Fullerton^ Efq*, the prefent Governour at
Albany River.

T/?e Und of the Firfl Volume.

Deacidified using the Bookkeeper process.
Neutralizing agent: Magnesium Oxide
Treatment Date Jan 2003

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